Mea kākau: Prof. Plamen Pavlov
I ka makahiki 1194, ua lanakila ʻo King Assen I i ka pūʻali Byzantine ma ke kaua ʻo Arkadiopol (Lozengrad) ma "Macedonia" - Eastern Thrace.
ʻO ka hanana me ka Georgian Liparites e hoʻopau i ko mākou ʻike i nā hakakā kaua Bulgarian-Byzantine ma lalo o nā Asenevites mua.
I ka wā o ka Middle Ages, me ka nānā ʻole i ka mamao o ka ʻāina a me ka pilikia wai nui, e like me ke Kai ʻEleʻele, ua mau ka pilina ma waena o Bulgarians a me Georgians. ʻO ka mea pili nui ka manaʻo Orthodox maʻamau, a ʻo kahi ʻano "lei" o kēia mau pilina ʻo ia ka monastery kaulana "St. ʻO ka makuahine o ke Akua Petritsionisa" - ka Monastery Bachkovo, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1083 e ka hanohano Armenian-Georgian Grigory Pakuryan/Bakuriani. Noho nā mōneka Georgian i loko o ka monastery no nā kenekulia, a ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia 11, ua hana ʻo Ioan Petritsi (c. 1050-1130) ma laila. ʻO ka inoa inoa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka moʻolelo medieval Georgian philosopher mai ka inoa Bulgarian ʻo "Petrich" - ka pā kaua ʻo Asen i kēia lā. ʻO ke kula palapala Georgian i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Bachkovo i kapa ʻia ʻo "Petritionska". Hiki ke kamaʻilio lōʻihi ka pili ʻuhane ma waena o Bulgaria a me Georgia, akā i kēia lā e noho mākou ma kahi ʻano "ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi" o kā mākou mōʻaukala, kahi i komo ai ʻo Georgian.
I ka makahiki 1194, ua hāʻule ʻelima mau kaikunāne mai ka ʻohana Lipariti i loko o ka puahiohio o ke kaua Bulgarian-Byzantine, i hoʻomaka me ke ala ʻana o Peter lāua ʻo Assen. ʻO ka "hale" o ka Liparite ka "alakaʻi" o ka aristocracy kū'ē i ka mana aliʻi. Ua hiki ke kuleana o ka Liparit i kona apogee i ka waena o ke kenekulia 11, a i ka makahiki 1047 ua hoʻokele kona alakaʻi ʻo Liparit IV i ka hoʻokuke ʻana iā King Bagrat IV mai ka ʻāina aku… , etc..n. I ka hopena, i ka makahiki 1093, ua hoʻohui ʻo King David IV i ke aupuni kupuna. Ua ʻimi kekahi mau ʻelele o ka "ʻohana" kipi i ka puʻuhonua ma Byzantium, loaʻa nā poʻo inoa kiʻekiʻe a me nā kūlana i ka pūʻali koa a me ka hoʻokele mokuʻāina.
Ua haʻalele ʻo Prof. Ivan Yordanov (1949-2021), he loea nui i ka helu helu a me ka sphragistics, i hoʻopuka i kahi peʻa o Mihail Liparit. I nā makahiki 70 a i ʻole 80 o ke kenekulia 11, ua loaʻa iā ia ka inoa kiʻekiʻe o "proeder", a ua ʻike ʻia kāna sila ma Anchialo / Pomorie. Maanei e haʻi pōkole mākou e pili ana i ke komo ʻana o ʻelima Liparites i ka pūʻali Byzantine i hoʻokahi haneli ma hope, a mākou e aʻo ai e pili ana i ke ola o ka mōʻīwahine o Queens Tamar.
ʻO ke aliʻi wahine Georgian kaulana ʻo Tamar (1184-1213) i loko o ka pilikia nui me ke koena o Georgia's Liparities. ʻElima mau kaikunāne, "… nā keiki kāne a Kehaber mai nā aʻa popopo o ka ʻohana Liparitus ...", hana i nā mea hoʻohiwahiwa e alakaʻi ai i ka pepehi kanaka politika. Ua kauoha ʻo Tamar kūpaʻa a ikaika e hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia kaikunāne a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o kahi pākaua ʻokoʻa, akā ʻaʻole i hana kēia ʻano o ka paʻa hale. I ka hopena, ua kipaku ʻia ka poʻe hoʻohaunaele "... i ka lawe pio ʻana ma Helene Makedonia (Byzantine Eastern / Odrina Thrace), kahi i pepehi ʻia ai lākou e nā Kipchaks (Cumans), e like me kā mākou i lohe ai, i ke kaua e like me nā koa hanohano ..."
ʻO ka kipaku ʻia ʻana o nā kaikunāne Lipariti e pili ana i nā makahiki mua o ka noho aliʻi ʻana o Tamar - ma mua o 1191, i ka wā i noho ai ʻo Emperor Isaac II Angelus (1185-1195, 1203-1204) i ka mana ma Byzantium, nona ka pilina me Georgia. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, hāʻawi ʻo Tamar i kahi hoʻokele politika a ma hope ua kākoʻo ikaika ʻo Alexius lāua ʻo David Mega-Comnenius, nā moʻopuna a ka mōʻī Roma kahiko ʻo Andronicus I Comnenus (1183-1185) a me nā mea hoʻokumu o ka Trebizond Empire. Ua hele nā kaikunāne Liparit i Byzantium me kā lākou mau pūʻali koa, e helu ana i ke kākoʻo o ko lākou mau ʻohana ma Constantinople - no ka laʻana, ʻo ka luna kānāwai ʻo Basili Liparit, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma 1177. Hāʻawi ʻia i kā lākou ʻike koa, ua kākau inoa ʻia nā aristocrats Georgian i ka pūʻali Byzantine ma mua. me ke aupuni hou o na hoahanau Peter a me Asen Bulgarian.
I ka manawa hea a ma lalo o nā kūlana kūikawā i make ai nā Liparite ʻelima? ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻohe ʻikepili pololei, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke pane i kēia nīnau. ʻO ke kiʻi o ka pūʻali koa Bulgarian-Byzantine ma lalo o nā Asenevs mua he waiwai nui i nā hanana, e pili ana i ka mea heluhelu hoihoi e aʻo hou mai ka puke hou i paʻi ʻia e Dr. Anelia Markova "The Second Bulgarian Kingdom in War and Peace" (Sofia, 2022). A hiki i ka makahiki 1202, i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ke kuʻikahi ma waena o Emperor Alexius III Angel (1195-1203) a me King Kaloyan (1197-1207), ua ukali ʻia nā hahau like ʻole.
ʻO nā hana pūʻali koa Bulgarian, me nā hoʻouka kaua ʻo Cuman ma "Macedonia" (Eastern Thrace), i hana ʻia i loko o ka manawa. Ua make koke nā Liparite ʻelima ma hope o ko lākou kipaku ʻia ʻana mai Georgia, me he mea lā ma ke kaua nui aʻe. ʻO ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka make ʻana o nā aristocrats Georgian i pili i nā hana kaua i ka pūnāwai o 1194, i ka wā i hoʻokau ai ʻo King Assen i kahi pōʻino nui ma luna o nā pūʻali hui o Byzantine generals Alexius Gid lāua ʻo Basil Vatsi ma Arcadiopol (Luleburgas). I loko o ke kaua hoʻoholo, ua kūlou nā koa o ka "domestic of the East" (ke alakaʻi nui o nā pūʻali mai Asia Minor) ʻo Alexius ke alakaʻi i mua o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Bulgaria, e hoʻomaka ana i kahi pakele haunaele. ʻO nā pūʻali koa ma lalo o ke kauoha a Vasili Vatsi, "ka hale o ke Komohana" (ka Balkans) ua aneane luku loa ʻia e nā Bulgarians a me Cumans.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka lanakila nui ʻana e Isaac II Angel ma ke ʻano he pōʻino pūʻali koa maoli… No kēia kumu, ua ʻimi ka mōʻī i kahi hoa pili ma hope o nā Bulgarians a hoʻolālā i kahi hoʻouka kaua pū me kona makuahōnōwai kāne, ke aliʻi Hungarian ʻo Béla. III. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua pale ʻia kēia hoʻolālā a me ka weliweli e ka hoʻokahuli aupuni a Alexius III Angelus e kūʻē iā Isaac Angelus i 1195.
ʻO ke komo ʻana o nā kaikunāne Lipariti i ke kaua ma waena o nā Roma a me nā Bulgarians hiki ke hoʻopili pololei ʻia me nā pūʻali "komohana" i alakaʻi ʻia e Vasili Vatsi. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi sila alakaʻi o kēia aliʻi Roma koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kardjali a hoʻopuka hou ʻia e Prof. Ivan Yordanov. Ua kākau ʻia ka inoa kiʻekiʻe "sevast". Mai ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hanana kokoke i ka manawa, ʻike mākou aia i loko o ka hui ʻana o nā pūʻali Balkan o ke aupuni he mau detachments o Alans (nā kūpuna o nā Ossetians i kēia lā), i hoʻonoho ʻia ma lalo o ke kauoha a ke alakaʻi koa Roma ʻo Theodore Vrana. ʻO ka hui pūʻali koa a me nā hana a ka poʻe Georgians ua aneane like a like paha me ko lākou mau hoalauna ʻākau, ʻo nā Alans, ʻo lākou iho he mercenary invariable a i ʻole nā mea pili i ka pūʻali koa Georgian. Ma ka pilina o Georgian-Alani, ʻaʻole kēia he mea kupanaha - ʻo Queen Tamar ʻo Alan ka makuahine, a ʻo kāna kāne lua, ʻo David Soslan, he aliʻi Alan. Ua hele mai ʻo Alan mercenaries i Byzantium, me he mea lā, ma Georgia. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea iā mākou i kumu e manaʻo ai ua hoʻopiha pū ʻia ka pūʻali koa Georgian me Alans i ka lawelawe Byzantine. E like me kā mākou i ʻike mua ai ma "Trud" (December 17, 2021), aia pū kekahi mau hui Alan i ka pūʻali koa Asenevtsi - akā naʻe, hele mai lākou i ka lawelawe Bulgarian ʻaʻole mai ka mokuʻāina ʻo Alania (ʻo North and South Ossetia) i ka Caucasus. mai nā Alan "enclaves" ma ka 'Cuman steppe' (ʻo Ukraine i kēia manawa).
ʻO nā pilina ikaika o Georgia me ka Cuman "steppe empire" ua hoʻohuli paha i ka mea kākau ʻike ʻole e hoʻoikaika pono i ka "Kipchaks" (Cumans). Me he mea la ua make na'lii Georgian i ke kaua pololei me ko Cumans, aole me ko Bulgaria ponoi. I ka hana kuʻuna o ka pūʻali koa o ke au, ua hoʻokani pinepine ka poʻe holo lio māmā (Cumans, Georgians a me Alans) i kahi kuleana kūʻokoʻa i ka wā o nā kaua nui. ʻO kēia ka hihia, no ka laʻana, me ke kaua kaulana ʻo Adrien (ʻApelila 14, 1204), kahi i lanakila ai ke aliʻi Kaloyan, me ke kōkua o nā Cumans, i nā naita Latin. I ka hopena, hoʻokō pono ka hanana me nā kaikunāne Lipariti i ko mākou ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā hakakā Bulgarian-Byzantine i ka manawa o nā Asenevs mua.
A he mau hua'ōlelo e pili ana i kahi o ke kaua - "Macedonia", e like me ka hikina o Thrace i kapaʻia i ka Middle Ages. Ua ʻike ka mea kākau Georgian i kēia, no ka mea, i kona wā e ola ana, ua kapa ʻia nā ʻāina o ka mōʻaukala-geographic region o Macedonia i kēia lā… ʻo Bulgaria ma muli o ka lāhui o kona poʻe kamaʻāina!
Kiʻi: ʻO Hertvisi ka pā kaua medieval Georgian mai ka wā o Queen Tamar
Puna: trud.bg
