Ma ka lā 6 ʻAukake 1890, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻokō i kapa ʻia ʻo ka noho uila no ka manawa mua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka mea mua i pepehi ʻia ʻo William Kemmler. ʻEiwa mau makahiki ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1899, ua pepehi ʻia ka wahine mua, ʻo Martha M. Place, i loko o ka hale paʻahao Sing Sing.
Akā ʻaʻole hiki i 45 mau makahiki ma hope, i ka makahiki 1944, ua pepehi ʻia kahi keikikāne 14 makahiki ʻo George Stinney. Ua hewa kēia ʻōpio ʻeleʻele no ka pepehi ʻana i ʻelua mau kaikamahine a ua hoʻopaʻi koke ʻia e ka ʻaha keʻokeʻo āpau e make i ka make ʻino ma ka noho uila. ʻO ka mea kupanaha loa, ʻo kēia hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā pono kanaka i kāna epilogue i ka makahiki 2014 i ka wā i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ai ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, mahalo i kahi hui kuleana ʻeleʻele, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i nā hōʻike o kēlā hihia i loiloi ʻia, ua haʻi ʻo ia he hewa ʻole, ʻaʻole hewa, akā hala ʻole.
I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1980, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ua loaʻa iaʻu ka manawa e komo ai i kahi palapala e pili ana i nā ʻano o ka make a ma waena o lākou, ʻo kekahi o nā mea haʻalulu loa ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana i ke kaʻina hana e noho ai ke kanaka ma kahi noho a me kāna. nakinakiia na lala i ka noho me na kaula. A laila, hoʻokomo ʻia kahi maʻa ma kona waha i ʻole ʻo ia e ale i kona alelo a ʻoki i ka wā o ka haʻalulu, ua pani ʻia kona mau maka, ua kau ʻia ka gauze a i ʻole ka pulupulu ma luna o lākou, a laila hoʻopili ʻia ka lipine paʻa i paʻa.
Ma luna o kona poʻo, he mahiole i hoʻopili ʻia me nā uwea i ka ʻupena uila a ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻomāinoino weliweli ʻana iā ia. E piʻi aʻe ana ka wela o kona kino ma luna o 60 degere a, ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻeha weliweli, pono e hoʻomaha iā ia iho a loaʻa i kahi ʻano luaʻi, ma muli o ke kaulahao a me kahi ʻano kaula i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kona ʻauwae, waiho wale ʻia kahi huʻa keʻokeʻo e ʻike mai ana i waho. ma na kihi o kona waha, e make no ia. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia he make kanaka, ʻoiai ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua pani ʻia ke kau ʻana, he mea ʻino loa ia.
I kēia lā, ʻaʻole hoʻohana hou ʻia ka hana, ʻoiai ʻo kekahi mau mokuʻāina ʻAmelika, me South Carolina, hāʻawi pinepine iā ia i koho i nā pio. ʻAʻohe mea hōʻike o kona hoʻohana ʻana i kēia lā, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole i kekahi o nā hoʻomāinoino i kākau ʻia i hana ʻia e ka naʻauao waena a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoweliweli a puni ka honua. ʻO ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana ma ke ʻano ʻokoʻa a i ʻole ke au pololei ma waena o nā ʻano hana maʻamau he ʻumi.
I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uila ma ke ʻano he make a hoʻomāinoino paha no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike, ua helu ʻia ma ke ʻano he hewa pono kanaka ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻāina ʻoi loa o ka honua, ka mea e hoʻopaʻa pinepine i nā palapala hoʻopaʻa like ʻole o nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa. nā hana.
No ke aha lā e hoʻomau ai ka pūʻali o nā psychiatrists ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka hoʻomau ʻana i kahi hana i hoʻāhewa ʻia e ka nui o kā lākou mau hoa hana, i kūʻē i nā alakaʻi a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka World Health Organization, United Nations a me nā hui like ʻole i pili i ka Hui ʻEulopa ma kēia kahua? He aha kā lākou e hoʻāʻo nei e hōʻoia?
I ka makahiki 1975, ma ka Halemai o Oregon State ma Salem, he halemai psychiatric e mau nei i keia mau la, ua panaia na loko o kekahi o na kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻiʻoniʻoni loa o ka mōʻaukala: Ua lele ʻia kekahi ma luna o ka pūnana Cuckoo. He kiʻiʻoniʻoni hoʻomana, ua helu ʻia ʻo ia i ka 33rd mai loko o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni maikaʻi loa 100 o ke kenekulia 20. ʻAʻole kēia kahi e hoʻomohala ai i ka hoʻolālā, akā lawe iā mākou i ke ola o kahi haukapila psychiatric kahi e lawe ʻia ai nā maʻi electroconvulsive i nā 1960s.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka ʻāpana ma 1965 a hōʻike i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi ma ke kikowaena. ʻO nā kahu hānai ʻino, ke nānā nei i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi. ʻO nā kauka e hoʻohana iā lākou no nā hoʻokolohua a ma luna o nā mea a pau e kāohi i ka mea a lākou i manaʻo ai he ʻano ʻino. ʻO ka Electroconvulsion a ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna lobotomy hoahānau mua i loko o kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni, i ka mea i hana ʻia e ka papa psychiatric i kēlā manawa, a me nā makahiki he nui ma hope.
I ka hopena, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona, ka mea i hana hou ʻia i kēia lā ma nā wahi he nui o ka honua, ua like mau. Ua mālama ʻia ka mea maʻi e like me ka paʻahao, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻōlelo i nā mea e hiki mai ana iā ia, a ʻo ka luna kānāwai e pāʻani ana iā Pilato, e holoi ana i kona mau lima i kahi pepa maʻalahi e hōʻike ana i kēia kumuhana. ʻO kēia kanaka, he maʻi noʻonoʻo a pono ʻo ia i kēia lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me ka psychiatrist on duty.
Noho lākou ma kahi noho, a waiho ʻia paha ma luna o kahi kau, me ka nānā ʻole, inā ʻike lākou a ʻaʻole i piha i nā antidepressants a me nā tranquiliser, a hoʻopili ʻia nā electrodes i ka ʻili o ko lākou poʻo, kahi e hoʻolako ʻia ai ke au, me ka ʻike ʻole i ke ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. e hua mai. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻāpana i loko o ko lākou waha i mea e pale ai iā lākou mai ke ale ʻana i ko lākou alelo i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke au me ka mihi ʻole.
ʻAe, aia kekahi mau haʻawina e ʻōlelo ana i kahi hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i waena o nā poʻe maʻi me ke kaumaha koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai i kekahi mau mea he kiʻekiʻe ka helu i ka 64%. Pēlā nō, ma nā mokuʻāina o ka schizophrenia violent, me he mea lā ua hoʻomaikaʻi ke ʻano o kēia mau maʻi a ʻaʻole lākou i koʻikoʻi. A no laila hiki ke noho pū me lākou. He poʻe maʻi lākou i hoʻāhewa ʻia no ke ola i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa electroconvulsive ikaika, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou me ka ʻōlelo ʻole i ke kūpono o kā lākou mālama ʻana. Na nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻoholo, akā he aha ka makemake o ka mea maʻi?
I mua o kēia mau haʻawina pinepine ʻole, ka hapa nui i hana ʻia i loko o nā wahi psychiatric, i uku ʻia e nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau makemake e kūʻai aku i nā lāʻau psychotropic, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia nā hemahema, nā haneli haneli o ka poʻe i hoʻohana ʻia me kēia lāʻau lapaʻau i nā makahiki i hala, me ka ʻole. kekahi hopena. ʻAʻole paʻi ʻia kēlā mau helu. No ke aha mai?
ʻO nā āpau o ka noʻonoʻo, ka nalowale o ka hoʻomanaʻo, ka nalowale o ka ʻōlelo, nā pilikia kaʻa i kekahi mau hihia, a ma luna o nā mea a pau o ka hoʻokauwā ʻana i nā lāʻau antipsychotic he mea ʻino maoli nō ia, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o nā hui e hōʻole ana i ia mau hana, ʻaʻole i loaʻa.
Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a i ʻole ʻEulopa, i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai kēia ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka hōʻino ʻia, nā hoʻomāinoino olakino, i ka pōkole, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka anesthesia i ka mea maʻi. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo therapy with modifications. Eia nō naʻe, ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana ma Rūsia, ʻo 20% wale nō o nā maʻi e hana i kēia hana me kahi hoʻomaha hoʻomaha. A laila ma nā ʻāina e like me Iapana, Kina, India, Thailand, Turkey, a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe kahi, ʻoiai ke hoʻohana ʻia nei, ʻaʻohe ʻikepili helu e pili ana i ke kumuhana, hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ʻia ia ma ke ʻano kahiko.
ʻO ka Electroconvulsion, ma luna o nā mea a pau, he ʻano hana e hōʻino i nā pono kanaka o kēlā me kēia kanaka, me ka poʻe i ʻike ʻia e pono ai i ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia. Eia kekahi, me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi haʻawina maʻamau, he mea hoihoi loa ia, ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au ua hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻano hana i nā halemai psychiatric a puni ka honua no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kānaka, i mea e hoʻokō ai i nā haʻawina ma nā maʻi he pilikia. ʻO ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻole i kekahi mea i ke kaiāulu a hiki ke hoʻolilo ʻia.
Ua hoʻohana mau ʻia nā hana psychiatric a pau no ka pono o ke kaiāulu, a i ʻole no ka pono o kekahi mau hui nui?
Ke hele mau nei nā nīnau a, ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻaʻohe pane o nā psychiatrist. ʻOiai, ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka kūleʻa-hewa e hoʻokō lākou i kā lākou electroconvulsive therapies, a hāʻawi kēia iā lākou i kahi mea e like me ka pane hoihoi, hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa kahi hoʻomaikaʻi liʻiliʻi i ka mea maʻi, ʻaʻohe mea maopopo; ʻAʻole maopopo iā lākou pehea e wehewehe ai i ke kumu o kēia hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana. ʻAʻohe pane, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi ʻole. A ʻo ka mea hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia, hoʻohana ʻia nā maʻi e like me nā puaʻa guinea. ʻAʻohe psychiatrist ma ka honua e hōʻoiaʻiʻo e hiki i ia hana ke hoʻohuli i kekahi o nā maʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia ai. ʻAʻohe psychiatrist ma ka honua. A inā ʻaʻole, paipai wau iā lākou e nīnau ma ke kākau ʻana i nā pono maoli o ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi ʻano lāʻau hoʻoikaika kino a lākou e ʻōlelo ai.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana, nui ka poʻe i hele mai e ʻike ʻia he poʻe maʻi hoihoi e loaʻa i nā haʻalulu uila i ka lolo i mālama ʻia me nā lāʻau antipsychotic a i ʻole antidepressant, ʻoiai ua hoʻopiha ʻia me nā anxiolytics. I ka pōkole, ua paʻi ʻia ko lākou lolo me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā contraindications ma mua o ka pilikia liʻiliʻi a lākou e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻoponopono.
ʻIke maopopo ʻia ʻo nā hui e hana mau nei i nā maʻi e pono pū kekahi e hana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau no lākou. ʻO ia ka pōʻai maikaʻi loa, ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka lehulehu, ka poʻe nāna i hoʻokumu, i poʻe maʻi noʻonoʻo, ma ke ʻano nui, e hoʻolilo iā mākou i nā maʻi maʻi i hiki iā lākou ke lawe i ka pila e hoʻopakele ai i ko mākou mau manaʻo i kā mākou ʻoihana lāʻau kokoke loa.
Malia paha, i kēia manawa, makemake wau e nīnau i ka nīnau a nā loea lapaʻau he nui, ʻo kekahi o lākou nā psychiatrists pono, e nīnau iā lākou iho: He maʻi noʻonoʻo mākou a pau? Ke hana nei mākou i nā maʻi noʻonoʻo fictitious?
ʻO ka pane i ka nīnau mua ʻaʻole; i ka nīnau ʻelua, ʻo ia ʻo ʻAe.
Source:
Electroshock: pono ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole ka hōʻino psychiatric? - BBC News World
A ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe.
