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chitenderoChikirisituZvinokosha zveOrthodox anthropology

Zvinokosha zveOrthodox anthropology

ZVINOTAURWA: Ruzivo uye maonero akaburitswa muzvinyorwa ndeaya anozvitaura uye ibasa ravo. Kuburitswa mu The European Times hazvirevi kungobvumira maonero, asi kodzero yekuataura.

DISCLAIMER TRANSLATIONS: Zvese zvinyorwa zviri pasaiti ino zvakaburitswa muChirungu. Shanduro dzakaturikirwa dzinoitwa kuburikidza nemaitiro ega ega anozivikanwa seneural shanduro. Kana usina chokwadi, gara uchitarisa kuchinyorwa chekutanga. Ndinotenda nekunzwisisa kwako.

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The European Times Nhau dzine chinangwa chekuvhara nhau dzinokosha kuwedzera ruzivo rwevagari vakatenderedza geographical Europe.

Munyori: Fr. Vasily Zenkovsky

Semuenzaniso wekuti Orthodox anthropology inosiyana sei neiyo yemasangano ekuMadokero, maitiro akasiyana kune mutauro wekuzvarwa mumasangano akasiyana anogona kutishandira. Kuenzana kwemitauro kwakatangwa munyika yeRoman Catholic, nekuda kwemutauro wakazviwana uri kunze kwekuita kweChechi. Maonero akadai pamutauro, achiushandura kuva chinoitikawo zvacho apo pasina nzvimbo yenzvimbo tsvene, inoparadzanisa Chechi kubva kusimba guru rinobatanidzwa naro kukura kwemweya wemunhu.

Tinowana chimwe chinhu muchiPurotesitendi, umo mutauro wokuzvarwa unopiwa nzvimbo yakazara, uko kusina ganhuriro yokuita mabasa mumutauro wavo vamene, asi, mukuwirirana nomurangariro wavose wechiPurotesitendi, mutauro unongozivikanwa sechinoitika “chomuzvarirwo” chete. pasina chero ipi zvayo kuva pfungwa yekutsveneswa kwemutauro.

Kwatiri, Orthodox, kune kutenda kuti nekutsveneswa kwemutauro muChechi kune kupindira kwakadzika mumweya wechechi. Idi rokuti munyika yedu minamato yechechi inoitwa mumutauro waamai inonyanyobatanidza nzvimbo yechitendero neyenyika.

Pano tine muenzaniso mumwe chete wokuti hukama huri pakati peChechi nemasimba emusikirwo emweya hwakasiyana sei mumasangano akasiyana; dingindira guru mubvunzo wekuti vanababa vatsvene vainzwisisa sei hunhu hwevanhu. Dzidziso yeKanzuru yeChalcedon inofanira kuonekwa sehwaro hwekuvakwa kweOrthodox anthropology. Maererano nedzidziso yedare iri, mune hunhu huviri muna Ishe Jesu Kristu - mukubatana kwehunhu hwake - kune hunhu huviri (humwari uye hwemunhu). Chakakosha padzidziso iyi pakuona kwekuvaka anthropology ndechekuti pano mutsauko wehunhu hwemunhu nemunhu uri maari unopiwa, nekuti muna Jehovha munhu mumwechete ane hunhu hwese. Uye sezvo, maererano nedzidziso dzeDare reChalcedon, Ishe Jesu Kristu akanga ari Mwari wechokwadi noMunhu wechokwadi, tinogona kutaura kuti chakavanzika chomunhu chinoziviswa muna Kristu bedzi.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuvakwa kweanthropology kunofanira kubva pane iyi musiyano unokosha pakati pezvisikwa uye unhu, hunova hwaro hwedzidziso yeChalcedon, asi, mukuwedzera, muChechi tine mamwe mashoko akawanda ekuvakwa kweOrthodox anthropology, the chinonyanya kukosha chazvo chingave icho isu Orthodox tinonzwa patinopemberera Isita. Muminamato yeIsita tinowana mufaro kumunhu kupfuura kare; Zviitiko zveIsita zvinotipa kutenda mumunhu. Uye ichi chizaruro chaicho kumunhu chinotibata. Uye zvakakosha kuti izvi zvinotipa kwete chete mufaro kumunhu, asi kutenda mumunhu, kutenda mumufananidzo weumwari uyu, wakavharirwa mumunhu uye usingagoni kugadziriswa chero mamiriro ezvinhu.

Zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti pamwe chinhu chinonyanya kukosha cheanthropology yedu kutenda mumunhu. Hakuna zvivi zvingabvisa mufananidzo uyu pamunhu, zvinoparadza hama yedu iri mauri.

Dzidziso yemufananidzo waMwari mumunhu, kuita kwechifananidzo ichi maari, ndiyo hwaro hweanthropology yedu - chinhu chikuru mumunhu chakabatana nemwaranzi iyo yechiedza chaMwari, iyo inogadzira mukana wehupenyu hwemweya maari, nekuda kwaizvozvi. mumunhu munopinda hupenyu hwemukati.

Murume "wemukati" uyo St. Apostle anotaura nezvake. Peter, [1] ndiye tsime rekukura kwake. Ndiro musimboti uyu maari unodurura chiedza chaMwari. Naizvozvo, dzidziso yavaPurotesitendi yokuti mufananidzo waMwari mumunhu unoratidzika kuva wakadzimwa, wakanyangarika, haigamuchirwi kwatiri. Dzidziso yeRoman Catholic yemufananidzo waMwari mumunhu iri pedyo nesu, asi haipindirani neyedu. Musiyano uripo pakati pedu neveRoman Catholic ndewokuti mavari mufananidzo waMwari unoonekwa senheyo "isina kukwana" mumunhu. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka mudzidziso ye“kururama kwepakutanga” (justitia originalis) yevanhu vekutanga muparadhiso kusati kwawa.

Dzidziso yeRoman Catholic inodzidzisa kuti mufananidzo waMwari wakanga usina kukwana kuti munhu akure zvakanaka, kuti “dzimwe nyasha” - gratia superaddita - dzaidiwawo.

Pasina kupinda mukutsoropodza kweiyi dzidziso, tinofanira kuratidza kuti isu, maOrthodox, tinotarisa mamiriro ekutanga emunhu muparadhiso zvakasiyana uye tinofunga zvakasiyana nezveruponeso rwemunhu - sekudzorerwa kwemunhu wekutanga akasikwa. Tichiziva simba rakazara remufananidzo waMwari mumunhu, tinoona kuti kune mukoto wechiedza chaMwari matiri - kuti kubva muchiedza chaMwari ichi, chinovhenekera matiri kuburikidza nemufananidzo waMwari, chinoraramisa hupenyu hwemukati hwemunhu.

Zvisinei, zvinonzwisisika zvakare kuti mufananidzo waMwari - semuitisi wechiedza chaMwari mumweya wemunhu - unozarurawo mukana wekuunza mweya pedyo naMwari, mukana wekuvhenekera pamweya uye maonero ekukurumidza enyika yepamusoro.

Nokudaro dzidziso yeOrthodox yehukama pakati pehupenyu hwemukati mumunhu uye hupenyu hwekuzvinyima maari. Chirevo chose chekunzwisisa kweOrthodox kwekuzvinyima chiri muchokwadi chekudzvinyirira zvese zvinobvisa kujekeswa kwemweya kutonga zvinhu zvenyama mumweya. Hezvino zvinoreva zvakataurwa naMufundisi Seraphim kuti basa rehupenyu hwedu nderekuwana Mweya Mutsvene. [2] Kuita kweMweya Mutsvene kunoitika mumweya wemunhu chaizvo kuburikidza nemufananidzo waMwari. Nekune rumwe rutivi, dzidziso yeVanaBaba Vatsvene pamusoro pehumwari - sechinhu chakanaka - ndeyokuti mufananidzo waMwari haufaniri kuvharwa ne "pasi" kufamba kwemweya, asi mufananidzo waMwari uye kunzwisisa kwemweya zvinofanira kutungamirira munhu kumusoro. Uku ndiko kukosha kwomunyengetero waJesu wokukura kwomunhu pamweya. Asi chii chakaipa chiri mumunhu? Kutanga kwazvose, pano hatigoni kubvumirana nedzidziso yeRoma Katurike yokuti “nyika yemhuka” (“animalische Seite”), kupfurikidza nokuganhurira masimba omudzimu omunhu, ndiyo manyuko echivi nomukoto wouipi. Kana muviri (watakataurirwa naSt. Pauro kuti itembere yeMweya Mutsvene) kana kusangana pabonde ndiwo bviro yechivi.

Nemasikirwo acho, zvakaipa ndezvemweya. Munhu anogona kutotaura (kunyangwe zvakaoma kubvuma pakarepo) pamusoro pekugona kuvapo kwe "rima" yemweya - nekuti mweya yakaipa ichiri mweya. Hunhu hwemweya hwehuipi hunoreva kuti mumunhu, kunze kwemufananidzo waMwari, pane nzvimbo yechipiri: chivi chekutanga.

Zvino kunobvira kunzwisisa chikonzero nei mumunhu chivi chokutanga chakabatana nechimiro chake uye kwete nounhu hwake. Mumunhu wake munhu akasununguka, asi ane nhete muzvarirwo - anotakura chivi chepakutanga uye nzira yose yekukura kwemweya ndeyekuti rima riri mumunhu - sechivi - kuti arambwe naye. [4] Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa izvi, tinofanira kuita imwe tsananguro - kuti nehunhu hwavo, mukuzara kwavo, vanhu vanoumba rudzi rwekubatana, kureva kuti tinofanira kutaura nezvekubatana kwevanhu (muna Adhamu, "vose vakatadza" ) akadaro St. Paul [5]). Iyi ndiyo dzidziso yekatorike yevanhu, yehunhu hwekatorike hwemunhu. Zvakaporeswa neMuponesi neruregerero Rwake hunhu hwevanhu, asi munhu wega wega anofanira kuzvidzidzira ega simba rinoponesa rechiito chaKristu.

Aya ndiwo magumo ebasa remunhu wese - kubatanidza munhu wake nemunhu waKristu. Izvo zvisingabvisi rudo rwedu, asi munhu mumwe nomumwe anofanira pachake (kunyanya mukutendeuka kwake uye mukutendeuka kwake kuna Mwari) kutevedzera - kuburikidza neChechi - izvo Mwari akatipa.

Nokudaro, mumusiyano pakati pezvisikwa uye hunhu, hwakagadzwa paKanzuru yeChalcedon, kiyi yekunzwisisa chakavanzika chemunhu inopiwa. Chokwadi chekuti tinowana ruponeso muChechi chete chingaite segangaidzo. Zvisinei, munhu anozviwana ari muChechi chete uye maari chete ndiye anogona kutevedzera izvo Jehovha akapa kuhunhu hwedu kuburikidza nerununuro. Ndiko kusaka tichigona kukudziridza hunhu hwemunhu - mupfungwa yekudzika kwayo - muChechi chete. Pasina iyo, hunhu hwevanhu haugone kusunungurwa kubva mukupunzika. Ndicho chikonzero nei tichisiyanisa pfungwa dzechechi kubva kune mumwe munhu, nokuti pfungwa yega yega inogona kukanganisa uye chete murubatsiro rwenyasha rweChechi inogamuchira simba rinodiwa pacharo. Iyi dzidziso yechikonzero chechechi inotsigira dzidziso yose yeOrthodoxy (epistemology yayo). Nokudaro dzidziso yematare, ayo ari manyuko eChokwadi kuburikidza nekuita kweMweya Mutsvene. Pasina kuita kweMweya Mutsvene, makanzura, kunyangwe akakwana seakakwana, haasi iwo manyuko eChokwadi. Zvisinei, zvakataurwa pamusoro pekufunga zvinoshandawo kurusununguko - sebasa reChechi. Rusununguko runopiwa kuChechi, kwete kumunhu mumwe nomumwe - mupfungwa yechokwadi yeshoko, takasununguka muChechi chete. Uye izvi zvinojekesa kunzwisisa kwedu rusununguko sechipo cheChechi, pachokwadi chokuti tinogona kushandisa rusununguko chete muChechi, uye kunze kwayo hatingagoni kunyatsogona chipo cherusununguko. Izvi zvinoshandawo kuhana. Hana yemunhu inogona kugara ichikanganisa. (Izvi zvinosanoratidzirwa mumumwe weminamato yapachivande mukati meLiturgy, apo muprista anonyengetera kuna Jehovha kuti amusunungure pa“hana inonyengera.” [6]) Ikoku kunoreva kuti hana yomunhu haisati iri mukoto wokururama nguva dzose; asi simba rayo rinoitwa chete muhana yeChechi.

Mukunzwisisa kweOrthodox, munhu anoratidzwa muChechi chete. Kubatana kwemunhu neChechi uku ndiko kunonyanya kukosha mukunzwisisa kwedu munhu, uye pamwe zvave kujeka zvino kuti sei hunhu hwemunhu huchiratidzwa zvakajeka muzviitiko zvePaseka. Muzviitiko zvePaschal, munhu anozvikanganwa - ipapo isu tiri veChechi kupfuura isu pachedu. Zvamazvirokwazvo, pane zvakawanda mumaitiro emunhu kuChechi zvisinganzwisisike, uye ndicho chinhu chisingafaniri kukanganwika. Semuyenzaniso, hukama hwekunze neChechi hahusati huchireva “kuchechi” kwedu. Zvakapesana zvinogonekawo: munhu ari kunze asina kusimba akabatana neKereke ari mukati mayo zvakanyanya kupfuura avo vari kunze pedyo neChechi. Chechi pachayo iMwari-munhu chipenyu, kune rutivi rwemunhu mukati maro, kunewo rutivi rwoumwari, iyo, pasina kubatanidzwa, inoramba isingaparadzanisiki. Nokugara muChechi, munhu anopfumiswa nemasimba ayo, neSakaramende Dzvene uye nezvose izvo Chechi inazvo seMuviri waKristu.

Izvi ndizvo chaizvo kuputika kwemukati memwoyo wemunhu - maererano nemashoko aSt.

[1] Ona: 1Pet. 3:4.

[2] Munyori anotaura nezvemashoko anotevera ane mukurumbira aMufundisi Seraphim vekuSarov: “Chinangwa chehupenyu hwedu kuwana kweMweya Mutsvene waMwari. Nzira huru yekuwana nayo Mweya Mutsvene munamato.

[3] Ona: 1 VaK. 6:19.

[4] Panyaya huru uye nharo pamusoro pekunzwisisa kwechivi chemadzitateguru mudzidziso yeOrthodox, ona basa rakakurumbira raProt. John Sava Romanidis.

[5] Ona: Roma. 5:12.

[6] Kubva pamunamato wechitatu wakavanzika wemupristi kubva mukutevedzana kweLiturgy yeVakatendeka.

Kunobva: Zenkovsky, V. "Fundamentals of Orthodox Anthropology" - Mu: Vestnykh RSHD, 4, 1949, pp. 11-16; nekunyora hurukuro naProf. Prot. Vasily Zenkovsky.

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