Sechabeng se ntseng se tseba haholoanyane ka litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, moeli pakeng tsa kalafo le khatello o lula o le lerootho ka mokhoa o tšoenyang - haholo-holo Italy, moo phetoho ea lilemo tse mashome e 'nileng ea rorisoa le ho nyatsuoa joalo ka ha e siiloe ke nako ha ho tobane le mathata a macha.
Pontšo e sa tsoa etsoa Milan, "Psychiatry le Litokelo tsa Botho: Ho tloha Asylums ho ea Psychopharmaceuticals," e sheba hape nalane e telele le e tšoenyang hangata ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo ba kelello - ho tloha lits'oants'o tse nyarosang tsa likampo tsa mahloriso tsa Manazi le li-gulags tsa Soviet, ka ho phahama le ho oa ha kalafo ea electroshock le psychosurgery, ho ea ho Molao oa Basaglia oa 1978 o ileng oa koala lipetlele tsa mafu a kelello naheng ka bophara.
Pontšo, e hlophisitsoeng ke Komiti ea Baahi ea Litokelo tsa Botho (CCHR Italy), ha e ngole feela taba ena ea ho iphetola ha lintho empa e boetse e hlahisa lipotso tse potlakileng mabapi le mekhoa ea mehleng ena - haholo-holo tšebeliso ea phekolo ea kelello e tlamang tlas'a moralo oa molao oa Italy oa hona joale.
"Pontšo ena e ikemiselitse ho tsebisa litsebi - lingaka, litsebi tsa kelello, basebeletsi ba sechaba, babuelli ba molao - hammoho le sechaba ka kakaretso ka boemo bo tebileng bo teng Italy, le lefats'e ka bophara, mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba kelello," ho boletse. Alberto Brugnettini, Motlatsi oa Mopresidente oa CCHR Italy , nakong ea lipuisano ka TeleColor . "Ke tokomane ea nalane ea bongaka ba kelello ho tloha tšimolohong ho fihlela kajeno, ho kenyeletsoa liphoso tsohle tsa nako e fetileng, ho fihlela mehleng ea kajeno - ho kenyeletsoa le seo ho thoeng ke Molao oa Basaglia."
E rehelletsoe ka ngaka ea mafu a kelello Franco Basaglia, molao ona o ne o reretsoe ho fetola tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka ho koala libaka tsa bolulo le ho khothaletsa kalafo ea sechaba. Empa ho ea ka bahlahlobisisi ba kang Brugnettini, ha ho mohla e kileng ea phelela maikutlo a eona ka botlalo.
"Ha e le hantle, molao o ne o sa ngoloa le Basaglia," Brugnettini a hlalosa. "E ile ea ngoloa ke Bruno Orsini, ngaka ea mafu a kelello ea Mokreste oa Democrat ebile e le ralipolotiki, 'me ea fetisoa khahlanong le khanyetso ea Basaglia. O ne a hanyetsa mekhoa ea phekolo e qobelloang 'me a tšaba hore ho fetisetsa matla ho tloha libakeng tsa bolulo ho ea liphaposing tsa sepetlele ho ne ho tla tsosolosa mohopolo o tšoanang oa khatello ka har'a mehaho e mecha - tšabo eo hamorao e ileng ea tiisoa ke Lekhotla la Cassation la Italy lilemo tse 50 hamorao."
Ka sebele, Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo la Italy le sa tsoa etsa qeto ea hore tsamaiso ea hona joale ea Trattamento Sanitario Obbligatorio (TSO) - kapa phekolo e tlamang ea kelello - e ka hatakela litokelo tsa molao-motheo. Boemong boo ho neng ho e-s’o ka bo e-ba teng, Lekhotla le ile la fetisetsa lingoloa tse ’maloa tsa molao Lekhotleng la Molao oa Motheo, la bolela hore li ka ’na tsa ba khahlanong le molao oa motheo.
Brugnettini o ile a hlokomela: “Molao oa Motheo o tiisa tokelo ea bophelo bo botle, empa Lekhotla la Cassation hona joale le tiisitse hore tokelo ea tokoloho e na le boima bo lekanang.
Mekhatlo ea machaba ea litokelo tsa botho, ho kenyeletsoa le machaba a kopaneng , e Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo , Le Komiti ea Europe ea Thibelo ea Tlhokofatso , ba boetse ba hlahisitse matšoenyeho mabapi le tšebeliso ea Italy ea ho kenella ka boithatelo ho mafu a kelello.
Tataiso e phatlalalitsoeng ka kopanelo ke ba Mokomishinara ea Phahameng oa Machaba a Kopaneng oa Litokelo tsa Botho le WHO ba batla hore ho nkeloe sebaka sa seo ba se hlalosang e le “mohlala oa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, oa mechine, le o qobellang” oa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka mokhoa oa “botho, o akaretsang, le o hlomphang litokelo tsa botho.”
Empa maemong a mangata, ho bonahala ho etsahala se fapaneng.
Ho ea ka Brugnettini, bakuli ba ngotsoeng e le "boithaopo" ka linako tse ling ba qobelloa ho saena liforomo tsa tumello tlas'a tšokelo ea phekolo e qobelloang - mokhoa oo Komiti ea Europe ea Thibelo ea Tlhokofatso e e nyatsitseng.
“Ba re: ‘Kenang ka boithatelo ho seng joalo re tla le tlisa ka likhoka,” a rialo. "Kahoo batho ba saena, ba nahana hore ba etsa khetho. Empa ha ba etsa qeto ea ho tsamaea, baa thibeloa. Seo ha se boithaopo. Ke khatello."
Pontšo e boetse e totobatsa tšebeliso e tsoelang pele ea mekhoa e tsosang khang e kang phekolo ea electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - eo hangata e tsejoang e le electroshock - leha ho ntse ho hola ho nyatsuoa ha machaba.
"Ho ntse ho e-na le litoropo tse 'nè kapa tse hlano Italy moo ECT e sebelisoang teng," Brugnettini o itse. "Le hoja ho na le selikalikoe sa basebeletsi - Bindi Circular - e fokotsang tšebeliso ea eona, re belaela hore tumello e nang le tsebo ha e tsejoe e le kannete. Bakuli ba ka 'na ba se ke ba elelloa ka botlalo likotsi tse amehang."
O ile a phaella: “Esita le lingaka tsa mafu a kelello li thatafalloa ke ho hlalosa hore na ke hobane’ng ha ho etsa hore motho a tsietsane e lokela ho ba phekolo.” Ha ho na tumellano ea saense mabapi le hore na e sebetsa joang, leha ho le joalo e amahanngoa le ho lahleheloa ke kelello, likotsi tsa pelo le methapo, ’me maemong a mang esita le lefu.”
Pontšo e na le litlaleho tsa batho ba tummeng ba ileng ba hlokofatsoa tlas'a tlhokomelo ea kelello - ho kenyeletsa Ernest Hemingway , ea ileng a shoa ka ho ipolaea ka mor’a ho thunngoa ke motlakase ka makhetlo a mangata ’me a ngola lengolong la hae la ho qetela hore phekolo “e ne e phekotse boloetse empa e hlakotse mohopolo oa ka,” le Marilyn Monroe , eo lefu la hae le neng le amahanngoa le ho sebelisa barbiturate overdose.
Brugnettini o pheha khang ea hore lipale tsena li bontša taba e pharaletseng: tšekamelo ea ho bitsa boitšoaro bo rarahaneng ba batho e le mathata a bongaka ntle le bopaki ba tlhaho.
O ile a re: "Bophekong ba kelello, matšoao, matšoao le ho hlahlojoa hangata ke ntho e le 'ngoe. Ka mohlala, haeba ngoana a fumanoa a e-na le ADHD, matšoao ke ho ba le mahlahahlaha a feteletseng le ho se tsotelle - 'me ao hape ke matšoao le lefu lena.
A supa ho DSM-5 , Buka ea ho hlahloba mafu a kelello ea American Psychiatric Association, e thathamisang mafu a kelello a fetang 368 - e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e amohetsoe ka likhetho ho e-na le lipatlisiso tsa matla.
"Ha re khahlanong le mafu a kelello," ho hlalositse Brugnettini. "Re batšehetsi ba litokelo tsa botho. Molaetsa oa rona o hlakile: fetola molao oa TSO, o khutlisetse toka, 'me o tsamaise leano la bophelo ba kelello ba Italy le litekanyetso tsa machaba."
Ha lipuisano tse mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba kelello li ntse li hola ho pholletsa le Europe, Italy e iphumana e le mateanong a litsela - e ts'oarehile lipakeng tsa lefa le phetoho, lipakeng tsa kalafo le taolo.
'Me tsitsipanong eo ho na le potso ea bohlokoa: Ke neng moo tlhokomelo e fetohang khatello?
