Liphuputso tse ikhethang li paka hore “ho se leka-lekane ha lik’hemik’hale” ho baka ho tepella maikutlo—e leng khopolo e se nang thuso ea saense e khelositseng bareki ha e ntse e etsa hore thekiso ea meriana e thibelang ho imeloa kelellong e fihle ho liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 15 ka selemo.
Sehloohong se selelele se entsoeng lipatlisiso ka hloko, Mopresidente oa CCHR International Jan Eastgate, “Kea Rorisa Thuto e Hlakisang 'Ho se leka-lekane ha Lik'hemik'hale' e bakang Kgatello ya maikutlo", joalo ka ha ho bonts'a"ke Tšōmo“. Molebeli, le haeba ka linako tse ling a qholotsa mahlo a koalehile batho [ke hore: motho ea hanang ho bona ntho e pepeneneng, ka lebaka la maikutlo a pele a hore na ntho ena e lokela ho shebahala joang], e bonahala e ne e nepahetse ka nako eohle ho sa tsotellehe likhang. ke mang ea tsebang haeba a halefisoa ke seo ho thoeng ke "Ho thehoa" kapa "indasteri ea psycho-pharma"?).
Tlalehong ea hae, Eastgate o re:
"CCHR esale e pepesa ho tloha bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1980: khopolo ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale haesale e le letšolo la ho bapatsa le se nang motheo oa mahlale. 'Nete ke hore, tšōmo ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale e thusitse ho rekisa liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 15.6 ka selemo lefatšeng ka bophara. Ka lebaka la liphuputso tse nyarosang tsa phuputso ena, mecha ea litaba e ile ea bitsa sena “monyaka oa liranta tse libilione tse 15.”
Christopher Lane, PhD, sengoli sa blog Litla-morao e hlalositse thuto e le “ho otla ha makhaola-khang mohopolong oa serotonin oa khatello ea maikutlo.
Lingaka tsa mafu a kelello tse fanang ka lipilisi li hlokometse ka lilemo tse ngata hore khatello ea maikutlo ha e bakoe ke maemo a tlase a serotonin, leha a ntse a tsoela pele ho fana ka lipilisi, Ngaka Jonathan Raskin, molula-setulo oa thuto ea kelello ho tsoa Univesithing ea Naha ea New York, o ile a bolella mecha ea litaba.
Sehloohong se seng, Psychology kajeno e bitsitse"Phoso ea lidolara tse libilione tse ngata” mme a tlaleha hore:
Lekhoakhoa le ipakile le sebetsa haholo, leha David Healy a hlalositse ka 2015 ho "Serotonin le Depression," ho BMJ, ha e le hantle, e ne e akarelletsa ho kopa kapa ho amohela ka mokhoa o khutsitseng “papatso ea tšōmo.” Ka ho nolofatsa ho feta tekano, papiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea “ho se leka-lekane ha lik’hemik’hale” e ile ea mela ka metso e le setso. bohlale bakeng sa maemo a mangata, a sa tšoaneng a thathamisitsoeng ho DSM.
Kahoo, ona ke nako e sa thabiseng haholo bakeng sa bohle ba ileng ba iphapanyetsa eona kapa ba leka ho soma litemoso, moo molebeli oa bophelo bo botle ba kelello eo bonyane lilemo tse 33 a neng a lemosa ka taba ena, a neng a ka ba bolella hore "Ke le joetse joalo" .
Bakeng sa ho nepahala, re hlahisa sengoloa sa hae ka botlalo ho etsa hore se fumanehe le ho babali ba rona bao e seng Senyesemane ka puo ea bona.
Gaston de Persigny
Tlhokomeliso ho [x] e tla fumanoa qetellong ea sengoloa.
CCHR E Rorisa Thuto Ho Hanyetsa "Ho se leka-lekane ha Lik'hemik'hale" ho Baka Khatello ea Maikutlo; Ke Tšōmo
E ngotsoe ke Jan Eastgate
Mopresidente oa Machaba oa CCHR
July 22, 2022
Thuto ea bohlokoa [Khopolo ea serotonin ea ho tepella maikutlong: tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea sekhele ea bopaki] e na le e ile ea hlakisa e 'ngoe ea matšolo a maholohali a ho bapatsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello historing ea kajeno—hore “ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale bokong ho baka khatello ea maikutlo” e hlokang meriana e thibelang ho tepella maikutlo ho e lokisa. Bo-rasaense ba Univesithing ea London ba ile ba hlahloba lithuto tse kholo tse 17 tse hatisitsoeng ka lilemo tse mashome a 'maloa' me ba fumana ho se bopaki bo kholisang bo tšehetsang khopolo eo (1).
Patlisiso e tiisa seo CCHR e 'nileng ea se pepesa ho tloha bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1980: khopolo ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale esale e le letšolo la ho bapatsa le se nang motheo oa saense. 'Nete ke hore, tšōmo ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale e thusitse ho rekisa liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 15.6 ka selemo lefatšeng ka bophara. Ka lebaka la liphuputso tse nyarosang tsa phuputso, mecha ea litaba e bitsitse sena “$ 15 limilione tse likete"(2).
Mongoli oa Moeta-pele Moprofesa Joanna Moncrieff O itse:
"Ho tuma ha khopolo ea 'chemical imbalance' ho tsamaellana le keketseho e kholo ea tšebeliso ea li-antidepressants."(3)
Le hoja khopolo ena e qalile ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1950, e ile ea sebelisoa ho qala "phetoho" ea papatso ea phekolo ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka ho lokolloa ha SSRI ea pele ea ho tepella maikutlo, fluoxetine (Prozac) ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1980, 'me e rekisoa linaheng tse fetang 90. Ka 2005 batho ba fetang limilione tse 54 lefatšeng ka bophara ba ne ba noa li-antidepressants ho phekola ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale (4). Palo eo e batla e imenne habeli ho limilione tse 100 ka 2016 (5).
Ho la US kajeno, Maamerika a makatsang a limilione tse 45 a lilemo tsohle a nka li-antidepressants, tseo limilione tse 2.1 tsa tsona li nang le lilemo tse 0-17, ho latela lipalo-palo tsa CCHR tse fumanoeng ho tsoa ho IQ Via data tracking.
Thuto, e hatisitsoeng ho Molecular Psychiatry, e re sechaba ka kakaretso se entsoe ka bohata hore se lumele hore ho se tloaelehe ha serotonin kapa lintho tse ling tse sa tloaelehang tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa biochemical ke tsona tse ikarabellang bakeng sa maikutlo a bona. Khopolo ea hore ho tepella maikutlo ho bakoa ke ho se leka-lekane ha lik’hemik’hale ho susumelitse liqeto tsa batho mabapi le hore na ba noe kapa ba tsoele pele ho sebelisa meriana e thibelang ho tepella maikutlo le “e ka 'na ea nyahamisa batho ho khaotsa ho phekoloa, e leng ho ka lebisang ho itšetleheng ka lithethefatsi tsena bophelo bohle ba bona"(6).
Bafuputsi ba hlokomelisa [ho latela Jacqui Wise "'Ha ho bopaki bo kholisang' ba hore khatello ea maikutlo e bakoa ke maemo a tlase a serotonin, ho bolela bangoli ba boithuto," BMH, 2022]:
"Haholo-holo, maikutlo a hore li-antidepressants li sebetsa ka tsela e ts'oanang le insulin bakeng sa lefu la tsoekere e khelosa ka botlalo. Ha re utloisise hore na li-antidepressing li etsa'ng bokong hantle, 'me ho fa batho boitsebiso ba mofuta ona ho ba thibela ho etsa qeto e nang le tsebo mabapi le hore na ba noe meriana e thibelang ho tepella maikutlo kapa che..” (7).
Christopher Lane, PhD, sengoli sa blog Litla-morao e hlalositse thuto e le “ho otla ha makhaola-khang mohopolong oa serotonin oa khatello ea maikutlo"(8).
SSRI antidepressants, joalo ka Prozac, Zoloft le Effexor, ha ba na mokhoa o mong o tiisitsoeng oa ho sebetsa, Moprofesa Moncrieff mme basebetsi mmoho ba rialo.
"Batho ba likete ba hlokofatsoa ke litla-morao tsa meriana e thibelang ho tepella maikutlo, ho kopanyelletsa le liphello tse matla tsa ho khaotsa ho tsuba tse ka hlahang ha batho ba leka ho li thibela, leha ho le joalo litekanyetso tsa meriana li ntse li eketseha."
Lingaka tsa mafu a kelello tse fanang ka lipilisi li hlokometse ka lilemo tse ngata hore khatello ea maikutlo ha e bakoe ke maemo a tlase a serotonin, leha a ntse a tsoela pele ho fana ka lipilisi, Ngaka Jonathan Raskin, molula-setulo oa kelello ea tsoang Univesithing ea Naha ea New York, o ile a bolella mecha ea litaba (9).
Tshedimosetso e e seng boammaaruri e e neelwang bareki e sekasekiwa mo thutopatlisisong e nngwe e moporof. Moncrieff le ene e leng mmatlisisi. E phatlalalitsoe ka Mmesa 2022 ho SSM-Bophelo ba Kelello mme e rehetswe, “Na ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale ke 'tšōmo ea litoropong'?"Bafuputsi ba ile ba sheba litlhahlobo tse qotsitsoeng haholo tsa lisosa tsa ho tepella maikutlong, lipampiri tse boletsoeng haholo tse neng li bua ka ho tepella maikutlong le serotonin, le libuka tse 'maloa tse hatisitsoeng pakeng tsa 1990 le 2012. Libuka tsohle tse hlahlobiloeng 'me hoo e batlang e le lipampiri tsohle tsa thuto li tšehetsa khopolo ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale ho sa tsotellehe khaello ea bopaki: “Liphuputso li fana ka maikutlo a hore khopolo ea serotonin e ile ea tšehetsoa ke sechaba sa litsebi le tsa thuto,” bangoli ba ngotse. “Tlhahlobo e fana ka maikutlo a hore, leha ho na le boipelaetso ho fapana le hoo, mosebetsi ona o na le boikarabello bo itseng bakeng sa ho phatlalatsoa ha khopolo e sa tšehetsoeng ka matla 'me e hlalosang khatello ea maikutlo e khothalelitse. (10).
Sena e ne e le karabelo ea "lingaka tse ka sehloohong tsa mafu a kelello tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore khopolo ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale e ne e le 'tšōmo ea litoropong' e sa kang ea nkoa ka botebo ke litsebi tsa kelello..” Leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo teng hona joale bo bontša hore “boemo bona ke patently bohata (11).
Histori ea ho Koaheloa
Ho tloha ka 1989, ka mor'a tumello ea Prozac ho la US, CCHR e pepesitse leshano la ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale le ho hloka thuso ho bareki ba ileng ba bolelloa sena.
Ka 1991, CCHR e ile ea thusa ho hlohlelletsa sehlopha sa boeletsi sa Tsamaiso ea Lijo le Lithethefatsi (FDA) bopaking ba hore Prozac e ka baka boitšoaro bo mabifi le ba ho ipolaea (12). Ho sibolloa ha sena ho bile le monyetla oa ho ba le phello e mpe papatsong e sa tsoa qalisoa ea hore ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale ho bakile khatello ea maikutlo haeba meriana e laetsoeng ho e phekola e ka baka pefo ka lik'hemik'hale. Ho ne ho sa makatse hore ebe lingaka tsa mafu a kelello tse neng li le sehlopheng sena, tse neng li qoetse likhohlanong tsa lithahasello le baetsi ba meriana e thibelang ho tepella maikutlo, li ile tsa hana bopaki.
Ka 1997, setsebi sa machaba sa psychopharmacologist, Prof. David Healy, ngaka ea mafu a kelello, e ile ea hlakisa taba ea ho se leka-lekane bukeng ea eona Mehla ea Antidepressant. O boletse hore ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba ho netefatsa hore lingaka li sebelisitse mohopolo oa ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale kapa serotonin e sa tloaelehang ho lokafatsa taelo ea li-antidepressants (13). Bukeng ea hae Ba lumelle hore ba je Prozac Healy o boletse hore le liphuputsong tsa bo-1970 li fihletse qeto ea hore eng kapa eng e neng e fosahetse ka khatello ea maikutlo e ne e sa theole serotonin (14).
"ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale” khopolo-taba e ka ’na ea hlahisa likhopolo tse ling tse kotsi tse kang hore “hypothesis ea khaello ea serotonin” e ka ’na ea ikarabella bakeng sa boitšoaro bo mabifi—ho e-na le lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang ho bo phekola (15). Ho sa le joalo, lingaka tsa mafu a kelello le basebetsi-'moho le bona ba ile ba tsoela pele ho hana bopaki ba hore li-antidepressants li ka baka liketso tse mabifi ho batho ba bang ba li nkang, athe tšebeliso e pharaletseng ea li-antidepressants e tsamaellana le ho eketseha. diketso tsa pefo e hlokang kelello likolong le sechabeng.
Ka 2001, phetse o ile a fana ka bopaki nyeoeng e neng e tšoaretsoe Cheyenne, Wyoming, e amang Donald Schell, 60, mang o ne a ntse a nka Paxil (paroxetine) ka lihora tse 48 feela ha a thunya le ho bolaea mosali oa hae, morali oa hae, setloholo sa hae le eena.. Healy o itse lithuto tsa hae li bontšitse hore SSRIs e ka etsa hore motho a le mong ho baithaopi ba bane ba phelang hantle a ferekane, 'me maemong a mang a ipolaee. Ea moetsi litokomane tsa ka hare tse senotsoeng nyeoeng li bontšitse k'hamphani e ne e tseba hore palo e nyane ea batho e ka ferekana kapa ea ba mabifi. Paxyl. Ho sa tsotellehe tsebo ena, liphutheloana tsa Paxil ka nako eo ha lia ka tsa kenyelletsa temoso mabapi le ho ipolaea, pefo kapa mabifi, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore k'hamphani e ikarabelle, ho ea ka kahlolo ea lekhotla e ileng ea fana ka $ 6.4 limilione ho lelapa le setseng la Schell (16). Hamorao FDA e ile ea lokisa sena bakeng sa li-antidepressants tsohle.
Tlaleho ea Marang-rang ea CCHR Kamoo Lithethefatsi Tsa Kelello li Hlahisang Pefo le ho Ipolaea ke mohloli o fanang ka lintlha tse fetang 30 tsa lithuto le linyeoe tse fetang 60 tsa ho thunyana ha batho ba bangata le liketso tsa pefo tse entsoeng ke ba noang kapa ba ikhulang lithethefatsing tse fanoeng ke psychotropic. Ka mohlala, the British Medical Journal e hatisitsoeng:
"Hangata ho 'nile ha tlalehoa hore baetsi ba lithunya tsa likolo le liketsahalo tse tšoanang le tsona ke basebelisi ba li-antidepressing….” (17) .
Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba likotsi tsena tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng ha boa ka ba etsa letho ho thibela ho rekisoa ha khopolo ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale le tlhokahalo ea hore batho ba bangata ba tšoasehe ho noa meriana e thibelang ho tepella maikutlo kapa meriana e meng ea psychotropic.
Bomenemene ba Bareki
"Phatlalatso e tobileng ho bareki ho tloha ka 2003 e ile ea bolella bareki hore 'le hoja sesosa se sa tsejoe, ho tepella maikutlo ho ka amana le ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale tsa tlhaho pakeng tsa lisele tsa methapo bokong' le hore 'taelo ea Zoloft e sebetsa ho lokisa ho se leka-lekane hona.'"
Joalo ka thuto e hatisitsoeng ho SSM-Bophelo ba Kelello lintlha: "Molaetsa ona o ile oa phatlalatsoa libakeng tse tsebahalang,” le “libuka tse rekoang haholo, tse kang Ho mamela Prozac"Ka Peter Kramer (18).
Ka 2004, CCHR e ile ea ngola letoto la libukana tse 20 tse ajoang haholo ka lipuo tse 17 mabapi le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa kelello e qobelloang, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona e ne e kenyelletsa tsebiso ea bohlokoa ho babali sekoahelong se ka hare:
- KHOPOLO EA HORE HO HLOKA KELELLO HO TSOA HO 'KEKETSO K'hemik'hale' BOKONG KE MAIKUTLO A SA FUMANENG, E SE 'NETE.. Khopolo e 'ngoe e atileng ea kelello (senotlolo sa thekiso ea lithethefatsi tsa psychotropic) ke hore mathata a kelello a bakoa ke ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale bokong. Joalo ka likhopolo-taba tse ling tsa eona, ha ho na bopaki ba baeloji kapa bo bong bo pakang sena. Moemeli oa sehlopha se seholo sa litsebi tsa bongaka le tsa biochemistry, Elliot Valenstein, PhD, Mongoli oa Ho beha Boko molato e re:
"[T] mona ha ho na liteko tse teng bakeng sa ho lekola boemo ba lik'hemik'hale bokong ba motho ea phelang. "
Phuputsong e phatlalalitsoeng selemong sona seo, Jonathan Leo, Motlatsi oa Moprofesa oa Anatomy Univesithing ea Bophirimela ea Saense ea Bophelo, o ile a eletsa bakuli:
"Haeba ngaka ea mafu a kelello e re u na le khaello ea lik’hemik’hale, kōpa tlhahlobo ea mali ’me u shebelle hore na ngaka ea mafu a kelello e arabela joang. Palo ea batho ba lumelang hore bo-rasaense ba pakile hore batho ba tepelletseng maikutlo ba na le serotonin e tlase ke bopaki bo botle ba matla a ho bapatsa."(19).
Ka 2005, ho ile ha tsoela pele ho pepesetsoa bomenemene ba ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale naheng ka bophara, haholo-holo kaha ka nako eo, FDA e ile ea fetola nyeoe ea eona ea 1991 ho Prozac 'me ka Mphalane 2004 e ile ea laela lebokose le letšo holim'a liphutheloana tse thibelang ho tepella maikutlo ho lemosa hore lithethefatsi li ka khona. baka ho ipolaea.
Moemeli oa Batho Makasine o ile a letsetsa CCHR bakeng sa tlhaloso ’me a khothalletsoa ho etsa joalokaha Jonathon Leo a ile a etsa tlhahiso—ikopanye le mopresidente oa American Psychiatric Association (APA) ho botsa hore na lingaka tsa mafu a kelello li itšetlehile ka tlhahlobo efe ho tiisa ho se leka-lekane ha lik’hemik’hale. batho fumana tumello ho Ngaka Steven Sharfstein, ka nako eo Mopresidente oa APA, hore: "Ha re na tlhahlobo ea laboratoring e hloekileng” ho fumana ho se leka-lekane ha lik’hemik’hale bokong (20).
Ebe latela Ngaka Mark Graff, Molula-setulo oa Litaba tsa Sechaba oa APA o bolella CBS Studio 2 News hore khopolo eo e ne e le "mohlomong indasteri ea lithethefatsi e nkiloeng. ""Ha re na liteko hobane ho e etsa, mohlomong u tla tlameha ho ntša karolo ea boko ho motho e mong - eseng mohopolo o motle., "o boletse joalo (21).
Ka nako eo, APA e ka be e ile ea felisa sefahleho, empa ha ea ka ea etsa joalo.
Ka December selemong seo, baprofesa le bafuputsi Jonathan Leo 'me Jeffrey Lacassesengoloa, “Serotonin le Khatello ea Maikutlo: Ho Khaoha Pakeng Tsa Lipapatso le Lingoliloeng Tsa Saense,"E hatisitsoeng ho Meriana ea PLoS, ba fumane bopaki bo pheta-phetoang, joalo ka Christopher Lane haufinyane o ngotse:
"hore FDA e amohetse ho rekisoa ha SSRIs ka lipoleloana tse peli tse ntseng li le teng ka nako ea subjunctive-hore ho tepella maikutlong 'e ka ba ka lebaka la khaello ea serotonin' le hore katleho ea SSRI, 'ka mokhoa o itekanetseng' o fetisang sebaka sa placebo, 'ho nahanoa hore e amana le matla a ts'ebetso ea serotonergic.' Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso ka boeona ha lia ka tsa tseba mokhoa o nepahetseng" (22).
Lane ho feta moo o ile a hlokomela:
"FDA e amohetse puo ea takatso ea hore lithethefatsi "li thusa ho khutlisa botsitso ba lik'hemik'hale bokong" le "ho atametsa maemo a serotonin haufi le a tloaelehileng," leha likopo tseo ka bobeli li ne li le, 'me li ntse li se na moelelo oa saense.. "
"Ha ho na ntho e kang "tekanyo" e nepahetseng e thehiloeng saenseng ea serotonin, " Lacasse le Leo hlokomelisoa (23).
Ka 2010, Andrew Scull, Moprofesa oa Thuto ea Kahisano Univesithing ea California, San Diego, o ile a fana ka khalemelo e matla mabapi le khopolo ena:
"Bakuli le malapa a bona ba ile ba ithuta ho bolela hore bokuli ba kelello bo bakoa ke boko bo sa sebetseng hantle, bofokoli ba dopamine, kapa khaello ea serotonin. E ne e le bio-babble e khelosang haholo ebile e sa lumellane le mahlale joalo ka ha psychobabble e e nkile sebaka, empa joalo ka kopi ea papatso e ne e le ea bohlokoa haholo." (24) .
Ho ne ho e-na le lingaka tsa mafu a kelello tse ileng tsa leka ho ikarohanya le mahlabisa-lihlong ao. Ka 2011, Ronald Pies, mohlophisi e Moholo Emeritus oa mafu a kelello Times e ile ea arabela tlalehong ea hore CCHR, e thehiloeng ke Kereke ea Scientology, e ile ea hatisa ka ho se leka-lekane ha lik’hemik’hale, ’me ea tiisa hore ha ho ngaka ea mafu a kelello e nang le tsebo e kileng ea lumela tšōmo ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik’hemik’hale, e e bitsang “tšōmo ea litoropong.” Leha ho le joalo, Moncrief mme basebetsi mmoho ba hana taba ena, ba re:
"Ka bomalimabe, o ile a tsoela pele hore sena se ne se e-s'o utloisisoe hohle, 'me 'bahanyetsi ba mafu a kelello ba re poleloana ena e tsoa ho lingaka tsa mafu a kelello ka bobona.' Ho ea ka Pies, khopolo ena e ne e phatlalalitsoe ke indasteri ea meriana feela, 'me e lokela ho 'fetisetsoa ka lerōleng la li-caricature tse sa tsebeng hantle le tse kotsi.'"
Empa hoo e ne e se ’nete.
ka 2005 APA pampitšana ea mokuli, mokhatlo—moemeli oa litho tsa oona—o ile oa tsoela pele ho tšehetsa khopolo eo, oa phatlalatsa, “meriana e thibelang ho imeloa kelellong e ka ’na ea laeloa ho lokisa ho se leka-lekane ha maemo a lik’hemik’hale bokong (25)"
Pies o ile a tsoela pele ho sireletsa mosebetsi empa hamorao a fetola boemo ba hae hanyane: “O ile a lumela hore lingaka tse ngata tsa mafu a kelello li sebelisa tlhaloso ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale. Leha ho le joalo, o ile a tsoela pele ho bolela hore lingaka tsa mafu a kelello ha li lumele ka ho feletseng, kahoo li ‘ikutloa li sa phutholoha li bile li hlajoa ke lihlong hanyenyane’ ha li etsa joalo.”The SSM-Bophelo ba Kelello boithuto bo re.
U sa phutholoha ebile u hlajoa ke lihlong?
Ntho e ka sehloohong eo batho ba amehileng ka eona e ne e lokela ho ba hore Maamerika a limilione a ile a thetsoa 'me a ntse a tsoela pele ho tataisoa ho fihlela letsatsing lena ho lumela hore mathata a bona a maikutlo bophelong a bakoa ke lik'hemik'hale, kahoo a thibela litsela tse ka fanang ka pholiso ea sebele.
Lingaka tsa mafu a kelello tse kang Boprofesa ba Australia Patrick McGorry 'me Ian Hickie tsoela pele ho sireletsa leqhubu la bona, ba qhelela thuto ea London ka hore ha e na thuso. Hickie o kile a etsa teko ea kliniki e neng e akarelletsa ho fana ka li-antidepressants ho batho ba hōlileng ba "kotsing" ea ho tepella maikutlong - ho ba noa le pele ba netefatsoa hore ba "tepelletse maikutlo (26)".
Ha a arabela thutong ea London, o ile a sireletsa:
"Ho 'nile ha bontšoa khafetsa hore ha u eketsa bongata ba serotonin kapa noradrenaline kapa dopamine, u bona phello e thibelang ho imeloa kelellong."
McGorry, ba neng ba tloaetse ho sebelisa litlhare tsa bacha le batho ba baholo “ba kotsing” ea ho tšoaroa ke “psychosis” ka li-antipsychotics, ha ba batle hore batho ba khaotse ho noa meriana ea bona e thibelang ho tepella maikutlo. O ile a re, "Ho na le lithethefatsi tse ngata tseo re nang le tsona tsa bongaka, ho pholletsa le boto tse sebetsang haholo, empa re ntse re sa tsebe hantle hore na hobaneng li sebetsa, 'me ke taba e arohaneng., "o boletse joalo (27). [Khatiso e kentsoe]
Litlhaloso tsena tsa likhopolo tse ngata tseo bareki ba lebeletsoeng ho li lumela-ha ho motho ea tsebang hore na li-antidepressants li "sebetsa" joang, empa u li nke.
Haesale CCHR e bolela hore ha ho motho ea lokelang ho khaotsa ho noa litlhare ka tšohanyetso ka lebaka la litlamorao tse tebileng tsa ho li tlohela 'me o lokela ho li tlohela feela tlas'a tlhokomelo ea lingaka..
Ngaka Moncrieff e re ho bolella bakuli boitšoaro ba bona ke phello ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale:
"molaetsa wa hore ha re na matla a ho fetola rona kapa maemo a rona. Ha lintho li sa tsamaee hantle, li re kholisa hore re hloka pilisi ho li lokisa. Mokhoa ona o ka ’na oa ipiletsa ho batho ba bang, ’me ho hang ha ke nyelise ba khethileng ho o latela. Empa ke habohlokoa hore bohle ba tsebe hore na ho na le bopaki bo fokolang hakae ho e tšehetsa" (28).
Ha e le hantle, "lipilisi tsa mohlolo" tsa SSRI li se li lumeloa hore ha li sebetse ho feta placebo. Boithuto bo bonts'a sekhahla sa ho hloleha ho 29-46% ka li-antidepressants (29).
Leha ho le joalo, ha e lekola ts'ebeliso ea tsona US, CCHR e fana ka lipalo-palo sebakeng sa eona sa marang-rang se hloekisang le lisebelisoa, www.ccrint.org. Ka mohlala, nka tse tharo tsa li-antidepressants tse rekisoang haholo:
- Palo ea Maamerika a lilemo tsohle a nkang Prozac (ho kenyeletsoa le mofuta oa eona oa generic, fluoxetine) United States e eketsehile ka 27% lipakeng tsa 2006 (4,451,617) le 2020 (5,655,422) (30).
- Tšebeliso ea Lexapro (ho kenyeletsoa le mofuta oa eona oa generic, escitalopram) e eketsehile ka 37% 2006 (5,957,349) le 2020 (8,170,580) (31).
- Bakeng sa Zoloft (ho kenyeletsoa le mofuta oa eona oa generic, sertraline) ho bile le keketseho ea 61.6% lipakeng tsa 2006 (5,843,138) le 2020 (9,447,275) (32).
Webosaete e boetse e kenyelletsa leqephe le nang le setsebi se qotsa se hanang khopolo ea ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale e le leshano.
Ha ho makatse ha ho nahanoa ka boemo ba ho se tšepahale bomenemeneng bona ba ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale hore Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo le mekhatlo ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Litokelo Tsa Botho ba 'nile ba nyatsa ho hlōleha ha mokhoa oa baeloji o itšetlehileng ka lefapha la bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Ka la 6 Phuputh, 2020, Ngaka Dainius Pūras, setsebi sa mafu a kelello le Moqolotsi ea Khethehileng oa Machaba a Kopaneng mabapi le Tokelo ea Bophelo bo Botle, o ile a bua le Lekhotla la Litokelo tsa Botho la Machaba a Kopaneng 'me a eletsa hore ho busa ha mokhoa oa biomedical ho entse hore ho sebelisoe meriana e feteletseng le ho theha setsi. O ile a lemosa khahlanong le melemo e feteletseng ea meriana ea psychotropic mme a totobatsa hore katleho ea bona ha e bapisoe le meriana e meng e hlokahalang bakeng sa maemo a itseng a 'mele, joalo ka mohlala, lithibela-mafu bakeng sa tšoaetso ea baktheria. Ho feta moo, "ha ho na matšoao a baeloji bakeng sa maemo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (33)"
Ka Pherekhong 2022, the Mokomishinara oa Litokelo tsa Botho oa Machaba a Kopaneng e tlaleha hore ho na le ts'epo e feteletseng ea lithethefatsi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello e leng "tšitiso e kholo ho phethahatseng tokelo ea bophelo bo botle (34)"
Ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale e bile e 'ngoe ea litšitiso tse kholo.
E phatlalalitsoeng qalong ke chrint.org
References:
(1) Joanna Moncrieff, Ruth E. Cooper, Tom Stockmann, Simone Amendola, Michael P. Hengartner le Mark A. Horowitz, “Khopolo ea serotonin ea ho tepella maikutlong: tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea sekhele ea bopaki,” Molecular Psychiatry, La 20 Phupu 2022, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-022-01661-0
(2) https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/antidepressant-drugs-market-size-to-reach-usd-21-004-8-million-by-2030-at-cagr-3-0-valuates-reports-839380083.html; "Nako ea lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse 15? Setsebi se re lingaka tsa mafu a kelello tse fanang ka lipilisi li ne li TSEBA hore khatello ea maikutlo ha e bakoe ke maemo a tlase a serotonin - joalo ka ha liphuputso tsa bohlokoa li bonts'a hore lithethefatsi tsa bohlokoa ha li na thuso ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello," Daily Mail, La 21 Phupu 2022, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11035903/Expert-says-psychiatrists-KNOW-theory-low-serotonin-levels-cause-depression-incomplete.html
(3) “Letsapa la liranta tse libilione tse 15? Setsebi se re lingaka tsa mafu a kelello tse fanang ka lipilisi li ne li TSEBA hore khatello ea maikutlo ha e bakoe ke maemo a tlase a serotonin - joalo ka ha boithuto ba bohlokoa bo bonts'a hore lithethefatsi tsa bohlokoa ha li thuse ho phela hantle kelellong," Daily Mail, 21 Phupu 2022. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11035903/Expert-says-psychiatrists-KNOW-theory-low-serotonin-levels-cause-depression-incomplete.html
(4) Melissa Braddock, "Prozac: Sepheo sa ho tepella maikutlo," Litaba tsa Chemical and Engineering, La 20 Phuptjane 2005, https://cen.acs.org/articles/83/i25/Prozac.html
(5) “Lithethefatsi tse thibelang ho tepella maikutlo li baka tšabo le matšoenyeho joang?” Science News, 24 Phato 2016, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160824135045.htm
(6) Op. mohlala., Molecular Psychiatry, 20 Phupu 2022
(7) Jacqui Wise "'Ha ho bopaki bo kholisang' ba hore khatello ea maikutlo e bakoa ke maemo a tlase a serotonin, ho bolela bangoli ba boithuto," BMH, 2022, https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj.o1808
(8) Christopher Lane, Ph.D., "Tlhaloso e tiileng ea Serotonin Hypothesis of Depression: Tlhahlobo e ncha e felletseng e hlakisa khopolo ea 'ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale' ea khatello ea maikutlo," Psychology kajeno, La 19 Phupu 2022, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/side-effects/202207/decisive-blow-the-serotonin-hypothesis-depression
(9) “Letsapa la liranta tse libilione tse 15? Setsebi se re lingaka tsa mafu a kelello tse fanang ka lipilisi li ne li TSEBA hore khatello ea maikutlo ha e bakoe ke maemo a tlase a serotonin - joalo ka ha boithuto ba bohlokoa bo bonts'a hore lithethefatsi tsa bohlokoa ha li thuse ho phela hantle kelellong," Daily Mail, 21 Phupu 2022. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11035903/Expert-says-psychiatrists-KNOW-theory-low-serotonin-levels-cause-depression-incomplete.html
(10) Ang B., Horowitz M. & Moncrieff J., “Na ho se leka-lekane ha lik'hemik'hale ke 'tšōmo ea litoropong'? Tlhahlobo ea boemo ba khopolo ea serotonin ea khatello ea maikutlo libukeng tsa thuto, " SSM - Bophelo bo Botle ba Kelello (2022), https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10147405/
(11) Ibid.
(12) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxJomeak4V4
(13) Op. lem., SSM - Bophelo bo Botle ba Kelello (2022)
(14) Ngaka David Healy, Ba lumelle hore ba je Prozac, (New York University Press, New York, 2004), leq. 12
(15) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-serotonin/serotonin-levels-affect-brains-response-to-anger-idUSTRE78E6D420110915; https://www.news-medical.net/health/Serotonin-and-Aggression.aspx
(16) "Na Kahlolo ea Limilione tse 6.4 e tla Bula Tlokotsi e Ncha ea Boima?" Bo-ramolao beke le beke, la 9 Phupu 2001, https://www.fitzgeraldlaw.com/paxil-maker-held-liable-in-murder-suicide
(17) tlaleho ea CCHR, Lithethefatsi Tsa Kelello li Hlahisa Pefo le ho Ipolaea, Los Angeles, 2018, leq. 31,
(18) Op. mohlala., SSM – Bophelo bo Botle ba Kelello (2022)
(19) Kelly Patricia O'Meara, Psyched Out: Kamoo Psychiatry e Rekisang Boloetse ba Kelello le ho sututsa lipilisi tse bolaeang ( Author House, 2006), maq. 47-48, a qotsa Jonathan Leo, “The Biology of Mental Illness,” 2004.
(20) batho Makasine, 11 Phupu 2005
(21) Puisano ea Dr. Mark Graff ka CBS Studio 2, July 2005
(22) Op. mohlala., Psychology kajeno, 19 Phupu 2022
(23) Ibid.
(24) https://www.cchrint.org/2010/04/15/from-psychobabble-to-biobabble-how-drug-money-has-come-to-dominate-psychiatry/, a qotsa: Susan Perry, "Ho tloha ho psychobabble ho ea ho biobabble: Kamoo chelete ea lithethefatsi e tlileng ho laola mafu a kelello," MinnPost, 15 Mmesa 2010, https://www.minnpost.com/second-opinion/2010/04/psychobabble-biobabble-how-drug-money-has-come-dominate-psychiatry/
(25) Op. mohlala., SSM – Bophelo bo Botle ba Kelello (2022)
(27) Oliver Gordon, "Ho tepella maikutlo ho sebetsa joang? Litlhahlobo li fumana hore ha e bakoe ke serotonin e tlase," ANC News, 22 Phupu 2022, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-22/low-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-depression-review/101262660
(28) Joanne Moncrief, "Theory Imbalance Imbalance Theory Of Depression: E ntse e Khothatsoa Empa e ntse e se na motheo," 1 May 2014, https://joannamoncrieff.com/2014/05/01/the-chemical-imbalance-theory-of-depression-still-promoted-but-still-unfounded/
(29) https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/major-depressive-disorder/treatment-resistant-depression
(30) https://www.cchrint.org/people-taking-prozac/
(31) https://www.cchrint.org/people-taking-lexapro/
(32) https://www.cchrint.org/people-taking-zoloft/
(33) "Lefatše le tlameha ho fetola tsela eo mathata a bophelo ba kelello a rarolloang ka eona, setsebi sa UN se re," Ofisi ea Litokelo tsa Botho ea UN ea Khomishenara e Phahameng, 6 Phupu 2020, https://previous.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26039&LangID=E
(34) Tlaleho ea selemo ea Mokomishinara ea Phahameng oa Machaba a Kopaneng oa Litokelo tsa Botho le litlaleho tsa Ofisi ea Khomishenara e Phahameng le Mongoli-Kakaretso, seboka sa bo49, 28 Hlakola–1 Mmesa 2022.
