I loko o kahi palapala i kākau ʻia ai ka hana a kahi mea kākau mua o ka wā kahiko, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka wehewehe ʻana o kahi meteoroscope - kahi mea hana kūikawā o kahi mea kilokilo kahiko, a hiki i kēia manawa i ʻike ʻia mai nā kumu kuhikuhi ʻole.
Ua paʻi ʻia kahi ʻatikala ma ka puke pai Archive of History of Exact Sciences, nā mea kākau e nānā i kahi manuscript 8th-century i ʻike ʻia ma ka Abbey of Bobbio ma ka ʻākau o Italia. Aia i loko o kēia manuscript ka kikokikona Latin o ka "Etymologies" o ka ʻepekema kahiko kahiko a me kekahi o nā Makua Ekalesia - Isidore o Seville.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka manuscript ma mua o ke kenekulia 19, i ka wā e noiʻi ana i ka scriptorium o ka abbey. Ua loaʻa ma laila he mau haneli mau manuscript mai ka Early Middle Ages. Manaʻo ʻia ua wehewehe ʻia kēia scriptorium ma ka moʻolelo a Umberto Eco ʻo The Name of the Rose. Aia ka waihona i kēia manawa ma ka hale waihona puke Ambrosian ma Milan. ʻO ke kenekulia 8, ʻoiaʻiʻo, he monumen mōʻaukala waiwai nui. Akā, ʻōlelo nā mea kākau o ka hana hou he ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka puke a ʻoi aku ka waiwai. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao he palimpsest kekahi o lākou. ʻO kēia ka mea a lākou i kapa ai he mau palapala i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻili pepa i hoʻohana ʻia. I ka wā ʻeleʻele, ua kūʻai nui ka parchment a ua hana nā mōneka i hana i ka scriptorium i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hiki ai ke hoʻohana hou ʻia.
Ua loaʻa he ʻumikūmālima palimpsest ma lalo o ka kikokikona a Isidore o Seville, kahi i hoʻohana mua ʻia no ʻekolu mau kikokikona ʻepekema Helene: kahi kikokikona me kahi mea kākau ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka mīkini makemakika a me kahi catoptric (kahi ʻāpana ma optics) i kapa ʻia ʻo Fragmentum Mathematicum Bobiense (ʻekolu lau), ʻO ka moʻolelo a Ptolemy "Analema" (ʻeono lau) a me kahi kikokikona hōkū i ʻike ʻole ʻia i kēia manawa a aneane ʻaʻole heluhelu ʻia (ʻeono lau). Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana kiʻi multispectral, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hōʻike i ka ʻīnika huna a nānā i ka kikokikona, i hui pū ʻia me kekahi mau kiʻi. Ua ʻōlelo lākou no ka mea kilokilo Roma kahiko ʻo Claudius Ptolemy kēia palapala. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa ka manuscript, ʻaʻohe kope ʻē aʻe.
ʻO Ptolemy, ka mea i noho i ke kenekulia 2 ma ʻAigupita Roma (ka nui ma Alekanederia), ʻo ia kekahi o nā loea koʻikoʻi o ka Helene a me Roma. Ma ke ʻano he kilo kilo ʻaʻohe ona mea like i kona wā e ola ana a i ʻole no nā kenekulia he nui ma hope. ʻO kāna puke moʻolelo Almagest (i kapa mua ʻia ʻo Syntaxis Mathematica) he hōʻiliʻili kokoke piha o ka ʻike astronomical e pili ana iā Helene a me ka Hikina Kokoke.
ʻO kekahi kumu Roma ʻē aʻe, ʻo Pope o Alekanederia (ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā makahiki o kona ola ʻana, manaʻo paha he kenekulia III-IV), ua kākau i nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī loa e pili ana i ka Almagest, kahi i maopopo ai ʻaʻole i hiki mai ka hana a Ptolemy iā mākou i kona holoʻokoʻa. No ka laʻana, haʻi ʻo Papp i ka meteoroscope, kahi mea hana kahiko i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻoholo i ka mamao i nā kino lani, kahi ʻano like ʻole o ka pōʻai armillary. ʻO nā mea kākau o ka noiʻi hou e ʻōlelo nei ua loaʻa i ka palimpsest i kēlā ʻāpana o ka palapala a Ptolemy kahi i wehewehe ai i ke ʻano o ka meteoroscope. He hui paʻakikī kēia o nā apo metala ʻeiwa i hoʻopili ʻia ma ke ʻano kūikawā.
Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka latitu ma nā degere mai ka Equator, ka lā pololei o ka solstice a i ʻole equinox, a i ʻole ke kūlana ʻikea o ka honua i ka lewa. He hapalua mika paha kona anawaena. ʻO ka mea hana o ka meteoroscope, wahi a ka noiʻi, ua wehewehe ʻia i nā kikoʻī e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hele me kēia kikokikona i kahi mea hana metala maikaʻi a nāna e hōʻuluʻulu i ka mea kani. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻike astronomical. He mea ʻē loa ka hope no Ptolemy - ʻo ke koena o kāna mau hana e hōʻike ana i ka pedantry o ka ʻepekema kahiko.
Akā ʻaʻohe kānalua ka poʻe noiʻi e pili ana i ka mea kākau: He ʻano ʻano a me nā huaʻōlelo ko Ptolemy. Manaʻo nā mea kākau o ka hana e loaʻa kahi hoʻomau o ka manuscript ma nā palimpsest hiki i nā manuscript ʻē aʻe mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka Bobbio Abbey scriptorium. Ua māhele ʻia paha ka palapala kahiko i mau ʻaoʻao a hoʻohana ʻia e kekahi mau kākau ʻōlelo e hana ana i nā palapala like ʻole.
Kiʻi: Ua hūnā ʻia kahi kikokikona kahiko loa ʻo Alexander Jones et al ma lalo o kahi kope o kahi hana a Isidore o Seville.
