Ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā mea kākau Lūkini o ka Balkan Theatre i ka manawa. Ma ka la 5 o Iulai, 1877, penei ka lakou haku mele [14]:
1 Pūnaewele.
Manawa / Luna Hoʻolaha
"Birzhevye Vedomosti" - NV Maximov
"Kiʻi kiʻi honua" - NN Karazin; HP Fedorov
"Leo" - PP Sokalsky
"Moscow Vedomosti" - LV Shakhovskaya; MF Metz
"ʻO kā mākou kenekulia" - G. Stambolov; VI Nemirovich-Danchenko
"Novoe vremya" - AA Suvorin; MP Fedorov; VP Burenin; NN Karazin; PP Sokalsky; AD Ivanov; NN Rossolovsky; VI Nemirovich-Danchenko
"Odesski Vestnik" - PP Sokalsky
"Government Gazette" - VV Krestovsky
"Rūkia Mir" - EK Rapp
"Saint-Petersburg Vedomosti (Gazetteers)" - MP Fedorov; HV Maximov; A. Teoharov
"Severny Vestnik" - DK Gears
"Tiflissky Vestnik" - N.Ya. Nikoladze
"Sankt-Peterburger Zeitung" - NV Maximov
Pono e hoʻomaopopoʻia i ka wā o ke kaua, ua hoʻololiʻo VI Nemirovich-Danchenko iā "Novo Vremya" a hoʻomaka e hoʻouna i kāna leka i kēia nūpepa. ʻO nā limahana o ka pūʻali koa i hoʻokomo ʻia, ma waho o VV Krestovski, i kona kūlana ma ke ʻano he mea kākau kūhelu o ka "Government Gazette" ka mea pena ʻo EK Makarov, a me ka mea pena koa kaulana ʻo VV Vereshtagin. i Iulai 1877 ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā mea pena. P. Sokolov, Butkevich, M. Malyshev i hōʻea i ka Main Quarter, a me PO Kovalevsky - i loko o ka detachment o ka Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich. ʻO ka mea pena kaulana ʻo VD Polenov. Me ka pūʻali koa Lūkini, ua komo ʻo ia i nā kaua, ʻike i ka heroism o nā koa, ka ʻeha o nā Bulgarians, a hoʻopaʻa i kēia mau mea āpau ma nā kiʻi pena a me nā kala wai ("Position", "Artillery in the Mountains", "Bulgarian". kauhale” a pela aku). [15]
ʻO ka papa inoa piha loa o nā mea kākau i komo i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o nā hakakā i hāʻawi ʻia e NV Maximov. [16] Hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā mea a pau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kiʻi ma ka album leka. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, pono nā mea kākau e lawe i ʻelua kiʻi i kēlā me kēia. Ua waiho ʻia kekahi ma ke Keʻena Nui, kahi i mālama ʻia i loko o kahi album kūikawā, a ʻo ka lua, me ka pass a me ke kaha, ua lawe pū ʻia me lākou ma ke ʻano he palapala pilikino.
Papa 2. Luna kakauolelo o Rusia
Manawa / Luna Hoʻolaha
"Government Gazette" - VV Krestovsky
"Saint-Petersburg Vedomosti"- Modzolevsky; Komarov
"Novoe vremya" AA Suvorin; MP Fedorov; VP Burenin; NN Karazin; AD Ivanov; NN Rossolovsky; VI Nemirovich-Danchenko; Maslov
"Lūkia ʻole" - MP Fedorov (mea pena kiʻi); Sukhotin (Lutanela o ka Pūʻali Lūkini)
"Kiʻi kiʻi honua" - MP Fedorov (mea pena kiʻi)
"Leo" - PP Sokalsky
"Severny Vestnik" - DK Girs; Baikov (Lutanela Konela o ka Pūʻali Lūkini)
"Mir Lūkini" - EK Rapp; ʻO Georgievich
"Moscow Vedomosti" LV Shakhovskaya; MF Metz; Ilovaisky (polofesa, mea kākau no ka wā kahiko)
"Russian Vedomosti" - A. Teoharov
"Birzhevye Vedomosti" - NV Maximov
Ma waena o nā mea kākau o "Novo Vreme" ʻaʻole ʻo NV Maksimov i haʻi i nā inoa o NN Rossolovski a me PP Sokalsky, ʻoiai ʻo VV Krestovski e kuhikuhi iā lākou i kēia paʻi. PP I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻolaha, ʻo Sokalski kahi mea kākau o ka nūpepa "Golos", akā ma hope ua pani ʻia ʻo ia e nā ʻAmelika Mac Gahan a me Stanley. No VI Nemirovich-Danchenko, i ka hoʻomakaʻana o ke kaua, he mea kākauʻo ia no ka nūpepa "Nash Vek", a laila hoʻomakaʻo ia e kākau no "Novoe Vremya". ʻO AD Ivanov kekahi mea paʻi kiʻi.
E pili ana i nā mea kākau haole i ʻae ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka hakakā, ua liʻiliʻi kā lākou haku mele, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mai nā ʻāina nui ʻEulopa. Ma ka la 5 o Iulai, aia ka hoike ana. [17]
3 Pūnaewele
ʻĀina / Manawa / Luna Hoʻolaha
Austria-Hungary "News Wiener Tagblatt" - ʻAʻole i helu ʻia
ʻO Pelekane Nui "Nūhou i kēlā me kēia lā" - MacGahan
Prussia "Militär Wochenblatt" - Kāpena Danngauer
Prussia "Kölnische Zeitung" - Kauka Schneider
ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa "New-York Herald" - MacGahan
Palani "Figaro" - de Westin
Ma keʻano he kūlana, ma keʻano he mea kākau, ua hoʻouna aku nā puke haole i nā luna mai ka General Staffs, i ka manawa like iʻikeʻia he mauʻelele koaʻole me nā pūʻali Lūkini. Ua hoʻopili pū ʻia nā ʻelele pūʻali koa oihana e like me ka Prussian Major von Liegnitz. Ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i kāna mau leka i ka "North German Universal Gazette".
Ua komo nā mea kākau haole i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka hakakā ma nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mai nā ʻelele Lūkini a me nā luna kūlana kiʻekiʻe. I ka manawa like, ua noi koke nā nūpepa haole i nā misionari diplomatika no ke komo ʻana i kā lākou mea kākau. [listen] 18 Aole i hiki i ka poe i makemake ke komo i ka puali. No laila, ma ka lā 28 ʻApelila ua koi ʻia ʻo MA Gasenkampf e hōʻole i ʻelua mea kākau - Kelemānia a me ka Pelekane. Ua hiki mai ka Lutanela Konela Pelekane Howard Vincent, e like me ka hoike a MA Gasenkampf, me ka nui o na palapala paipai. Eia naʻe, ua kamaʻāina ʻo Prince VA Cherkassky, ke poʻo o ka Russian Civil Administration ma Bulgaria, a ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia iā ia, ua hoʻouna iā ia ma ke ʻano he kiu Pelekane. ʻO ia ke kumu i ʻōlelo aku ai ke Duke Nui i ke kanaka Pelekane e haʻalele, a ua hana ʻia. [19]
Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea kākau haole, e like me ka NV Maksimov, ʻo ia kēia. [20]
Papa 4. He poe kakauolelo Pelekane
Manawa / Luna Hoʻolaha
"Nūhou o kēlā me kēia lā" - A. Forbes; Mac Gahan (ʻAmelika)
"Nā" - Grant Breckenbury (he kolonela ma ka lawelawe ikaika ma ka pūʻali koa Pelekane e haʻalele ana)
“Grafic” (mekekini kiʻi ʻia) – Villers (mea pena kiʻi)
“Illustrated London News” (illustrated magazine) – Gale (mea pena)
"Paʻa" - F. Boyle
"The Skotsman" - DL Carrick (he kauka e noho ana ma St. Petersburg); Rose
“Manchester Guardian” – Stanley (ʻAmelika)
"Freemens" (Makekini Irish) - Stanley (ʻAmelika)
Ua kākau pū ʻo Mac Gahan no ka nūpepa Lūkini ʻo Golos, e like me Stanley. Aia nō ʻo Havelok i ke kino o ka poʻe nūpepa Pelekane, akā ʻaʻohe ʻike e pili ana i ka nūpepa āna i hana ai ma kekahi o nā kumu a mākou i hana ai.
Papa 5. Na mea kakau o Amerika
Manawa / Luna Hoʻolaha
"New-York Herald" - Dokankoz
“Boston Jornal” – King
ʻAʻole i wehewehe ka pepa iā Jackson
ʻO VV Krestovsky, ma kona ʻano he mea kākau ʻAmelika, ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo ia iā Millet, me ka ʻole o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka nūpepa o kēia mea hope. [21]
Papa 6. Na mea kakau Prusia
Manawa / Luna Hoʻolaha
"Militär Wochenblatt" - Danngauer
"Hambourger Nachrichten" - Danngauer
"National Zeitung" - Danngauer
“Ausburger Allgemeine Zeitung” – von Maree (a i ʻole von Mare)
“Üeber Land und Meer” – I. Schoenberg (mea pena)
“Post” – von Brauchitsch
“Neue Militäriche Blatt” – na Brauchitsch
"Berliner Tagblatt" - Beta
Papa 7. Auseturia poe kakau
Luna Hoolaha Manawa
"Neues Wiener Tagblatt" - Lukesch
"Politik" (Nūpepa Prague) - Reinstein (lutena hoʻomaha); Lachman
“Presse” – Lichtenstadt
Papa 8. Na mea kakau Farani
Manawa / Luna Hoʻolaha
“XX Siècle” – Breban
"Lahui" - Breban
"Jornal d'Odessa" - Breban
“Figaro” – I. de Westin
“Moniteur Universel” – D. de Lonlet (a i ʻole Lonnet [22])
“Monde Illustré” – D. de Lonlay
“Estafette” – Bleach
"Indépendance Belge" - Con-Abrest
"Nā manawa" - Lamont
"Republique Française" - Granet
“La Palani” – Farey
Ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo VV Krestovsky iā Pagnon ma waena o nā mea kākau ʻōlelo Farani, akā me ka ʻole o ka wehewehe ʻana i kāna nūpepa. [23]
Papa 9. Na mea kakau o Suedena
Manawa / Luna Hoʻolaha
"Stockgolms Dagblad" - Berling (Lutanela o ka Hui Nui o Suedena)
Papa 10. Na mea kakau Italia
Manawa / Luna Hoʻolaha
“Manaʻo” – M.-A. Nā ʻīlio
“Pungolo di Napoli” – M.-A. Nā ʻīlio
“Gazetta Piemontaise” – M.-A. Nā ʻīlio
“Courier du soir de Milan” – M.-A. Nā ʻīlio
"Fanfulla" - Marcotti
“Roma di Napoli” – Lazzaro (mea pena kiʻi)
"Illustration Italiana di Milano" - Lazzaro
Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Romania e ka mea kiʻi pilikino a ke Aliʻi ʻo Karl Satmari a me ka mea paʻi kiʻi aliʻi ʻo Duchesne. [24]
Ua hōʻea mai ka mea pena Paniolo José Luis Pellicer mai Madrid i ka pūʻali koa Lūkini mai ka puke kiʻi kiʻi Spanish "La Ilustración Española y Americana". [25]
ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻia nā mea kākau o ka "Daily Telegraph" a me ka hapa nui o nā nūpepa Viennese i ka pūʻali koa, no ka mea, ua hōʻike lākou i nā paʻi aloha ʻole. Ma muli o kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua noho lākou ma Bucharest, hoʻohana i ka ʻike lua, me nā hoa hana ma ka ʻoihana, a i kekahi manawa "mai kā lākou mau hopena ponoʻī".
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Poggenpohl i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ke kaua ma ke ʻano he ʻelele o nā keʻena telegarapa Agence Havas, Reiter, Wolf a me Vienne. [26]
Ua lilo ke kaua 1877-1878 i ka lā hānau o nā leka pūʻali koa Lūkini. Maanei ua lawe ʻia nā ʻanuʻu mua (a pono e ʻike ʻia - kūleʻa) i ka hana o ka pūʻali koa me nā mea kākau: kipe, dosing o ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea kākau. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe hoʻopaʻapaʻa pololei, no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike, pono kekahi e kū pololei ma mua, no ka mea, ʻaʻole makemake ke keʻena nui e kaʻana like me nā mea kākau.
Ua ala koke mai ka leka Lūkini, a ua pili kona puka ʻana mai i ka pono o ka hui Lūkini e ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hakakā, e pili ana i ke ola o ka pūʻali koa, e pili ana i ke ola a me ke ola o ka poʻe Bulgarian kūloko, a pēlā aku. makemake nui i nā pōʻai lehulehu o Rūsia i ka hopena o ka poʻe Slavic o ka Balkan Peninsula. ʻAʻole like me nā mea kākau haole, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā mea kākau ʻōlelo Lūkini he nui nā pono. ʻOiai ʻo ke komo ʻana i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻokumu ʻia a hoʻokō ʻia e ke kahua nui o ka pūʻali koa ma ke kahua, ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo i nā mea kākau a me ko lākou kūlana. Ina i makaukau na mea kakau nupepa o na aina e no ka lakou hana, ua loaa ke kokua ana aole o na nupepa i hoouna mai ia lakou, aka, o ko lakou mau aupuni pu kekahi, alaila, aole i loaa i na Rusia.
ʻOiai ua hōʻea nā mea kākau haole i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni kaua ma mua o nā Lūkini, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o lākou ma ke kahua kaua. ʻO nā mea kākau Lūkini, no ka hapa nui, ua komo pololei i nā kaua, nānā i ke ola o ka pūʻali koa.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kākau i uhi i ke kaua ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Balkan i ʻekolu pūʻulu: ʻo ka poʻe i kākau mai ka hope, ka poʻe i kākau ʻoiai ma ke kahua ʻo Field Headquarters, a me ka poʻe i kākau i nā palapala mai ko lākou ʻike ponoʻī. ʻO nā mea kākau o kēia mau hui i waena o nā haole a me nā Lūkini. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma waena o nā ʻelele hope loa o ka hui ʻekolu he nui aku. ʻO nā haole, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻokaʻawale ma kēia ʻano nā mea kākau Kelemania i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka ʻoihana koa, a nānā i ke kaua ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he mea kākau, akā he mau loea pūʻali koa.
I loko o kā lākou mau leka, nā diaries, nā memo, nā mea kākau Lūkini o ka hui ʻelua i wehewehe i nā "charms" a pau o ke kaua, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole ʻana i kahi wehewehe maloʻo o nā hana kaua a me ke ola o ka poʻe aliʻi. I kekahi manawa he koʻikoʻi lākou, koʻikoʻi nui i kā lākou mau hopena, akā ʻo ka mea a lākou i ʻike ai ua hana lākou pēlā: ka make, nā ʻeha, ka naʻaupō o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka manaʻo wiwo ʻole o nā koa, etc.
ʻOiai nā pilikia, ua hōʻike ka nui o nā mea kākau Lūkini i ko lākou ʻaoʻao maikaʻi loa, e hāʻawi nui ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nūpepa pūʻali koa Lūkini a me ka hoʻolaha ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kaua.
(e hoʻomau 'ia)
Notes:
[14] Hoʻopili ʻia ma ke kumu o: Apushkin V., "War of 1877-78 in correspondences and novels", Military Collection, No. 7 (1902), p. 202; Gasenkampf M., Ko'u Diary 1877-78, pp. 33-34; Krestovsky V., He iwakālua mahina ma ka pūʻali koa ikaika…, helu 1, pp. 170-172.
[15] Vinogradov VI, Kaua Russo-Turkish 1877-1878. a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o Bulgaria, (Moscow: Mysl, 1978), p. 187.
[16] Maksimov NV, "No ka Danube", No. 5 (1878), pp. 176-177.
[17] Apushkin V., "Kaua o 1877-78 ma nā palapala a me nā moʻolelo", Military Collection, No. 7 (1902), p. 201.
[18] Apushkin V., "Ke kaua o 1877-78 ma nā palapala a me nā moʻolelo", Military Collection, No. 7 (1902), p. 196.
[19] Gasenkampf M., Ko'u Diary 1877-78, pp. 13-14.
[20] Maksimov NV, "No ka Danube", No. 5 (1878), pp. 175-176.
[21] Krestovsky VV, ʻElua mahina i ka pūʻali koa ikaika…, helu 2, p. 177.
[22] Ibid., P. 177.
[23] Ibid.
[24] Maksimov NV, "No ka Danube", No. 5 (1878), p. 175.
[25] BP, "Me Shipki a me Plevny", International Life, No. 3 (2003), p. 128.
[26] Maksimov NV, "No ka Danube", No. 5 (1878), p. 176.
Me nā pōkole mai: Canadian American Slavic Studies. – 2007. – Vol. 41. – Helu 2. – R. 127-186; portal "Russia i nā kala": https://ricolor.org/about/avtori/gokov/
Ke kumu o ke kiʻi: Vinogradov VI Russian-Turkish kaua 1877-1878 a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o Bulgaria. – M.: Manaʻo, 1978. – pp. 6-7 (ma ka Russian).
