Ka Emmanuel Ande Ivorgba, PhD. Motsamaisi e Moholo, Setsi sa Tumelo le Ntšetso-pele ea Sechaba (CFCD)
SELELEKELA
Mohopolo oa moetlo oa boetapele o ipapisitse le maikutlo a hore baetapele ba khetheloa ho laela taolo le ho etsa liqeto tsa ho qetela bakeng sa sehlopha se kopaneng. Leha ho le joalo, ka pono ena, boetapele ha bo nkoe e le tšebeliso ea matla feela empa hape le ka mabaka a molao. Ha mekhatlo e ntse e rarahana le ho feta, litlhoko tsa tekheniki tsa mmuso lia hola, 'me matla a liqeto a ba a ikhethang. Ka tlhaho re amehile haholo ka seo baetapele ba se etsang ka mosebetsi, le seo ba leng sona le boitšoaro ba bona. Naheng e nang le maemo a holimo a bolaoli ba mekhatlo ea sechaba le ea poraefete, baeta-pele ba maemo a fapaneng a tsamaiso ba bapala karolo e kholo ho bopeng tsela ea bophelo ba lipolotiki. Ba kenya letsoho kutloisisong ea rona mabapi le karolo ea boetapele ba lipolotiki ho thehoeng ha maano.
Nigeria, e nang le mehloli e mengata ea lintho tsa tlhaho, hona joale moruo oa eona o putlama ka potlako. Ho na le liketsahalo tse ngata tsa bofuma, ho phahama ha theko ea lichelete, ho leka-lekana ha mathata a ho lefa, hammoho le mathata a boima a ho lefella likoloto. Motso oa bothata bona ba moruo o bakoa ke ho phehella leano le sa lokelang la moruo. Boeta-pele ba boeta-pele bo futsanehileng ha ho etsoa maano a Nigeria bo ka tsejoa ka ho hlaka e le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa mathata. Boetapele ba lipolotiki bo bohlokoa ebile bo bohlokoa ho theheng maemo a moruo a naha efe kapa efe (Klarin, 2020). Boleng ba boetapele ba lipolotiki ba naha efe kapa efe bo ka supa haholo kapa ba susumetsa tsela ea ntlafatso ea moruo oa naha. Nigeria e hlohonolofalitsoe ka baahi ba mahlahahlaha, letlotlo la matlotlo a tlhaho. Lisebelisoa tsena, hammoho le moea o moholo oa bo-rakhoebo le ho tiea ha baahi, li behile Nigeria e le setsi se matla sa moruo oa kontinenteng. Ka bomalimabe, le ka masoabi, meralo e fokolang ea mekhatlo, hammoho le bobolu, ho se lumellane ha maano le liphephetso tse ling tse ngata tsa puso, e bile litšitiso ho hloleheng ha naha ho sebelisa bokhoni ba eona ba moruo ka nepo le ka bokhabane (Ogunleye & Adeleye, 2018).
Tsoelo-pele ea moruo ke tekanyo ea keketseho ea chelete ea motho ka mong, e leng eona, mosebetsi oa sekhahla sa kholo ea chelete ea naha (Mankiw & Taylor, 2014). Kholiso ea chelete ea naha e itšetlehile haholo ka, botsitso ba boetapele ba lipolotiki hammoho le maano a nepahetseng a moruo a kenngoeng tšebetsong ke boetapele ba lipolotiki. Hape, temohisiso ea tšusumetso ea boetapele ba lipolotiki ntlafatsong ea moruo oa sechaba e thusa motho ho utloisisa motso oa leraba la bofutsana leo linaha tse ngata tse ntseng li tsoela pele li khomaretsoeng. Ho utloisisa hore na ke hobane'ng ha linaha li na le mofuta oa baetapele bao li nang le bona le hore na ke eng e khethang ralipolotiki ho busa hantle kapa ho busa hampe ho re thusa ho ananela maemo a puso. Pampiri ena e batla ho hlahloba likamano tse rarahaneng le tse matla lipakeng tsa boetapele ba lipolotiki le nts'etsopele ea moruo Nigeria. Pampiri e tla hlahloba ka bokhutšoanyane maemo a histori, liphephetso le menyetla ea boemo ba moruo oa Nigeria, liqeto tsa bohlokoa tsa leano, le mekhoa ea puso ho senola phello ea boetapele ba lipolotiki ho matšoao a bohlokoa a moruo a kang tlhahiso ea mesebetsi, nts'etsopele ea litšebeletso tsa motheo, phokotso ea bofuma, kholo ea GDP, le matsete a tobileng kantle ho naha. Pampiri e tla fana ka leseli mabapi le hore na boetapele bo sebetsang bo ka tlisa phetoho e ntle ea moruo joang le ho khothaletsa kholo le nts'etsopele e kenyeletsang Nigeria. TLHOKOMELISO Ka palo ea batho e fetang limilione tse 230, 'me e ruile lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho, Nigeria, eo ka tloaelo e bitsoang "Giant of Africa" (UK Essays, 2018), le continental powerhouse (Akindele, et al. 2012), e na le menyetla e mengata ea kholo ea moruo le nts'etsopele. Ho sa tsotellehe bongata bona ba batho le matlotlo a tlhaho, naha e tobane le liqholotso le mathata a mangata tseleng ea eona ea katleho ea moruo. Nigeria e bile le liphetoho tse kholo lipolotiking, sechabeng le moruong ho tloha ha e fumana boipuso ho tsoa pusong ea bokolone ea Borithane ka 1960. Boetapele ba lipolotiki bo ntse bo tsoela pele ho bapala karolo ea mantlha pheletsong ea Nigeria. Ka kakaretso, liphello tsa botsitso ba lipolotiki ntlafatsong ea moruo li totobatsa 'nete ea hore menyetla ea lipolotiki e tsamaisa maano a moruo linaheng, haholo-holo tse tsoang ka ntle ho fapana le mabaka a ka hare. Katleho ea boetapele ba lipolotiki ho faneng ka menyetla e metle ea maano a moruo le eona ke ea bohlokoa hobane mofuta oa botsitso o tsamaisoa ke kamoo 'maraka oa lipolotiki o sebetsang kateng linaheng tse fapaneng. Ka kakaretso, mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea mebaraka ea lipolotiki e lebisa mefuteng e fapaneng ea boitlamo ba maano. Tšusumetso ea litšobotsi tsa boetapele ba lipolotiki e bonahala ka maemo a fapaneng a botsitso lipolotiking, demokrasi, ho se lekane ha meputso, le boleng ba puso. Boemo ba nalane ea matsapa a ntlafatso ea moruo oa Nigeria bo entsoe ke tšebelisano e rarahaneng ea lintlha. Tsena li kenyelletsa matlotlo a mehleng ea bokolone, mekhatlo ea puso ea ka mor'a boipuso, ho sibolloa ha oli le ho itšetleha ha Nigeria ho oli, ho hloka botsitso lipolotiking le ho se lekane sechabeng, har'a tse ling. Naha e bile le nako e telele ea puso ea sesole, le ho ketola ha sesole, ho sitisa mekhoa ea demokrasi, e nang le liphello tse tebileng tsamaisong ea moruo le botsitso ba maano. moruo le ho akofisa tshebetso ya ntshetsopele, ho itshetleha ho feteletseng le ho itshetleha ha naha hodima lekeno la oli, le ho se kgathalle ka ho kgetheha, tlhahiso le temo, ho pepeseditse moruo wa naha ditsietsing le ho hloka botsitso ho kantle. Sena se ekelitsoe hape ke tšebeliso e mpe ea lekeno la oli le ho se be teng, kapa khaello ea mefuta-futa. Litsamaiso tse fapaneng le baetapele ba lipolotiki Nigeria, ba sebelisitse maano a 'maloa a moruo a hlahisitseng litlamorao tse ntle le tse mpe moruong oa naha. Ho feta moo, maemo a sechaba le lipolotiki hammoho le ho se lekane ha libaka, likhohlano tsa merabe, bofuma, ho hloka mosebetsi ha bacha, har'a tse ling, li totobatsa mathata a mangata ao baeta-pele ba lipolotiki ba Nigeria ba lokelang ho sebetsana le ona e le ho khothalletsa kholo ea moruo oa naha ka kakaretso le e tsitsitseng. BOETAPELE BA LIPOLOTIKI KWA NIGERIA Ho tloha qalong, boetapele ba dipolotiki bo ne bo kenelletse ka tekanyo e itseng ya taolo ya sesole le ditabatabelo tsa sesole. Ho se ikemisetse ha bona ho tlohela taolo ea puso le moruo ho ile ha pepesa boetapele ba Nigeria ho maano a sa sebetseng a buellang puso ea boipuso, ho boloka lineano, ho tšehetsa mekhoa ea khale ho e-na le ho nts'etsapele likarolo tsa boqapi le tsa khoebo ho atleha ha ho sebetsana le nts'etsopele ea moruo le phetoho ea moruo[1]. Boetapele ba lipolotiki Nigeria bo inehetse haholo molemong oa boithatelo le maano. Ho se lekane hona ho ba hana haholo ho bona tlhokahalo ea hore Nigeria e rale le ho kenya ts'ebetsong maano a ntlafatso ea moruo ho fapana le lithuto tsa moetlo tse thehiloeng ho kholo tse fanoeng le ho khothaletsoa ke bahlahlobisisi ba moruo ba machabeng le litsebi tsa moruo oa machabeng. Mehlala ea leano la boitaolo e tobisitsoe ho matlafatseng batho ba hlahelletseng 'me e fana ka litharollo tsa 'cocktail' haholo-holo ho boloka tlhōlisano ea lipolotiki. Ka lebaka leo, boetapele ba maano bo fetoha hanyane tseleng ea ntlafatso ea moruo le sechaba sa naha. Sebopeho sa bohlokoa sa boetapele ba lipolotiki ba Nigeria ke karolo ea likamano tsa merabe le bolumeli ho theheng lilekane tsa lipolotiki le meaho ea matla. Matla le li-blocs tsa bolumeli ba Ethno li bile le karolo e kholo ho khethollang sephetho sa lipolotiki le ho khethoa ha boetapele (Akande, 2016). Hangata sena se ’nile sa fella ka ho arohana ha maemo a lipolotiki, moo baeta-pele ba atisang ho etelletsa lithahasello tsa morabe oa bona kapa bolumeli ba bona pele ho feta tsa sechaba ka kakaretso. Hape, lefa la puso ea sesole le bile le phello e sa feleng ho boetapele ba lipolotiki ba Nigeria. Baetapele ba bangata ba mehleng ea sesole ba fetohetse lipolotiking tsa sechaba, ba tlisa mokhoa oa boetapele oa maemo a holimo le oa bolaoli oo ka linako tse ling o neng o nyenyefatsa melao-motheo ea demokrasi (Ojo, 2017). Sena se kentse letsoho moetlong oa lipolotiki tse matla, moo baetapele hangata ba behang matla bohareng le ho hatella bohanyetsi ho boloka taolo. Ho bile le matsapa, lilemong tsa morao tjena, a ho fetola boetapele ba lipolotiki ba naha le ho ntlafatsa maemo a puso, ka mats'oao a joalo ka matšolo a khahlano le bobolu le lintlafatso tsa likhetho, ho rarolla mathata a mang a tobaneng le boetapele ba naha (Adesina, 2020). Leha ho le joalo, tsoelo-pele ntlheng ena e bile butle haholo, 'me meaho e metseng ka metso e ntse e tsoela pele ho baka litšitiso phetohong e utloahalang. KAKARETSO EA HISTORI Ha ho hlahlojoa kamoo baetapele ba lipolotiki ba susumetsang ts'ebetso ea moruo Nigeria, motho o lokela ho ela hloko taba ea hore ke tšebelisano ea batho ba phahameng ba lipolotiki le potoloho ea moruo e fanang ka temohisiso ea hore na mekhatlo ea lipolotiki e buisana joang le tšusumetso ea batho ba phahameng ba lipolotiki moruong. . Sechaba sa Nigeria se bile le merusu e mengata ea lipolotiki. Ho se lekane ha meputso ho eketsehile ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1960, 'me mekhoa ea lipolotiki ea demokrasi ha e e-s'o ka e fetoloa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng ho bonahatsa liphetoho tsa mekhoa ea sechaba e susumelitsoeng ke mekhoa ea morao-rao. Khatelo-pele e sa tsitsang ea demokrasi Nigeria le ho se khone ho sebetsana ka katleho le likhatello tsa mekhoa ea morao-rao e potlakileng e lebisitse ho khoholeho ea tumelo ka katleho ea tsamaiso ea sechaba. Lilemo tse mashome tsa puso ea bolaoli kapa sesole Nigeria li bile le phello e mpe boleng ba puso le maemo a bophelo a batho ba bangata ba Nigeria. Tsoelopele ea moruo oa Nigeria e susumelitsoe haholo ke mabaka a fapaneng a nalane, sechaba, le lipolotiki, ho kenyeletsoa khoebo ea pele ho bokolone, tšebeliso ea bokolone, maano a kamora boipuso le kholo ea oli. Nakong ea pele ho bokolone, ho ne ho e-na le linaha tse 'maloa tse atlehileng tse nang le marang-rang a maholo a khoebo. Ka mohlala, metse ea Yoruba e ne e le ka boroa-bophirimela, 'Muso oa Benin ka boroa-bochabela le mebuso ea Hausa e ka leboea, e kopanela temong le tlhahisong ea mesebetsi ea matsoho,' me e sa rekisetse feela har'a bona, empa le bahoebi ba lebōpong la leoatle le ba tšelang Sahara. (Falola & Heaton, 2008). Eaba ho latela Mehla ea Bokolone, e qalileng ho tloha 1861-1960, 'me ea fetola maemo a moruo a Nigeria haholo. Nakong ena, Mabrithani a ne a tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ntšeng le ho romelleng thepa kantle ho naha ho fepa Phetohelo ea Liindasteri ea Europe. Moruo o ne o etselitsoe ho hlahisa lijalo tsa chelete tse kang matokomane, oli ea palema, cocoa le tse ling ho sebeletsa lithahasello tsa Borithane (Ake, 1981). Nako ea Ka mor'a Boipuso, ho tloha 1960-1970 e ne e batla ho fetola sebopeho sa moruo oa bokolone le ho potlakisa tsoelo-pele ea indasteri ea Nigeria (Ekundare, 1973). Joale meralo ea nts'etsopele ea moruo e ile ea raloa ke 'muso ho khothaletsa le ho ts'ehetsa ho fapanyetsana ha moruo oa naha ho tloha ho tsa temo ho leba kholong ea liindasteri le nts'etsopele ea meaho. Sena se ile sa lateloa, lilemong tsa bo-1970, ke nako ea Oil Boom ea Nigeria, moo bothata ba naha e neng e se chelete empa mokhoa oa ho e sebelisa. Oli e kentse letsoho ka 90% ea meputso ea lichelete tsa kantle ho naha le ho feta 80% ea lekeno la mmuso. Phello e bile ho eketseha ha litoropo le matsete ntlafatsong ea meralo ea motheo, empa temo le mafapha a mang a ne a hlile a hlokomolohuoa (Osoba, 1996). Ka tšehetso e tsoang ho Banka ea Lefatše le Letlole la Lichelete la Machaba (IMF), Nigeria e ile ea amohela Lenaneo la Tokiso ea Mehaho ka 1986. Sena e ne e le karabelo ea liqholotso tsa ho phahama ha likoloto le ho theoha ha litheko tsa oli. Sepheo sa bohlokoa sa SAP e ne e le ho lokolla moruo oa Nigeria, ho tšehetsa likhoebo tse ikemetseng le ho fokotsa ho kenya letsoho ha naha. Leha ho le joalo, phello e potlakileng ea sechaba ea SAP e ile ea eketseha bofutsana le ho se lekane (Iyoha & Oriakhi, 2002). Ka 2004, Nigeria e ile ea theha Leano la Naha la Matlafatso ea Moruo le Ntšetso-pele (NEEDS), e shebaneng le ho fokotsa bofuma, ho fapanyetsana ha moruo le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea motheo. LITLHAKISO li ne li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho khothaletsong ea mekhoa e metle ea puso, ho nka karolo ha lekala la poraefete, le mananeo a ntlafatso ea sechaba (Soludo, 2017). Moralo wa Tsosoloso le Kgolo ya Moruo (ERGP) o thakgotswe ka 2007 ke mmuso ho tshehetsa le ho matlafatsa temo, tlhahiso le ditshebeletso (Kalejaiye & Aliyu, 2013). Leano le leng, Vision 2020 Agenda e ile ea latela ka 2009. Sepheo sa Pono ea 2020 e ne e le ho beha Nigeria e le e 'ngoe ea linaha tse 20 tse holimo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ka 2020. E tsepamisitse maikutlo ho makala a bohlokoa joalo ka temo, tlhahiso le lits'ebeletso, mme e kopa matsete ho nts'etsopele ea moruo oa batho le meaho (Ibrahim, 2020). Ho tloha ka 1990 ho fihlela joale, naha ena e bone ho tsoakana ha kholo ea moruo le litšitiso.
Tšusumetso ea boetapele ba lipolotiki moruong e bonahetse maanong, liqetong le liketsong tse fapaneng tse nkuoang ke ba boholong. Mohlala o mong oa bohlokoa oa sena o ka bonoa taolong ea bona ea matlotlo a mangata a tlhaho a naha, haholo-holo oli. Nigeria ke mohlahisi ea ka sehloohong oa oli, 'me baeta-pele ba lipolotiki ba naha eo hangata ba sebelisitse chelete e tsoang lekaleng la oli ho tšehetsa mananeo le merero ea mmuso. Ka bomalimabe, tsamaiso e mpe, bobolu le khaello ea mefuta-futa li lebisitse boemong boo moruo o lulang o itšetlehile haholo ka oli, e leng se etsang hore e be kotsing ea ho fetoha ha litheko tsa oli lefatšeng ka bophara (Oyekola, 2015). Bakeng sa ho hohela matsete le ho khothaletsa nts'etsopele ea moruo, maano a moruo a nepahetseng, nts'etsopele ea meralo ea motheo le melaoana ea taolo li bohlokoa haholo. Leha ho le joalo, ho se tsitse ha lipolotiki, ho se tsitse ha maano le bobolu hangata li sitisa bo-ramatsete, e leng se lebisang ho ts'ebetsong e tlase ea moruo (Onyishi, 2018). Hape, liqeto mabapi le tšebeliso ea chelete ea 'muso, botsitso ba chelete, lekhetho le sekhahla sa tsoala, ke lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse susumetsang ts'ebetso ea moruo. Boetapele ba lipolotiki bo nang le morero le bo sebetsang libakeng tsena bo ka lebisa kholong e tsitsitseng ea moruo, athe liqeto tse fosahetseng, joalo ka ha boiphihlelo ba Nigeria bo bontšitse, li mpefatsa mathata a moruo (Akinbobola, 2019).
Nigeria e na le bokhoni bo lekanang le hoo e batlang e le naha leha e le efe e tsoetseng pele 'me e ka bontša ntlafatso e tšoanang haeba' muso oa bona o fetoha o hlakileng le o ikarabellang, o shebane le ho theha tikoloho e ntle e nolofalletsang ho hlophisa mekhatlo ea sechaba ea Nigeria ho hlahisa kholo. Bohlokoa ba ho se tsitse ha lipolotiki le puso e fokolang ho fokotseha ha boemo ba khoebo ea Nigeria ha bo felle feela ho nyahamisa bo-ramatsete ba bangata ba tsoang linaheng tse ling, empa hape bo ama likhoebo tse nyenyane le tse mahareng. Libanka le tsona li angoa ka litsela tse ngata ke ho hloka botsitso lipolotiking le puso e mpe ea naha. Ho hloka botsitso ho tsa dipolotiki ho kenya letsoho ho mmaraka o kotsi haholo wa mekitlane le ho fokotsa phihlello ya mekitlane bakeng sa lekala la poraefete. Lekala la lichelete ke sebaka se le seng moo mosebetsi oa saense le oa ka hare oa 'maraka o ka etsoang ho fumana hore na puso e mpe e ama moruo oa Nigeria joang.
LIKHOPOLO TSA MORUO OA LIPOLOTIKI
Lingoliloeng tse mabapi le moruo oa lipolotiki (Mills, 2005) mmoho le khopolo ea potoloho ea khoebo ea lipolotiki (Nordhaus & William, D, 1975) li na le mabaka a mangata a etsang hore bo-ralipolotiki ka ho khetheha ba batle ho theha moruo. Ba na le likhothaletso tsa ho fumana mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho batla rente. Litsebi tsa moruo tsa khale le tsa neoliberal li hlahisitse mekhoa eo ka eona baetapele ba ka thetsang libaka tsa moruo hore ba lule ba le matla. Bo-ralipolotiki le bona ba lumellana le konteraka ea sechaba le baahi ho fana ka thepa ea sechaba ho khutlisa taelo ea ho busa. Ho na le likhothaletso bakeng sa bo-ralipolotiki ho fana ka thepa ea sechaba ho boloka matla. Bo-ralipolotiki ba ka 'na ba khetha ho sebelisa leano la moruo ho atolosa bokhoni ba naha kapa ho ntlafatsa boiketlo ba naha e le karolo ea botsamaisi ba bona. Sena se ka kenyelletsa ho fana ka tikoloho e nolofalletsang moo lekala la poraefete le atlehang le ho hlahisa thepa le litšebeletso tse ngata tse lakatsehang. Bo-ralipolotiki le bona ba ka laola moruo ka ho rekisa leano le itseng la moruo molemong oa ho phela lipolotiking. Baetapele ba dipolotiki e ntse e le baemedi ba bohlokwa ka ho fetisisa ba moruo bao maikemisetso a bona a ho hodisa moruo a ka amang tlhahiso e akaretsang le ho ntlafatsa dipoelo tsa moruo.
Likhopolo tsa moruo oa lipolotiki li fana ka leseli mabapi le tšebelisano e rarahaneng ea mekhatlo, lithahasello le matla, hammoho le maikutlo a fapaneng mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa moruo le lipolotiki. Likhopolo tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa moruo oa lipolotiki li kenyelletsa:
a. Khopolo ea Classical Political Economy Theory, e qalileng hoo e ka bang lekholong la bo18 le la bo19 la lilemo, e ne e tumme haholo 'me e khothalelitsoe ke litsebi tse kholo le litsebi tse tummeng tsa moruo tse kang Adam Smith le David Ricardo, har'a ba bang. Khopolo ea khale ea moruo oa lipolotiki e totobatsa ho kenella ho fokolang ha 'muso, limmaraka tse lokolohileng le boithatelo ba bona ho tsamaisa sephetho sa moruo. Batšehetsi ba khopolo ea khale ea moruo oa lipolotiki ba lumela hore katleho ea moruo ka kakaretso ka mochine o sa bonahaleng oa letsoho (Smith, 1776), e ka bakoa ke boithati.
b. Khopolo ea Moruo oa Lipolotiki oa Marxist: E thehiloe ke Karl Marx le Friedrich Engels, khopolo ea moruo oa lipolotiki ea Marxist e sebetsana le kamano pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa sechaba, basebetsi le chelete. Motheo oa khopolo ena ke hore bokapitale ka tlhaho ke botlatlapi, ke ka hona babuelli ba khopolo ea moruo oa lipolotiki oa Marxist ba buellang ho lihuoa ha tsamaiso ea bokapitale (Marx, 1867), le ho theoa ha sechaba se se nang maemo se thehiloeng ho beng bo tšoanang ba mokhoa oa tlhahiso. .
c. Theory Institutional Political Economy: Theory of Institutional Political Economy Theory e hlalosoa e le ho kopanngoa ha tlhahlobo ea moruo le saense ea lipolotiki le temohisiso ea kahisano, e le ho hlahloba hantle hore na boitšoaro le liphello tsa moruo li thehoa joang ke mekhatlo. Theory e totobatsa bohlokoa le tšusumetso ea melao le litloaelo tsa molao le tse sa reroang, ho kenyeletsoa le mekhoa ea matla ha ho etsoa liqeto moruong (Leboa, 1990). Mekhatlo e na le bokhoni ba ho khothaletsa kapa ho sitisa nts'etsopele ea moruo le boiketlo ba sechaba.
KHOTSO ENE MORUO NIGERIA
Kholiso ea moruo ke karolo e kholo le karolo e hlokahalang ntlafatsong ea moruo. Ntshetsopele ya moruo ke ho thehwa ha maemo a kgontshang a kgothalletsang le ho hlohlelletsa keketseho e potlakileng le e kgolo maphelong a batho ba bangata. Sena se ka finyelloa ka ho kenya tšebetsong maano a boetapele ba lipolotiki ho khothaletsa kholo ea moruo ka litokiso tsa mobu, kaho ea liindasteri tse matla haholo, khothatso ea thuto le tsamaiso e sebetsang ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. Ntlafatso ea moruo e tlameha ho lekanyetsoa ka libaka tse kang phokotso ea menyetla ea khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng, phokotso e kholo ea litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ho shoa ha masea, ho ba teng ha metsi a nooang, ho fumaneha ha phihlello ea lisebelisoa tsa thuto tsa boleng bo holimo, kholo ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, menyetla e meholo ea ho fumana thuto ea boleng bo holimo. khiro, butle-butle boemo ba moruo oa sechaba bo hlahisoang ke bongata ba batho moo palohare ea sechaba e theoang, phokotso ea boemo bo phahameng ba inflation le tlhokeho ea mesebetsi, li-indices tsa chelete e kenang ka motho, le ka kabo e nepahetseng ea lisebelisoa ho laola mofuta oa likamano tsa sechaba. Poleloana "tsoelopele ea moruo" e ka shejoa ka pono ea polelo e fosahetseng ea ts'ebetso ea nts'etsopele. Khohlano e bile teng ka lebaka la ho tsebahatsa nts'etsopele ea moruo ka nts'etsopele ea "bohare" (linaha tse tsoetseng pele le tse tsoetseng pele indastering, hangata li-capitalist, ka lehlakoreng le leng) le menyetla ea "periphery" (e leng tse sa tsoelang pele, tse tlase-tlase) linaha tse tsoetseng pele, tse sa tsoelang pele kapa tse tsoelang pele, hangata linaha tsa Asia, Afrika le Latin America, ka lehlakoreng le leng. Seo setsebi sa moruo oa lipolotiki se neng se atisa ho se bitsa "kholo ea moruo" - keketseho e tsitsitseng ea tlhahiso ea thepa le litšebeletso tsa naha, hangata e lekanngoa lekaleng le le leng la moruo hangata ka ho eketseha ha Gross National product (e le e 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa tsa naha). mefuta ea matšoao a ntlafatso ea moruo) hangata e ferekanngoa le ntlafatso ea moruo ka boeona. Ho tloha khale, tsoelo-pele ea moruo oa Nigeria e fetohile haholo, e bopiloeng ke matla a eona a maruo a lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho, maano a mmuso, le likamano tsa eona moruong oa lefatše. Lekala la oli le khase la Nigeria le nka karolo ea 90% ea meputso ea kantle ho naha le ho feta 50% ea lekeno la mmuso (Banka e Bohareng ea Nigeria, 2022). Ho itshetleha ho feteletseng hona hodima oli le kgase ho entse hore moruo wa naha o be kotsing e kgolo ya ho fetofetoha ha theko ya oli lefatsheng ka bophara. Boiteko bo matlafalitsoe morao tjena, ho fapanyetsana moruo ka nts'etsopele ea lekala la temo, le nkang karolo e ka bang 70% ea basebetsi le karolo ea 24% ea GDP ea naha (National Bureau of Statistics, 2022). Lekala la Tlhahiso, leha le ntse le le lecha, le na le ts'episo e kholo, mabapi le tlatsetso ea lona ho GDP ea naha. Ena ke sepheo se hlakileng sa Leano la Phetoho ea Liindasteri tsa Nigeria (NIRP), le etselitsoeng ho ts'ehetsa lekala la tlhahiso hore le be le tlholisano ea lefats'e ka ho eketsa setsi sa lefapha la tlhahiso (Lekala la Federal la Indasteri, Khoebo le Matsete, 2022). Lekala la lits'ebeletso le tlalehile kholo e potlakileng ka ho fetisisa Nigeria, ka mehala ea mehala e tsamaisang katoloso ea mehala ea thelefono le ho kenella ha inthanete. Indasteri ea lits'ebeletso tsa lichelete e fetotsoe, e matlafatsa kenyeletso ea lichelete (PwC, 2023). Ho sa tsotellehe tsoelo-pele e joalo, haholo-holo lefapheng la litšebeletso, tsoelo-pele ea moruo oa Nigeria e ntse e sitisoa ke mathata a bobolu, ho se sireletsehe, ho hloka botsitso lipolotiking, le sekhahla se sa amoheleheng sa ho hloka mosebetsi, haholo-holo har'a bacha ba naha. Bofuma le bona bo atile, kaha karolo e kholo ea baahi ba naha e tsoela pele ho phela ka tlas'a bofuma.
TŠEBELLO PAKENG TSA BOetapele BA LIPOLOTIKI LE NTSHETSOPELE EA MORUO
Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa boetapele ba lipolotiki le nts'etsopele ea moruo Nigeria e matla ebile e na le tšusumetso e kholo, e hlahisa menyetla le mathata a mangata ho theosa le lilemo. Ho ipapisitse le mofuta oa boetapele, ka linako tse ling sesoleng 'me ka linako tse ling e le sa sesole, se le bohareng ho fapana le taolo, tšebelisano ena lipakeng tsa boetapele ba lipolotiki le nts'etsopele ea moruo Nigeria e tšoailoe ka liphetoho tse kholo. Litaba tse sa khaotseng tse kang bobolu le ho hloka botsitso lipolotiking e ntse e le litšitiso tse kholo. Tsela ea tsoelo-pele e tsitsitseng ea moruo Nigeria e itšetlehile haholo ka ho hlaha ha boetapele ba lipolotiki bo pepeneneng, bo nang le boikarabelo le bo sebetsang hantle. Maano a moruo le liphetho li angoa ka kotloloho ke boetapele ba lipolotiki. Ka mohlala, Nigeria e ile ea bona ho se tšoane ho hoholo ha libaka ka lebaka la likhohlano tsa lipolotiki le tsa merabe, nakong ea Nigeria First Republic (1960-1966), e ileng ea susumetsa haholo maano a nts'etsopele le liqeto tsa ntlafatso ea moruo (Falola & Heaton, 2008). Ho tloha bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1960 ho isa bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1990, Nigeria e bone nako e telele ea mebuso ea sesole, e nang le taolo e bohareng holim'a ho etsa liqeto le mehloli ea moruo. Nigeria e ile ea khutlela pusong ea sechaba ka 1999, e leng sesupo sa phetoho e kholo ea boemo ba naha ea lipolotiki le moruo. 'Muso oa Federale ka nako eo, o etelletsoeng pele ke Mopresidente Olusegun Obasanjo, ho tloha 1999- 2007, o qalile maano a bohlokoa a moruo, ho kenyelletsa le liphetoho tsa lefapha la libanka, privatization le ntoa khahlanong le bobolu ho khothalletsa kholo ea Nigeria le botsitso ba moruo (Utomi, 2013). Ho sa tsotellehe boiteko bona bo khothatsang, bobolu, bofetoheli, ho se tsitse ha lipolotiki le ho haella ha litšebeletso tsa motheo li ntse li tsoela pele ho sitisa tsoelo-pele e khōlō moruong. Lisebelisoa tse ka sebelisoang bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea moruo li felisitsoe ke bobolu ba lipolotiki, ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e mpe e kholo le bosholu ba lichelete ke baetapele ba lipolotiki (Ekanade, 2014), e sitisang tsoelo-pele ea moruo oa Nigeria haholo. Ho thehoa ha litsi tse kang ICPC le EFCC ho bontša boitlamo ba boetapele ba ho loantša bobolu. Leha ho le joalo, katleho ea mekhatlo ena e itšetlehile haholo ka boitlamo ba boetapele le boemo ba lipolotiki (Agbiboa, 2012). Boetapele ba lipolotiki bo batla ho khutlisa moruo, melao ea setheo sa thepa le tlhahiso, le melemo ea kabo ho tsoa kholong ea moruo le botsitso; e batla ho arola bocha thepa le tlhahiso, e hlakisa le ho phethahatsa melao e ngotsoeng le e theiloeng melao-motheong ea boitšoaro ba khoebo e le hore thekenoloji, litsebo, tsebo, le mekhoa e meng ea tlhahiso li kenngoe ka katleho maemong a lekala la khoebo, ha litokelo tse amohelehang tsa kabo li behiloe ka matšoao; mme e batla ho sireletsa le ho sireletsa ditokelo tsa thepa, le ho laola maitshwaro le maitshwaro a diakgente tsa moruo ho ya ka dipehelo tsa melao e ngotsweng le e qobellwang.
QETELLO
Boetapele ba lipolotiki bo bohlokoa tšebetsong ea puso, ho fihlela phihlello ea maikemisetso a lakatsehang, ho kenyeletsoa ntlafatso ea moruo, kopanyo ea sechaba, boiketlo ba sechaba, le lipheo tse ling tse joalo tse amanang le tsona. Leha ho le joalo, baetapele ba lipolotiki ba ka ama moruo ka litsela tse fapaneng, joalo ka maikutlo a bona a lipolotiki le maikutlo a bona. Ho feta moo, boetapele ba lipolotiki bo lebelletsoe ho ntlafatsa moruo molemong oa ts'ebetso e kholo ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso joalo ka ho theha maano, ho etsa liqeto, ho kenya ts'ebetsong, le tlhahlobo ea maano. Ke mesebetsi ena e lumellang baetapele ba lipolotiki ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa sechaba ho theha boleng bakeng sa ntlafatso ea maemo a bophelo a naha, ha ka nako e tšoanang ba sebeletsa ho atolosa boiketlo ba sechaba, mohlala, ka ho eketsa mesebetsi. Leha tšusumetso e tsamaellanang ea boetapele ba lipolotiki ntlafatsong ea moruo e ka ba le litlamorao tse kholo, ebang ke ka phello ea eona phetohong ea maano e susumetsoang ke phetisetso ea bona ea matla ho tloha sehlopheng se seng sa baetsi ba lipolotiki ho ea ho se seng, kapa ka ho fetola litebello le litumelo, mebuso ea lipolotiki e ka theha mekhoa ea ntlafatso ea moruo. le kabo. Baetapele ba joalo ba ka sebetsa joalo ka mohlala, monna ea ts'ebetsong, puisano e kholo, kapa moetapele oa phetoho, ha ba bang ba bonoa e le batho ba nang le ponelo-pele ba shebaneng le boqapi le tšusumetso ea kotsi e susumetsang tšepo ea ho etsa hore lintho li etsahale, sehahi sa sechaba, (ba) ), national transformer, le tse ling tse ngata. Boetapele bo botle ba lipolotiki bo theha tikoloho e khothalletsang ntlafatso ea moruo. Hoa thahasellisa hore bobolu maemong ohle a puso, boikarabello bo bobe le ponaletso li 'nile tsa hlokomeloa e le bothata ba ho se ntlafatse ha linaha tse ngata tsa Afrika ho kenyeletsa le Nigeria. Ho fumana tharollo mathateng ana, mosebetsi ona o batlisitse tšusumetso ea boetapele ba lipolotiki ntlafatsong ea moruo Nigeria. Pampiri ena e tiisitsoe khopolong ea molao e totobatsang bohlokoa ba tšepo ea sechaba le ts'epo ea katleho ea mmuso le mmuso. Boithuto bona bo amohetse moralo oa lipatlisiso oa quasi-teko ka mohloli oa bobeli oa data e le eona feela mohloli oa pokello ea lintlha. Lintlha tse hlahlobiloeng li fumanoe mehloling ea bobeli ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea litaba. Patlisiso e fumane hore boetapele ba lipolotiki bo susumetsa nts'etsopele ea moruo Nigeria ho tloha ts'ebelisong e sa sebetseng ea lisebelisoa, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lichelete tsa sechaba, puso e mpe, ts'ebeletso e mpe, le boemo bo sa lekaneng ba botsoalle, le khothatso ea litloaelo tsa bobolu har'a basebeletsi ba sechaba. Pampiri ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore tlhokomelo e eketsehileng e lokela ho lefshoa ho mathata a sebopeho sa mekhatlo le tsamaiso ea lipolotiki Nigeria. Liphephetso tsena li hloka mehato ea bohlokoa e reretsoeng ho khothaletsa boetapele bo botle ba lipolotiki Nigeria. E le hore Nigeria e finyelle lipakane tsa eona tse loketseng e le sechaba se hlōlisanang le se atlehileng, batho ba Nigeria ba tlameha ho ikemisetsa ho tsosolosa boleng bakeng sa melemo e tloaelehileng, sechaba se setle, sechaba se setle, lipuisano, mamello, botsoalle le boits'oaro, ho matlafatsa maikutlo a ho ba karolo ea batho ba bang. ho kenya letsoho ka botlalo le boiketlong. Ho feta moo, ho qala lits'ebeletso tsa nako e telele tse bonts'ang pepeneneng le boikarabello bo khothatsang har'a baetapele bohle ba eona maemong ohle, ka tumelo e ntle le ho loka, le ho bonahatsa boikhohomoso.
LITŠOANTŠISO LE LIKELETSO
Ha baeta-pele ba lipolotiki ba hloka toka, ba hatella le ba qhekellang, ho ba thata ho arolelana lipheo tsa batho ba phahameng sechabeng, 'me ka lebaka leo ba sitisa boiteko ba kholo le nts'etsopele. Leha ho le joalo, 'me ka mokhoa o molemo, pono, thato ea lipolotiki, litšoaneleho tsa kenyelletso ea demokrasi le litšoaneleho tsa phetoho li etsa hore baeta-pele ba baholo ba khone ho etella pele tsoelo-pele le ho bokella naha ka katleho, demokrasi le nts'etsopele. Maikutlo a thahasello ea naha joalo ka ha boemo bo ka sehloohong ba boetapele bo tsebisa moea oa sechaba oa boetapele ba lipolotiki ba nang le chebelo-pele mabapi le ho aha le ho nchafatsa sebopeho sa naha. Qetellong, litsela tsohle tsa histori tse lebisang kholong e phahameng linaheng tse ntseng li hōla moruong li ne li tšoauoa ka tlhokomelo e tsepamisitsoeng phetohong ea meralo ea boetapele ba lipolotiki. Ka kutloisiso ena, mokhoa o kenyeletsang le karabelo e tsoang ho boetapele ba lipolotiki Nigeria e beha tšepo molemong oa kholo ea nako e telele le tsoelo-pele ea moruo. Boetapele boemong ba linaha-naha bo bile le tšusumetso e kholo kholong le nts'etsopeleng ho feta boemong bofe kapa bofe bo phahameng. Boetapele ba naha e ntseng e tsoela pele ka bo bona bo bile le boikarabello bo boholo ba ho qala, ho tataisa le ho potlakisa ts'ebetso ea kholo ea eona. Histori le mehlala e atlehileng ea phetoho li fana ka molaetsa oa tšepo, oa hore ka maano a nepahetseng, litšoaneleho le mekhoa e nepahetseng ea baeta-pele ba eona, linaha tse ntle li ka ntlafala. Leha ho le joalo, ka linako tse ling baeta-pele ba lipolotiki ba sitisa tsoelo-pele ea lichaba tsa bona ka mekhoa ea bobolu le meharo e nyenyefatsang merero ea ntlafatso.
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Phatlalatso ea pele: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (ISSN 2454-6186), vol. VIII, khatiso ea VII, Phupu 2024, leq. 1274-1282, https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.807106 E amohetse: 17 June 2024; E ntlafalitsoe: 30 Phuptjane 2024; E amohetsoe: 04 Phupu 2024; E phatlalalitsoe: 07 August 2024.
Senepe sa Litšoantšo ka Christina Morillo: https://www.pexels.com/photo/black-and-gray-laptop-computer-turned-on-doing-computer-codes-1181271/
