Iminyaka eyi-120 selokhu kwashona uCamille Pissarro ngo-2023
Ezweni elifana nelethu - eligcwele izigcawu ezimbi zezimpi, izindaba ezimbi mayelana nesimo sezulu kanye nekusasa leplanethi, umdwebo wezwe wochwepheshe bobuciko obuhle, ababhali bezithombe zemvelo ezivumelanayo, usebenza njenge-balm emphefumulweni wethu. Futhi ungomunye walabo ababona ubuhle ezintweni ezijwayelekile, futhi wakwazi ukuveza ukuthi siphila phakathi kwezinhlamvu zamaseyili akhe, futhi sifuna ukuhanjiswa kuzo.
Sekuyiminyaka eyi-120 kwashona omunye wabasunguli be-impressionism - umdwebi waseFrance uCamille Jacob Pissarro.
U-Pissarro udale ulimi olusha olungokomfanekiso kwezobuciko futhi wavula indlela yombono omusha womhlaba - incazelo engokoqobo yeqiniso. Wayengumsunguli wesikhathi sakhe futhi unabalandeli abaningi - abaculi bezizukulwane ezilandelayo.
Wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1830 esiqhingini saseSt Thomas eCharlotte Amalie, eDanish West Indies (ba kusukela ngo-1917 - Iziqhingi zase-US Virgin) - ikoloni yoMbuso WaseDenmark, kubazali bomJuda wasePutukezi waseSephardic kanye nowesifazane waseDominican. . Wahlala eCaribbean kwaze kwaba yilapho esemusha.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-12, wathunyelwa ukuyofunda eSavary Lycée (isikole okuhlalwa kuso) ePassy, eduze naseParis. Uthisha wakhe wokuqala - u-Auguste Savary, umdwebi ohlonishwayo, wasekela isifiso sakhe sokudweba. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, uPissarro wabuyela esiqhingini, enemibono eshintshile kwezobuciko nemiphakathi - waba umlandeli we-anarchism.
Ubungane bakhe nomdwebi waseDenmark uFritz Melby bamyisa eVenezuela. Abanye ababhali bempilo yalo mculi bathi lokhu wakwenza ngasese kuyise. Yena noMelby bamisa studio eCaracas, futhi ngaleso sikhathi uPissarro wabuyela kafushane esiqhingini saseSt Thomas ukuze abone umndeni wakhe. Uyise usemthukuthelele iminyaka emithathu - izinhlelo zendodana yakhe wukuphumelela kwakhe kwezohwebo, hhayi ukuba ngumculi.
ECaracas, uPissarro wapenda indawo yedolobha, imakethe, amathaveni, kodwa futhi nempilo yasemaphandleni. Ubuhle obuzungezile bumeqa ngokuphelele. Uyise uphinde uzame ukumletha ekhaya, kodwa ngisho nasesiqhingini sasePissarro isikhathi esiningi akazange ahlale esitolo, kodwa wagijima waya echwebeni, ukudweba ulwandle nemikhumbi.
Ngo-Okthoba 1855, waya eParis embukisweni womhlaba, lapho ajwayelana khona kakhulu namaseyili ka-Eugene Delacroix, uCamille Corot, uJean-Auguste Dominique Ingres, nabanye. Ngaleso sikhathi wayethanda uCorot futhi embiza ngothisha wakhe. Uhlele inkundla ezimele ngaphandle kwalo mbukiso, ayibiza nge “Realism”.
UPissarro wahlala eParis ngoba abazali bakhe nabo bahlala khona. Uhlala emzini wabo. Uthandana nencekukazi yabo, uJulie Vallee, futhi bayashada. Umndeni omncane wawunezingane eziyisishiyagalombili. Omunye wabo washona ekuzalweni, futhi enye yamadodakazi abo ayizange iphile kuze kube ngu-9. Izingane zikaPissarro zapenda kusukela zisencane. Yena ngokwakhe uyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka. Lapho eneminyaka engu-26, wabhalisela izifundo zangasese e-Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
Ngo-1859 wahlangana noCézanne. Esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile senzeke - ngokokuqala ngqa umdwebo wakhe wethulwa ku-Art Salon esemthethweni. Sikhuluma nge-"Landscape eduze ne-Montmorency", engenzi umbono okhethekile wokuphawula kochwepheshe, kodwa intuthuko enkulu ye-Pissarro enhlanganweni.
Ngemva kweminyaka emibili kuphela, wayesenedumela elihle njengomculi omuhle futhi ebhaliswe njengomkopishi eLouvre. Kodwa-ke, ijaji laseSalon laqala ukwenqaba imisebenzi yakhe futhi waphoqeleka ukuba ayibonise eSalon of the Rejected. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi isizathu salokhu ukuthi uPissarro wazisayina ezincwadini ze-1864 kanye ne-1865 ze-Paris Salon njengomfundi waseCorot, kodwa ngokusobala waqala ukuziqhelelanisa naye. Lokhu akuzange kuthathwe njengesifiso sokwakha isitayela sakhe siqu, kodwa njengesibonakaliso sokungahloniphi, futhi ngalo mqondo kwakungalungile kumdwebi.
Ukwenqatshwa kwakhe eSalon kwaba okwesikhashana. Ngo-1866, waphinde wamukelwa - wethula imidwebo yakhe emibili lapho. Imisebenzi yakhe nayo yamukelwa eminyakeni eyalandela, kuhlanganisa. kuze kube ngawo-1870.
Phakathi kuka-1866 no-1868 wapenda noCézanne ePontoise. “Sasingahlukani!” UPissarro wabe esebelana kamuva, echaza ukufana kwemisebenzi eyakhiwe yilaba ababili ngaleso sikhathi. - Kodwa into eyodwa iqinisekile, uyayicacisa - ngamunye wethu unento eyodwa kuphela ebalulekile: umuzwa wakhe. ukuze ubonakale. ”…
Ngo-1870, uCamille Pissarro waqala ukusebenza noClaude Monet noRenoir. Eminyakeni eyalandela, ugqozi lwangempela lokudala lwabonakala ekhaya lakhe e-Louvesien - inqwaba yobuciko obuhle yaqoqwa lapho, njengalezo esezishiwo, kanye noCézanne, uGauguin noVan Gogh. Lapha kufanele sicacise ukuthi uPissarro wayengomunye wabalandeli bokuqala bakaVan Gogh.
Impi yaseFranco-Prussia yaphoqa uPissarro ukuba ahambe ekhaya aye eLondon, lapho ahlangana khona noMonet noSisslet futhi wethulwa kumthengisi wezithombe uPaul Durand-Ruel. Uthenga imidwebo yakhe kawoyela emibili “eLondon”. UDurand-Ruel kamuva waba umthengisi obaluleke kakhulu we-Impressionists.
NgoJuni 1871, uPissarro washaywa kanzima - wathola umuzi wakhe eLouvesien ubhujiswe ngokuphelele. Amasosha asePrussia achitha eminye yemisebenzi yakhe kusukela esikhathini sangaphambili. U-Pissarro akakwazanga ukubekezelela lokhu kungenela futhi wathuthela ePontoise, lapho ahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1882. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uqasha i-studio eParis, angavamile ukuyisebenzisa.
Ngo-1874, wabamba iqhaza embukisweni wokuqala we-impressionist ku-studio sikaNadar. Kungumcimbi obalulekile awugubha noCézanne. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, uPissarro waba umngane noPaul Gauguin, owabamba iqhaza embukisweni we-1879 we-Impressionists.
Futhi nakhu kufika ithuba lokusho into engachazeki kuze kube namuhla kubahlaziyi abaningi bezobuciko. UCamille Pissarro - le ndoda eyadala ngokuthula nabaculi abakhulu besikhathi sayo futhi yabambisana nabo ngokuthula, yawela kungazelelwe.
Wathuthela e-Erani futhi wayefuna isitayela esisha semisebenzi yakhe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-pointillists, i-Signac ne-Seurat, yavela emkhathizwe, futhi u-Pissarro waqala ukuzama indlela yabo "yamaphuzu", adala ngayo izindawo ezimangalisayo. Ubambe iqhaza kuyo yonke imibukiso eyisishiyagalombili ye-Impressionist, kuhl. futhi kokugcina - ngo-1886.
Ngawo-1990, waphinde wahlushwa ukungabaza kokudala futhi wabuyela ku-impressionism "ehlanzekile". Isimo sakhe siyashintsha - uyacasuka, futhi emibonweni yakhe yezepolitiki - i-anarchist eqinile kakhulu.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, wethula ngempumelelo imisebenzi yakhe eLondon. ukudalelwa kuvame ukumsusa empumelelweni kuye ekusithekeni. Embukisweni ohlanganyelwe no-Antonio de la Gandara e-Durand-Ruel Gallery, abagxeki benza sengathi ababoni imisebenzi yakhe engama-46 ekhonjiswe kugalari futhi baphawule ngoDe la Gandara kuphela.
UCamille Pissarro uchotshozwe ngokoqobo ngokunganakwa. Namuhla, imisebenzi yakhe ithengiswa ngezigidi zamaRandi, kodwa kwakungenjalo ngaleso sikhathi. UPissarro wayehlale esemaphethelweni okungazinzi.
Umdwebi washona eParis futhi wangcwatshwa emathuneni omkhulu "Père Lachaise". Wonke amaqoqo emidwebo yakhe agcinwe eMusée d'Orsay eParis nase-Ashmolean Museum, e-Oxford.
Ukuphila kwakhe kuhlangana nabantu abakhulu kangangokuthi kuzwakala njenge-epic. Ubuwazi ukuthi omunye wezihlakaniphi, umlandeli wakhe oqotho, kwakungu-Emile Zola? UZola akazange ayeke ukuncoma uPissarro ezihlokweni zakhe.
Ngempela, ngokungafanele neze, uPizarro washiywa ukuba aziphilise ngendlela enzima kakhulu yokondla umndeni wakhe. Wafika lapho aqala khona ukudweba abalandeli nokuhlela izitolo ukuze athole imali. Wayevame ukuhamba nomdwebo ngaphansi kwesitolo sesitolo saseParis, enethemba lokuthi kukhona ozowuthenga. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wayevame ukuthengisa imidwebo yakhe ngaphandle kwalutho. Isiphetho sikaClaude Monet sasingafani, kodwa uPissarro wayenomndeni omkhulu.
Omunye wabasindisi, njengoba sesishilo kakade, kwakungumthengisi-gallerist uDurand-Ruel. Ubengomunye wabathengisi abambalwa abeseka laba baculi abanathalente ngokuhlanya futhi abampofu ngokungafanele, imisebenzi yabo namuhla ethengiswa ngamanani amahle. Ngokwesibonelo, uClaude Monet, ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yobumpofu waba umdwebi wezithombe othengwa kakhulu.
UCamille Pissarro wazithintitha izinkinga zakhe zezimali eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, umkhaya wawusekelwe ngokuyinhloko umkakhe, owayenikeza ukudla etafuleni elinepulazi elincane.
Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, uCamille Pissarro wabamba iqhaza emibukisweni eminingi ye-impressionist eParis, eNew York, eBrussels, eDresden, ePittsburgh, ePetersburg, njll.
Umculi ushone ngoNovemba 12 (ngokweminye imibiko ngoNovemba 13) 1903 eParis. Omunye wama-giants of impressionism uyahamba. Nakuba umdwebi engowozalo lwamaJuda, abanye abagxeki bambiza ngokuthi ubaba “ongumJuda” wobuciko besimanje.
I-trivia encane: Uma ukhumbula ama-hay bales kaClaude Monet, kufanele wazi ukuthi uPissarro wawapenda phambi kwakhe. Izihlahla nama-apula emisebenzini yakhe ngokungangabazeki kwamhlaba umxhwele uPaul Cézanne. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-pointllism kaPissarro ithungela "amaphuzu" kaVan Gogh. U-Edgar Degas wokhela uPissarro kubuciko bokuphrinta.
Yeka ukunxusa kongcweti bebhulashi nobuhle ngaleso sikhathi!
I-Impressionists, nokho, yahlukana ngemuva kwendaba kaDreyfus. Bahlukaniswa yigagasi lokulwa nobuJuda eFrance. UPissarro noMonet bavikele uCap. I-Dreyfuss. Ubuye ucabange ngencwadi kaZola evikela ukapteni, kanti uDegas, uCézanne noRenoir bebesemuva. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwafika lapho abangani bayizolo - uDegas noPissarro - bedlulana emigwaqweni yaseParis ngaphandle kokubingelelana.
Yebo, akubona bonke abafinyelela isilinganiso esinjalo. UPaul Cézanne, isibonelo, nakuba ayenombono ohlukile mayelana ne-Affair kuno-Pissarro, wayehlale esho ngokuzwakalayo ukuthi uyamqaphela "njengoyise" wakhe kwezobuciko. UMonet waba umnakekeli wenye yamadodana kaPissarro ngemva kokufa kwakhe.
UCamille Pissarro usishiyele inqwaba yamaseyili amangalisayo, phakathi kwawo aziwa kakhulu ngokungangabazeki ukuthi "Boulevard Montmartre" - 1897, "Garden in Pontoise" - 1877, "Conversation by the Fence" - 1881 "Self-Portrait" - 1903 nabanye. Ngisho nanamuhla, le midwebo ivusa ukuthakasela kwangempela kumlobi wayo, obonakala evale ukuphila ngendlela yokuthi kuhlale kungenakunqotshwa isikhathi.
Umfanekiso: Camille I-Pissarro, "I-Self-Portrait", ngo-1903.
