ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka Fulani, ka palaho a me ka neo-pastoralism, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kūʻai ʻana i nā bipi nui e ka poʻe noho kūlanakauhale waiwai e hūnā i ke kālā i loaʻa ʻole ʻia.
Na Teodor Detchev
ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻelua ma mua o kēia loiloi, i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Sahel - Conflicts, Coups and Migration Bombs" a me "The Fulani and Jihadism in West Africa", i kūkākūkā i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana hoʻoweliweli ma ke Komohana. Aferika a me ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau i ke kaua guerrilla i hana ʻia e nā radical Islamic e kūʻē i nā pūʻali aupuni ma Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad a me Nigeria. Ua kūkākūkā pū ʻia ka hihia o ke kaua kīwila ma Central Africa Republic.
ʻO kekahi o nā hopena koʻikoʻi ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka hakakā me ka nui o ka pilikia o ka "migration bomb" e alakaʻi ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana ma mua o ka palena hema o ka European Union. ʻO kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi nā hiki o ke kulekele ʻē aʻe o Rūsia e hoʻopunipuni i ka ikaika o nā hakakā ma nā ʻāina e like me Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad a me ka Central African Republic. Me kona lima ma ka "counter" o kahi pahū o ka neʻe ʻana, hiki ke hoʻowalewale ʻia ʻo Moscow e hoʻohana i ke kaomi hoʻoneʻe ʻana e kūʻē i nā mokuʻāina ʻo EU i kapa ʻia he ʻenemi.
Ma kēia kūlana koʻikoʻi, hoʻokani ʻia kahi hana kūikawā e ka poʻe Fulani - he hui lāhui o nā semi-nomads, nā mea hānai holoholona migratory e noho ana i ke kahawai mai ke Kaiwa o Guinea a i ke Kaiʻula a me ka helu 30 a 35 miliona mau kānaka e like me nā ʻikepili like ʻole. . Ma ke ʻano he poʻe i hana nui i ka mōʻaukala i ke komo ʻana o ka Islam i loko o ʻApelika, ʻoi aku hoʻi ʻo ʻApelika Komohana, he hoʻowalewale nui ka Fulani no nā radical Islam, ʻoiai ke ʻōlelo nei lākou i ke kula Sufi o Islam, ʻo ia ka mea nui loa. hoʻomanawanui, e like me ka mea pohihihi loa.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, e like me ka mea e ʻike ʻia mai ka loiloi ma lalo nei, ʻaʻole pili wale ka pilikia i ka kūʻē hoʻomana. ʻAʻole pili ka lāhui wale nō ka hakakā. He socio-ethno-religious, a i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka nā hopena o ka waiwai i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma o ka palaho, i hoʻololi ʻia i ka mālama holoholona - ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "neopastorism" - ua hoʻomaka i ka hoʻoikaika ikaika. ʻO kēia ʻano hiʻohiʻona kahi hiʻohiʻona o Nigeria a ʻo ia ke kumuhana o ka hapakolu o kēia manawa o ka loiloi.
ʻO ka Fulani ma Nigeria
ʻO ia ka ʻāina nui loa ma West Africa me 190 miliona mau kānaka, ʻo Nigeria, e like me nā ʻāina he nui o ka ʻāina, ua ʻike ʻia e kahi ʻano dichotomy ma waena o ka Hema, i noho nui ʻia e nā Kalikiano Yoruba, a me ka ʻĀkau, nona ka nui o Muslim, me ʻO ka hapa nui o ia mea ʻo ka Fulani, e like me nā wahi āpau, he poʻe hānai holoholona lele. Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka ʻāina he 53% Muslim a me 47% Kalikiano.
ʻO ka "kāʻei waena" o Nigeria, e hele ana i ka ʻāina mai ka hikina a i ke komohana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mokuʻāina ʻo Kaduna (ka ʻākau o Abuja), Bunue-Plateau (hikina o Abuja) a me Taraba (hema hikina o Abuja), he wahi hālāwai ma waena o ʻO kēia mau honua ʻelua, ke ʻano o nā hanana pinepine i loko o kahi pōʻai pau ʻole o ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana ma waena o nā mahiʻai, ʻo ka mea maʻamau ʻo Kalikiano (ka mea e hoʻopiʻi nei i nā kahu hānai Fulani no ka ʻae ʻana i kā lākou mau puaʻa e hōʻino i kā lākou mau mea kanu) a me nā kahu hānai Fulani nomadic (e hoʻopiʻi nei i ka ʻaihue pipi a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana. o nā mahiʻai ma nā wahi maʻamau i hiki i ko lākou ala neʻe holoholona).
Ua piʻi aʻe kēia mau paio i nā manawa i hala iho nei, no ka mea, ke ʻimi nei ka Fulani e hoʻonui i ka neʻe ʻana a me nā ala ʻai o kā lākou mau holoholona i ka hema, a ʻo ka mauʻu ʻākau e loaʻa ana i ka maloʻo nui loa, ʻoiai ka poʻe mahiʻai o ka hema, i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa. dynamics o ka ulu ana o ka heluna kanaka, e imi e kukulu i na mahiai ma ka akau.
Ma hope o 2019, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia antagonism i ke ala o ka ʻike a me ka pili hoʻomana ma waena o nā kaiāulu ʻelua, i lilo i mea hiki ʻole a hoʻokele ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana kānāwai ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ke kānāwai Islam (Sharia) i hoʻokomo hou ʻia i 2000 ma ʻumikūmālua mau mokuʻāina ʻākau. (Ua paʻa ke kānāwai Islam a hiki i ka makahiki 1960, a laila ua hoʻopau ʻia me ke kūʻokoʻa o Nigeria). Mai ka manaʻo o ka poʻe Kristiano, makemake ka Fulani e "Islamize" iā lākou - inā pono ma ka ikaika.
Ua hoʻoulu ʻia kēia manaʻo e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo Boko Haram, ka mea e ʻimi nei i ka hapa nui o ka poʻe Kalikiano, e ʻimi nei e hoʻohana i nā pūʻali koa i hoʻohana ʻia e ka Fulani e kūʻē i ko lākou mau hoa paio, a ʻo kekahi o kēia mau mea hakakā i hui pū me ka pūʻulu Islamist. Manaʻo ka poʻe Karistiano ʻo ka Fulani (me ka Hausa, ka mea pili iā lākou) ke hāʻawi i ke kumu o nā pūʻali koa Boko Haram. He manaʻo hoʻonui kēia ma muli o ka nui o nā pūʻali Fulani e noho kūʻokoʻa. Akā ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo ma 2019 ua piʻi ka antagonism. [38]
No laila, ma Iune 23, 2018, ma kahi kauhale i noho nui ʻia e ka poʻe Kalikiano (o ka hui lāhui ʻo Lugere), kahi hoʻouka kaua i hoʻoili ʻia i ka Fulani i alakaʻi i nā poʻe nui - 200 i make.
ʻO ke koho ʻana o Muhammadu Buhari, ʻo ia he Fulani a he alakaʻi mua o ka hui moʻomeheu Fulani nui loa, ʻo Tabital Pulaakou International, ʻo ia ka Pelekikena o ka Repubalika ʻaʻole i kōkua i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā haunaele. Hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻia ka pelekikena no ke kākoʻo malū ʻana i kona mau mākua Fulani ma mua o ke aʻo ʻana i nā pūʻali palekana e hoʻopau i kā lākou hana hewa.
ʻO ke kūlana o ka Fulani ma Nigeria kahi mea e hōʻike ai i kekahi mau ʻano hou i ka pilina ma waena o nā kahu hānai migratory a me nā mahiʻai noho. I kekahi manawa i ka makahiki 2020, ua hoʻokumu mua nā mea noiʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā paio a me nā hakakā ma waena o nā kahu hānai a me nā mahiʻai.[5]
Neaopastoralims a me Fulani
ʻO nā pilikia a me nā ʻoiaʻiʻo e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā wao nahele, nā hakakā kūloko, ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, ke kālepa kanaka a me ka hoʻoweliweli i hoʻāʻo ʻia e wehewehe i kēia ʻano. ʻO ka pilikia, ʻaʻohe o kēia mau nīnau e wehewehe piha i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kaua liʻiliʻi a me nā mea kaua māmā e kekahi mau pūʻulu o nā kahu hānai a me nā mahiʻai noho. [5]
Noho ʻo Olayinka Ajala i kēia nīnau, nāna e nānā i nā loli o ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona i nā makahiki, i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "neopastoralism", ma ke ʻano he wehewehe hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nui o nā hakakā kaua ma waena o kēia mau pūʻulu.
Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka huaʻōlelo neopastoralism e Matthew Luizza o ka American Association for the Advancement of Science e wehewehe i ka hoʻokahuli ʻana i ke ʻano kuʻuna o ka mahiʻai holoholona e nā poʻe elite kūlanakauhale waiwai e ʻimi nei e hoʻopukapuka kālā a komo i kēlā ʻano mahiʻai holoholona e hūnā i ka ʻaihue. a i ʻole nā waiwai i loaʻa ʻole. (Luizza, Matthew, ʻApelika kahu hānai ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka nele a me ka hewa, Nowemapa 9th, 2017, The Economist). [8]
No kāna ʻaoʻao, ua wehewehe ʻo Olayinka Ajala i ka neo-pastoralism ma ke ʻano he ʻano hou o ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona i hōʻike ʻia e ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona nui e ka poʻe ʻaʻole he kahu hānai. Ua lawelawe ʻia kēia mau hipa e nā kahu hipa hoʻolimalima. ʻO ka hana ʻana a puni kēia mau puaʻa e pono pinepine ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kaua a me nā mea kaua, e pili ana i ka pono e hūnā i ka waiwai ʻaihue, nā mea i loaʻa mai ke kālepa, a i ʻole nā loaʻa i loaʻa ma o ka hana hoʻoweliweli, me ka manaʻo e loaʻa ka waiwai no nā mea hoʻopukapuka. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka wehewehe ʻana o Ajala Olayinka no ka non-pastoralism ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo i nā hoʻopukapuka kālā i nā pipi i kālā ʻia e ke kānāwai. Aia ia mau mea, akā he kakaikahi ka nui a no laila ʻaʻole lākou e hāʻule i loko o ke ʻano o ka makemake noiʻi o ka mea kākau.[5]
He ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi ka mahiʻai ʻana i nā holoholona neʻe, na ka ʻohana nā bipi a pili pū me nā lāhui. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia hana mahiʻai me nā pilikia like ʻole, a me ka hoʻoikaika nui ʻana e hoʻoneʻe i nā holoholona he mau haneli kilomika no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻai. ʻAʻole kaulana kēia ʻoihana a ua hana ʻia e kekahi mau lāhui, kahi i kū ai ka Fulani, nona ka hana nui no nā makahiki he nui. Ma waho aʻe o kekahi o nā hui lāhui nui loa ma Sahel a me Sub-Saharan Africa, ua hoʻokomo kekahi mau kumu i ka Fulani ma Nigeria ma kahi o 17 miliona mau kānaka. Eia kekahi, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka pipi ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka palekana a me ka hōʻailona o ka waiwai, a no kēia kumu ke komo nei nā kahu hānai maʻamau i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā pipi ma kahi palena palena ʻole.
Kuʻuna Pastoralism
ʻOkoʻa ka neopastoralism mai ka pastoralism kuʻuna ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona, ka nui o ka nui o nā bipi, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kaua. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa ka awelika o ka nui o nā bipi kahiko ma waena o 16 a me 69 poʻo pipi, ʻo ka nui o nā poʻe kahu hānai ʻole ma waena o 50 a me 1,000 poʻo pipi, a ʻo nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa a puni lākou e hoʻohana pinepine ai i nā pū e nā kahu hānai hoʻolimalima. [8], [5]
ʻOiai he mea maʻamau i ka Sahel ma mua o ka hui pū ʻia ʻana o nā pūʻali koa nui, i kēia mau lā, ʻike nui ʻia ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona ma ke ʻano he mea e hūnā ai i ka waiwai i loaʻa ʻole mai nā poʻe kālai'āina kolohe. Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ke hoʻoikaika nei ka poʻe kahu hānai kuʻuna i ka pilina maikaʻi me ka poʻe mahiʻai e hoʻomau i kā lākou pilina symbiotic me lākou, ʻaʻohe kumu o ka poʻe kahu hānai mercenary e hoʻokomo i kā lākou pilina me ka poʻe mahiʻai no ka mea he mau mea kaua hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoweliweli i ka poʻe mahiʻai. [5], [8]
Ma Nigeria, aia ʻekolu kumu nui no ka puka ʻana o ka neo-pastoralism. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā holoholona me he mea lā he waiwai hoʻowalewale ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai. Hiki ke kūʻai ʻia kahi bipi kāne makua kāne ma Nigeria he US $1,000 a ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i nā pipi i wahi hoihoi no nā mea hoʻopukapuka. [5]
ʻO ka lua, aia kahi loulou pololei ma waena o ka neo-pastoralism a me nā hana kolohe ma Nigeria. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa kekahi mau mea noiʻi ʻo ka palaho ke kumu o ka hapa nui o nā kipi a me nā mea kaua i ka ʻāina. I ka makahiki 2014, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi o nā hana i hana ʻia e ke aupuni e pale ai i ka palaho, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻopiʻi kālā. ʻO kēia ka helu Bank Verification Number (BVN). ʻO ke kumu o ka BVN ka nānā ʻana i nā kālepa panakō a hōʻemi a hoʻopau paha i ka hoʻopiʻi kālā. [5]
Hoʻohana ka Bank Verification Number (BVN) i ka ʻenehana biometric e hoʻopaʻa inoa i kēlā me kēia mea kūʻai aku me nā waihona Nigerian āpau. Hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia mea kūʻai aku i kahi code ʻike kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i kā lākou mau moʻokāki āpau i hiki iā lākou ke nānā maʻalahi i nā hana ma waena o nā panakō he nui. ʻO ka pahuhopu e hōʻoia i ka ʻike maʻalahi o nā hana hoʻohuoi i ka hopu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana i nā kiʻi a me nā manamana lima o nā mea kūʻai panakō a pau, e paʻakikī ai ka waiho ʻana o nā kālā kīnā ʻole i loko o nā moʻokāki like ʻole e ka mea hoʻokahi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā nīnauele hohonu e ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka BVN no ka poʻe paʻa i ka ʻoihana politika e hūnā i ka waiwai hewa, a ʻo ka nui o nā moʻolelo i pili i ka poʻe kālai'āina a me kā lākou poʻe ʻohana, i hānai ʻia me nā kālā i ʻaihue ʻia, ua maloʻo ma hope o kona hoʻokomo ʻana.
Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka Central Bank of Nigeria "he mau piliona naira (kālā o Nigeria) a me nā miliona o nā kālā ʻē aʻe i paʻa i loko o nā waihona kālā ma kekahi mau panakō, me nā mea nona kēia mau moʻokāki i hoʻōki koke i ka hana ʻoihana me lākou. ʻO ka hopena, ua ʻike ʻia ma luna o 30 miliona "passive" a me nā moʻolelo i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o BVN ma Nigeria e 2020. [5]
ʻO nā nīnauele hohonu i alakaʻi ʻia e ka mea kākau i hōʻike ʻia he nui ka poʻe i waiho i nā kālā nui ma nā panakō Nigerian ma mua koke o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka Bank Verification Number (BVN) wikiwiki e hoʻihoʻi. He mau pule ma mua o ka lā palena no ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā lawelawe panakō no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi BVN, ke ʻike nei nā luna o ka panakō ma Nigeria i kahi kahawai maoli o ke kālā i loaʻa kālā ʻia mai nā lālā like ʻole o ka ʻāina. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ua ʻaihue ʻia kēia mau kālā āpau a i ʻole ka hopena o ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i ka mana, akā he mea paʻa i ka nui o nā poʻe kālai'āina ma Nigeria e hoʻololi nei i ke kālā i uku ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou makemake e mālama i ka nānā ʻana i ka panakō. [5]
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā kahe o nā kālā i loaʻa ʻole i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, me ka nui o nā holoholona i kūʻai ʻia. Ua ʻae ka poʻe loea palekana kālā mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o BVN, ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka waiwai i loaʻa ʻole e kūʻai i nā holoholona. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka makahiki 2019 he pipi makua ke kumukūʻai 200,000 - 400,000 Naira (600 a 110 USD) a ʻaʻohe mea hana e hoʻokumu ai i ka kuleana o nā pipi, ua maʻalahi i ka poʻe hewa ke kūʻai aku i nā haneli he nui no nā miliona o Naira. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai holoholona, me ka nui o nā holoholona nui i kēia manawa e ka poʻe i pili ʻole i ka hana ʻana i nā pipi ma ke ʻano he hana a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, me kekahi o nā mea nona nā ʻāina mamao loa mai ka ʻai ʻana. mau wahi. [5]
E like me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma luna nei, hoʻokumu kēia i kahi pilikia palekana koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāina ākea, ʻoiai ʻo nā kahu hānai mercenary i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.
ʻO ke kolu, wehewehe nā neopastoralists i ke ʻano hou o ka pilina neopatrimonial ma waena o nā mea nona a me nā kahu hānai me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilihune ma waena o ka poʻe i hana i ka ʻoihana. ʻOiai ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai holoholona i nā makahiki i hala iho nei a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka mahiʻai holoholona ma ka mākeke hoʻokuʻu aku, ʻaʻole i emi ka ʻilihune ma waena o nā mahiʻai holoholona. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ka ʻikepili mai nā mea noiʻi Nigerian, i nā makahiki 30-40 i hala iho nei, ua piʻi nui ka nui o nā kahu hānai ʻilihune. (Catley, Andy a me Alula Iyasu, Ke neʻe nei i luna a neʻe paha i waho? A Rapid Livelihoods and Conflict Analysis in Mieso-Mulu Woreda, Shinile Zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia, April 2010, Feinstein International Center).
No ka poʻe ma lalo o ke alapiʻi kaiaulu ma ke kaiāulu kahu hānai, ʻo ka hana ʻana no nā mea nona nā pua nui e lilo i mea koho wale no ke ola. Ma ke kahua neo-pastoral, hoʻonui i ka ʻilihune ma waena o ka poʻe kahu hānai, kahi e hoʻokuke aku ai i nā kahu hānai kuʻuna ma waho o ka ʻoihana, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea maʻalahi no ka "poʻe nona nā mea ʻole" ma ke ʻano he hana maʻalahi. Ma kekahi mau wahi i loaʻa i nā lālā o ka ʻaha kūkā politika nā pipi, loaʻa pinepine nā lālā o nā kaiāulu kahu hānai a i ʻole nā hui kahu o nā lāhui i komo i kēia hana no nā kenekulia, i kā lākou uku ma ke ʻano o ke kālā i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he "kākoʻo no ka kūloko. nā kaiāulu”. Ma kēia ala, ʻae ʻia ka waiwai i loaʻa i ke kānāwai. ʻO kēia pilina patron-client ka mea maʻamau ma ka ʻĀkau o Nigeria (home i ka heluna nui o nā kahu hānai kuʻuna, me ka Fulani), ka mea i ʻike ʻia e kōkua ʻia e nā luna ma kēia ʻano. [5]
Ma kēia hihia, hoʻohana ʻo Ajala Olayinka i ka hihia o Nigeria ma ke ʻano he hihia no ka ʻimi hohonu ʻana i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona hou o ka hakakā i hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia ka nui o ka nui o nā holoholona ma ka ʻāina ʻo West Africa a me ka Sub - Saharan Africa - ma kahi o 20 miliona poʻo. pipi. No laila, ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka nui o nā kahu hānai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā wahi ʻē aʻe, a he koʻikoʻi loa ka nui o nā hakakā ma ka ʻāina. [5]
Pono e hoʻokūpaʻaʻia maʻaneʻi e pili ana hoʻi i ka hoʻololi'āina o ke kikowaena o ka'umekaumaha a me ka mahiʻai neʻeʻana o ka pastoral a me nā paio e pili ana iā ia mai nā'āina o ka Horn o'Afelika, kahi i ka wā i hala aku nei i kākoʻo nuiʻia i West Africa a ʻo ia hoʻi - i Nigeria. ʻO ka nui o nā holoholona i hānai ʻia a me ka nui o nā hakakā e neʻe mālie ʻia mai nā ʻāina o ka Horn of Africa i ke komohana, a i kēia manawa ke kumu o kēia mau pilikia i kēia manawa ma Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Mauritania, Côte d 'Ivoire a me Senegal. Ua hōʻoia piha ʻia ka pololei o kēia ʻōlelo e ka ʻikepili o ka Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). Eia hou e like me ke kumu like, ʻo nā hakakā ʻo Nigeria a me nā make ma hope o mua o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe me nā pilikia like.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻike a Olayinka ma ka noiʻi kahua a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano qualitative e like me nā nīnauele hohonu i hana ʻia ma Nigeria ma waena o 2013 a me 2019. [5]
Ma ka ʻōlelo ākea, wehewehe ka haʻawina ʻo ka pastoralism kuʻuna a me ka pastoralism migratory e hāʻawi lohi nei i ka neopastoralism, kahi ʻano o ka pastoralism i ʻike ʻia e nā pua nui a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā mea kaua a me nā mea kaua e pale aku iā lākou. [5]
ʻO kekahi o nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka non-pastoralism ma Nigeria, ʻo ia ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka nui o nā hanana a no laila ke ʻano o ka ʻaihue holoholona a me ka ʻaihue ma nā kuaʻāina. ʻAʻole kēia he mea hou a ua ʻike ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi. Wahi a nā mea noiʻi e like me Aziz Olanian lāua ʻo Yahaya Aliyu, no nā makahiki he nui, ua "localized, seasonal, a lawe ʻia me nā mea kaua kuʻuna me ka haʻahaʻa o ka hana ʻino." (Olaniyan, Azeez a me Yahaya Aliyu, Cows, Bandits and Violent Conflicts: Understanding Cattle Rustling in Northern Nigeria, In: Africa Spectrum, Vol. 51, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 93 - 105).
Wahi a lākou, i loko o kēia wā lōʻihi (akā me he mea lā ua hala loa), ua hele pū ka ʻaihue pipi a me ka maikaʻi o nā kahu hānai, a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻaihue pipi ma ke ʻano he "mea hana no ka hāʻawi hou ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻāina e nā kaiāulu kahu hipa. ”. .
No ka pale ʻana i ka haunaele, ua hana nā alakaʻi o nā kaiāulu hānai i nā lula no ka ʻaihue pipi (!) ʻaʻole i ʻae i ka hana ʻino i nā wahine a me nā keiki. Ua pāpā ʻia ka pepehi ʻana i ka wā ʻaihue pipi.
Ua kau ʻia kēia mau lula ʻaʻole ma West Africa wale nō, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e Olanian a me Aliyu, akā ma East Africa, hema o ka Horn of Africa, no ka laʻana ma Kenya, kahi e hōʻike ai ʻo Ryan Trichet i kahi ala like. (Triche, Ryan, Pastoral conflict in Kenya: transforming mimetic violence to mimetic blessings between Turkana and Pokot community, African journal on Conflict Resolution, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 81-101).
I kēlā manawa, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka mahiʻai holoholona migratory a me ka pastoralism e nā hui lāhui kūikawā (ka Fulani koʻikoʻi i waena o lākou) e noho ana i nā kaiāulu pili a hui pū ʻia, kaʻana like i ka moʻomeheu like, nā waiwai a me ka hoʻomana, i kōkua i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā paio a me nā paio i kū mai. . hoʻoholo me ka piʻi ʻole i loko o nā ʻano hana ʻino loa. [5]
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka ʻaihue pipi i ka wā i hala aku nei, he mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a i kēia lā ke kumu o ka hana ʻaihue. I ka wā ma mua, ʻo ke kumu o ka ʻaihue pipi no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i kekahi mau poho o ka ʻohana, a i ʻole e uku i ke kumu kūʻai o ka wahine mare ma ka male ʻana, a i ʻole e hoʻohālikelike i kekahi mau ʻokoʻa o ka waiwai ma waena o kēlā me kēia ʻohana, akā ʻo ka ʻōlelo hoʻohālikelike "ʻaʻole ia he mea kūʻai aku. a ʻo ke kumu nui o ka ʻaihue, ʻaʻole ia no ka ʻimi ʻana i kekahi pahuhopu waiwai. A ma ʻaneʻi ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia kūlana ma West a me East Africa. (Fleisher, Michael L., "He maikaʻi ke kaua no ka ʻaihue!": ka Symbiosis of Crime and Warfare among the Kuria of Tanzania, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 72, No. 1, 2002, pp. 131 -149).
ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe ka hihia i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, i ka wā i ʻike ai mākou i ka ʻaihue holoholona i hoʻoikaika nui ʻia e ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka pōmaikaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻōlelo ma ke ʻano he "market oriented". Ua ʻaihue ʻia ka hapa nui no ka loaʻa kālā, ʻaʻole ma muli o ka huāhuā a i ʻole ka hemahema. ʻO ka laha ʻana o kēia mau ʻano a me nā hana e hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā kūlana e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o nā holoholona, ka piʻi ʻana o ka makemake i ka ʻiʻo ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, a me ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kaua. [5]
ʻO ka noiʻi a Aziz Olanian lāua ʻo Yahaya Aliyu e hoʻokumu a hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi loulou pololei ma waena o ka neo-pastoralism a me ka piʻi nui o ka ʻaihue holoholona ma Nigeria. ʻO nā hanana ma kekahi mau ʻāina o ʻApelika ua hoʻonui i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā mea kaua (proliferation) ma ka ʻāina, me ka mercenary neo-herdsmen i hoʻolako ʻia me nā mea kaua "palekana holoholona", i hoʻohana pū ʻia i ka ʻaihue pipi.
Hoʻonui i nā lima
Ua lawe ʻia kēia hanana i kahi ʻano hou ma hope o 2011, i ka wā i hoʻolaha ʻia ai nā ʻumi tausani o nā mea kaua liʻiliʻi mai Libya a i kekahi mau ʻāina ma Sahel Sahara, a me Sub-Saharan Africa ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa pihaʻia kēia mauʻike e ka "pane loea" i hoʻokumuʻia e ka UN Security Council, a me nā mea'ē aʻe, e nānā pū ana i ka hakakā ma Libya. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe loea i ka piʻi ʻana o Libya a me ka hakakā ʻana ma hope i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā mea kaua ʻaʻole wale ma nā ʻāina e pili ana i Libya, akā ma waena o ka ʻāina.
Wahi a nā poʻe loea o ka UN Security Council i hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻikepili kikoʻī mai 14 mau ʻāina ʻApelika, ʻo Nigeria kekahi o nā mea i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia e ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o nā mea kaua mai Libya. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kaua i Nigeria a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma o ka Central African Republic (CAR), me kēia mau moku e hoʻoulu ai i ka hakakā, ka palekana a me ka hoʻoweliweli i kekahi mau ʻāina o ʻApelika. (Strazzari, Francesco, Libyan Arms and Regional Insability, The International Spectator. Italian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 49, Issue 3, 2014, pp. 54-68).
ʻOiai ua lōʻihi ka hakakā ʻana o Libya a ke hoʻomau nei i ke kumu nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea kaua ma ʻApelika, aia kekahi mau hakakā ikaika e hoʻoulu nei i ka holo ʻana o nā mea kaua i nā hui like ʻole, me ka neo-pastoralists ma Nigeria a me ka Sahel. ʻO ka papa inoa o kēia mau hakakā ʻo South Sudan, Somalia, Mali, Central African Republic, Burundi a me ka Democratic Republic of Congo. Ua manaʻo ʻia ma ka mahina o Malaki 2017 aia ma luna o 100 miliona mau mea liʻiliʻi a me nā mea kaua māmā (SALW) ma nā wahi pilikia a puni ka honua, me ka nui o lākou e hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻApelika.
Ke ulu nui nei ka ʻoihana kalepa lima ʻole ma ʻApelika, kahi i maʻa mau ai nā palena "porous" a puni ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina, me nā mea kaua e neʻe wale ana ma o lākou. ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea kaua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lima o nā hui kipi a me nā pūʻulu hoʻoweliweli, ke hoʻohana nui nei nā kahu hānai i nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā mea kaua māmā (SALW). No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ākea nā kahu hānai ma Sudan a me South Sudan i kā lākou mau lima liʻiliʻi a me nā mea kaua māmā (SALW) no nā makahiki he 10. ʻOiai hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā kahu hānai maʻamau ma Nigeria e mālama ana i nā pipi me nā lāʻau ma ka lima, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau kahu hānai me nā lima liʻiliʻi a me nā mea kaua māmā (SALW) a ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia kekahi no ke komo ʻana i ka ʻaihue pipi. I loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ua piʻi nui ka nui o nā ʻaihue pipi, ʻo ka hopena o ka make ʻana o nā kahu hānai maʻamau, akā ʻo ka poʻe mahiʻai, nā mea mālama palekana a me nā kamaʻāina ʻē aʻe. (Adeniyi, Adesoji, ʻO ke kumukūʻai kanaka o nā mea kaua ʻole i ʻApelika, ka noiʻi cross-national ma nā ʻāina ʻehiku o ʻApelika, Malaki 2017, Oxfam Research Reports).
Ma waho aʻe o nā kahu hipa i hoʻolimalima ʻia e hoʻohana nei i nā mea kaua i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaihue pipi, aia kekahi poʻe pōā ʻoihana e hana nui nei i ka rustling pipi i kekahi mau wahi o Nigeria. 'Ōlelo pinepine nā Neo-herdsmen e pono ana lākou i ka palekana mai kēia mau pōā i ka weheweheʻana i ka hoʻouka kauaʻana o nā kahu hānai. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi o nā kahu holoholona i nīnauele ʻia e lawe lākou i nā mea kaua e pale aku iā lākou iho mai nā poʻe pōā e hoʻouka mai iā lākou me ka manaʻo e ʻaihue i kā lākou pipi. (Kuna, Mohammad J. a me Jibrin Ibrahim (eds.), Rural banditry a me nā hakakā ma ka'ākau o Nigeria, Center for Democracy and Development, Abuja, 2015, ISBN: 9789789521685, 9789521685).
Ua ʻōlelo ka National Secretary of the Miyetti Allah Livestock Breeders Association of Nigeria (kekahi o nā hui hoʻolāʻau holoholona nui loa ma ka ʻāina): “Inā ʻike ʻoe i kahi kanaka Fulani e lawe ana i kahi AK-47, no ka mea ua ulu nui ka ʻaihue pipi. ʻO kahi āna e noʻonoʻo ai inā he palekana ma ka ʻāina. " (Alakaʻi aupuni ʻo Fulani: No ke aha e lawe ai kā mākou poʻe kahu hānai i nā AK47., Mei 2, 2016, 1;58 pm, The News).
ʻO ka pilikia ma muli o ka hoʻohana manuahi ʻia ʻana o nā mea kaua i loaʻa no ka pale ʻana i ka pipi i ka wā e hakakā ai ma waena o nā kahu hipa a me nā mahiʻai. ʻO kēia hakakā ʻana o nā makemake e pili ana i nā holoholona lele i alakaʻi i ka heihei lima a hana i kahi kahua kaua e like me ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ka poʻe kahu hānai kahiko i lawe pū i nā mea kaua e pale aku iā lākou iho me kā lākou holoholona. Ke alakaʻi nei ka hoʻololi dynamics i nā nalu hou o ka hana ʻino a ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo ia he "pastoral conflict". [5]
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka helu a me ka ikaika o nā hakakā koʻikoʻi a me ka hana ʻino ma waena o nā mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai i manaʻo ʻia he hopena ia o ka ulu ʻana o ka neo-pastoralism. Ma waho o ka make ma muli o ka hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli, ʻo nā hakakā ma waena o ka poʻe mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai i helu i ka helu nui loa o nā make pili i ka hakakā ma 2017. (Kazeem, Yomi, Nigeria i kēia manawa he ʻoi aku ka hoʻoweliweli palekana kūloko ma mua o Boko Haram, Ianuali 19, 2017, Quarz).
ʻOiai ʻo nā hakakā a me nā hakakā ma waena o ka poʻe mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai neʻe he mau kenekulia, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ka wā ma mua o ke au colonial, ua loli nui ka dynamics o kēia mau hakakā. (Ajala, Olayinka, No ke aha e piʻi ai nā hakakā ma waena o nā mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai ma Sahel, Mei 2nd, 2018, 2.56 pm CEST, The Conversation).
I ka wā pre-colonial, noho pinepine nā kahu hānai a me nā mahiʻai i kahi ʻaoʻao i kahi symbiosis ma muli o ke ʻano o ka mahiʻai a me ka nui o nā pua. ʻAi nā holoholona i ka ʻōpala i waiho ʻia e ka poʻe mahiʻai ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana, ʻo ka pinepine i ka wā maloʻo i ka wā e neʻe ai ka poʻe kahu hānai i kā lākou holoholona i ka hema e ʻai i laila. Ma ke kūʻai ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana a me ka pono o ke komo ʻana i hāʻawi ʻia e ka poʻe mahiʻai, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka lepo pipi e ka poʻe mahiʻai i mea momona maoli no kā lākou ʻāina mahiʻai. He wā kēia o nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi a me ka mālama ʻohana i nā bipi, a ua pōmaikaʻi nā mea mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai i ko lākou ʻike. I kēlā me kēia manawa, i ka wā e hānai ai i nā holoholona i hoʻopau i nā hua mahiʻai a ala mai nā hakakā, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā ʻano hoʻonā hakakā kūloko a ua hao ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai, maʻamau me ka ʻole o ka hana ʻino. [5] Eia kekahi, ua hana pinepine ka poe mahiai a me na kahu holoholona i na papa hana kuai palaoa no ka waiu i hooikaika i ko lakou mau pilina.
Eia naʻe, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia ʻano o ka mahiʻai. ʻO nā pilikia e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hana mahiʻai, ka pahū ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, ka ulu ʻana o ka mākeke a me nā pilina kapitalista, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ka emi ʻana o ka wahi o Lake Chad, ka hoʻokūkū no ka ʻāina a me ka wai, ke kuleana e hoʻohana i nā ala pastoral migratory, maloʻo. a ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka wao nahele ( desertification), hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻokoʻa lāhui a me nā manipulations politika i ʻōlelo ʻia he kumu no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka dynamics o ka pilina o ka mahiʻai-migratory holoholona hānai. Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Davidheiser lāua ʻo Luna i ka hui ʻana o ka colonization a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka pilina o ka mākeke-capitalist ma ʻApelika ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka hakakā ma waena o nā kahu hānai a me nā mahiʻai ma ka ʻāina. (Davidheiser, Mark a me Aniuska Luna, Mai Hoʻohui i ka Kū'ē: He Hōʻuluʻulu Moʻolelo o Farmet - Fulbe Relations in West Africa, African Journal on Conflict Resolution, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008, pp. 77 - 104).
Hoʻopaʻapaʻa lākou i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kānāwai kuleana ʻāina i hana ʻia i ka wā colonial, i hui pū ʻia me nā loli i nā ʻano mahiʻai ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano mahiʻai hou e like me ka mahiʻai irrigated a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā "schemes to accustom migratory pastoralists to a settled life". ka pilina symbiotic mua ma waena o ka poʻe mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai, e hoʻonui ana i ka hiki ke hakakā ma waena o kēia mau hui kaiaulu.
ʻO ka loiloi a Davidheiser lāua ʻo Luna e hāʻawi ai i ka hoʻohui ʻana ma waena o nā pilina mākeke a me nā ʻano hana hou o kēia manawa ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻololi ʻana mai "ka pilina pili" ma waena o nā mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai i ka "marketization and commodification" a me ka commoditization o ka hana). ke koi koi no nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe ma waena o nā ʻāina ʻelua a hoʻopau i ka pilina symbiotic mua.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka hakakā ma waena o nā mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai ma West Africa. Ma kahi noiʻi nui i hana ʻia ma Kano State, Nigeria ma 2010, ua ʻike ʻo Haliru i ka komo ʻana o ka wao akua i loko o ka ʻāina mahiʻai ma ke ʻano he kumu nui o ka hakakā waiwai e alakaʻi ana i nā paio ma waena o nā kahu hānai a me nā mahiʻai ma ka ʻĀkau o Nigeria. (Halliru, Salisu Lawal, Security Implication of Climate Change Between Farmers and Cattle Rearers in Northern Nigeria: A Case Study of Three Communities in Kura Local Government of Kano State. In: Leal Filho, W. (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015).
Ua hoʻololi ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā pae ua i ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻe kahu hipa, me ka neʻe ʻana o nā kahu hānai i ka hema i nā wahi i ʻai ʻole ʻia kā lākou mau pua i nā makahiki i hala. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia ka hopena o nā maloʻo lōʻihi ma ka ʻāina wao nahele ʻo Sudan-Sahel, i lilo i mea koʻikoʻi mai 1970. (Fasona, Mayowa J. a me AS Omojola, Climate Change, Human Security and Communal Clashes in Nigeria, 22 - 23 June 2005, Nā hana o ka International Workshop on Human Security and Climate Change, Holmen Fjord Hotel, Asker kokoke i Oslo, Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS), Oslo).
ʻO kēia ʻano hou o ka neʻe ʻana e hoʻonui i ke kaomi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ʻāina a me ka lepo, e alakaʻi ana i nā paio ma waena o nā mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai. Ma nā hihia ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o ka mahiʻai a me nā kaiāulu hānai i kōkua pū i ke kaomi ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
ʻOiai ʻo nā pilikia i helu ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ua kōkua i ka hohonu o ka hakakā, aia kekahi ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia i nā makahiki i hala aku nei e pili ana i ka ikaika, nā ʻano mea kaua i hoʻohana ʻia, nā ʻano o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka nui o nā make i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hakakā. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā hoʻouka ʻana i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala, ʻoi loa ma Nigeria.
Hōʻike ka ʻikepili mai ka ACLED database ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hakakā mai ka makahiki 2011, e hōʻike ana i kahi loulou hiki i ke kaua kīwila Libya a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea kaua. ʻOiai ua piʻi aʻe ka nui o nā hoʻouka kaua a me ka nui o nā poʻe i make i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka hakakā Libyan, ua hōʻoia nā helu no Nigeria i ka nui o ka piʻi a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka pilikia, e hōʻike ana i ka pono o ka ʻike hohonu o ka nā mea nui o ka hakakā.
Wahi a Olayinka Ajala, ʻelua mau pilina nui e kū nei ma waena o ke ʻano a me ka ikaika o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka non-pastoralism. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ke ʻano o nā mea kaua a me nā mea kaua i hoʻohana ʻia e nā kahu hipa a ʻo ka lua, ʻo ka poʻe i komo i ka hoʻouka ʻana. [5] ʻO kahi mea nui i ʻike ʻia i kāna noiʻi ʻana, ʻo nā mea kaua i kūʻai ʻia e nā kahu hānai no ka pale ʻana i kā lākou holoholona e hoʻohana pū ʻia i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā mahiʻai ke kū ʻole nā ala ʻai ʻai a i ʻole ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai e nā kahu hānai. [5]
Wahi a Olayinka Ajala, i nā manawa he nui nā ʻano mea kaua i hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe hoʻouka kaua e hāʻawi i ka manaʻo e loaʻa i nā kahu hānai ke kākoʻo i waho. ʻO ka mokuʻāina ʻo Taraba ma North-Eastern Nigeria kahi i ʻōlelo ʻia e like me ke ʻano hoʻohālike. Ma hope o nā hoʻouka kaua lōʻihi e nā kahu hānai ma ka moku'āina, ua hoʻonohonoho ke aupuni pekelala i nā koa kokoke i nā kaiāulu i hoʻopilikia ʻia e pale aku i nā hoʻouka hou aku. ʻOiai ke kau ʻana o nā pūʻali koa i nā kaiāulu i hoʻopilikia ʻia, ua hoʻokō ʻia kekahi mau hoʻouka kaua me nā mea pepehi kanaka, me nā pū mīkini.
ʻO ka Luna Hoʻomalu o Takum Area Local Government, Taraba State,ʻo Mr. Shiban Tikari i loko o ka hālāwai ninaninau me "Daily Post Nigeria" i'ōleloʻia, "ʻO nā kahu hānai e hele mai nei i ko mākou kaiaulu me nā pū mīkini,ʻaʻole lākou nā kahu hānai kahiko a mākou iʻike ai a pili i ke ola. makahiki ma ka lalani; Manaʻo wau ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia paha lākou i mau lālā o Boko Haram. [5]
Loaʻa nā hōʻike ikaika loa e pili ana nā ʻāpana o nā kaiāulu hānai i nā mea kaua a ke hana nei lākou ma ke ʻano he pūʻali koa. No ka laʻana, ua haʻaheo kekahi o nā alakaʻi o ke kaiāulu kahu hānai i ka hālāwai ninaninau ua hoʻokō kūleʻa kāna hui i nā hoʻouka ʻana i kekahi mau kaiāulu mahiʻai ma ka ʻĀkau o Nigeria. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole makaʻu kāna hui i ka pūʻali koa a ʻōlelo ʻo ia: “Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o 800 mau pu raifela [semi-auto], nā pū mīkini; i kēia manawa ua loaʻa i nā Fulani nā pōkā a me nā lole koa. (Salkida, Ahmad, Kūʻokoʻa ma nā kahu hānai Fulani: "Loaʻa iā mākou nā pū mīkini, nā pōkā a me nā lole koa koa", Jauro Buba; 07/09/2018). Ua hōʻoia pū ʻia kēia ʻōlelo e nā mea ʻē aʻe i nīnau ʻia e Olayinka Ajala.
ʻO nā ʻano mea kaua a me nā mea kaua i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā kahu hipa i nā mahiʻai ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā kahu hānai maʻamau a ʻo kēia ka mea e hoʻopiʻi pono ai i nā neo-herdsmen. I loko o kahi ninaninau me kahi luna koa, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki i nā kahu hānai ʻilihune me nā pua liʻiliʻi ke kūʻai aku i nā pu raifela a me nā ʻano mea kaua i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea hoʻouka. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ke kahaha nei au pehea e hiki ai i kahi kahu hipa ʻilihune ke loaʻa i kahi pū mīkini a i ʻole nā grenades lima i hoʻohana ʻia e kēia mau mea hoʻouka?
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻoihana kāna kānana kumukūʻai ponoʻī, a ʻaʻole hiki i nā kahu hipa kūloko ke hoʻokomo i nā mea kaua e pale ai i kā lākou ʻohana liʻiliʻi. No ke kanaka e hoʻolilo i nā kālā nui e kūʻai i kēia mau mea kaua, pono paha ua hoʻokomo nui lākou i kēia mau pua a i ʻole e manaʻo e ʻaihue i nā pipi he nui e hiki ai ke hoʻihoʻi i kā lākou hoʻopukapuka. Hōʻike hou kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā hui kalaima i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a i ʻole nā cartels i kēia manawa ke komo nei i nā holoholona lele". [5]
Ua'ōlelo kekahi mea pane'ē aʻe,ʻaʻole hiki i nā kahu hānai maʻamau ke uku i ke kumukūʻai o ka AK47, e kūʻai aku ana no US $ 1,200 - US $ 1,500 ma ka mākekeʻeleʻele ma Nigeria. Eia kekahi, i ka makahiki 2017, ua ʻōlelo ka lālā o ka Parliament e pani ana i ka mokuʻāina ʻo Delta (South-South Region) i ka Hale o ka Hale Ahaolelo, ʻo Evans Ivuri, he helikopter i ʻike ʻole ʻia e hāʻawi mau i kekahi mau kahu hānai ma ka wao nahele ʻo Owre-Abraka i ka mokuʻāina, kahi a lākou. noho me ka lakou bipi. Wahi a ka luna kānāwai, ʻoi aku ma mua o 5,000 mau pipi a ma kahi o 2,000 mau kahu hipa e noho ana ma ka nahele. Ke hōʻike hou nei kēia mau ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi i ka manaʻo o kēia mau pipi.
Wahi a Olayinka Ajala, ʻo ka lua o ka loulou ma waena o ke ʻano a me ka ikaika o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka non-pastoralism ʻo ia ka ʻike o ka poʻe i komo i ka hoʻouka ʻana. Nui nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka ʻike o nā kahu hānai i komo i ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka poʻe mahiʻai, me ka nui o ka poʻe hoʻouka ʻia he mau kahu hipa.
Ma nā wahi he nui i noho pū ai ka poʻe mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai no nā makahiki he nui, ʻike ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā kahu hānai e ʻai ana nā holoholona a puni kā lākou mahiʻai, nā manawa a lākou e lawe mai ai i kā lākou holoholona, a me ka nui o ka nui o nā holoholona. I kēia mau lā, aia nā hoʻopiʻi e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pua, he malihini nā kahu hānai i nā mahiʻai a paʻa i nā mea kaua weliweli. Hoʻololi kēia mau hoʻololi i ka hoʻokele kuʻuna o nā paio ma waena o nā mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a i kekahi manawa hiki ʻole. [5]
Ua haʻi aku ka Pelekikena o Ussa Local Government Council - Taraba State,ʻo Mr. Rimamsikwe Karma,ʻo nā kahu hānai i hana i ka hoʻouka kaua ma luna o ka poʻe mahiʻai,ʻaʻole lākou he mau kahu hānai maʻamau iʻikeʻia e nā poʻe o ka'āina, e'ōlelo ana he "malihini". Ua ʻōlelo ke poʻo o ka ʻaha kūkā "ʻo nā kahu hipa i hele mai ma hope o ka pūʻali i ka ʻāina i alakaʻi ʻia e ko mākou ʻaha kūkā, ʻaʻole lākou i aloha i ko mākou poʻe, no mākou he poʻe ʻike ʻole lākou a pepehi lākou i nā kānaka". [5]
Ua hōʻoiaʻiʻoʻia kēia koi e ka pūʻali koa Nigerian, ka mea i'ōleloʻia ua "kākoʻoʻia" nā kahu hipa malihini i komo i ka hanaʻino a me ka hoʻouka kauaʻana i ka poʻe mahiʻai aʻaʻole nā kahu hānai maʻamau. (Fabiyi, Olusola, Olaleye Aluko a me John Charles, Benue: Kākoʻo ʻia nā kahu hānai pepehi kanaka, wahi a ka pūʻali koa, ʻApelila 27-th, 2018, Punch).
Ua wehewehe ke Komisina Makai Moku'āinaʻo Kano i loko o kahi hālāwai ninaninau he nui nā kahu hipa i hopuʻia mai nā'āina e like me Senegal, Mali a me Chad. [5] He mea hōʻike hou aʻe kēia e hoʻonui nei nā kahu hānai i nā kahu hānai kuʻuna.
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole nā paio a pau ma waena o nā kahu hānai a me nā mahiʻai ma kēia mau wahi no ka neo-pastoralism. Hōʻike nā hanana hou i ka nui o nā kahu hānai kuʻuna e lawe nei i nā mea kaua. Eia kekahi, ʻo kekahi o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka poʻe mahiʻai he hoʻopaʻi a me ka hoʻopaʻi no ka pepehi ʻana i nā holoholona e nā mahiʻai. ʻOiai ke ʻōlelo nei ka nui o nā mea hoʻolaha nui ma Nigeria ʻo nā kahu hānai ka poʻe hana ʻino i ka hapa nui o nā hakakā, ua hōʻike ʻia nā nīnauele hohonu e hoʻopaʻi ana kekahi o nā hoʻouka ʻana i ka poʻe mahiʻai noho no ka pepehi ʻana i nā holoholona a nā kahu hānai e nā mahiʻai.
Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻaʻole i hūnā ka lāhui Berom ma Plateau State (kekahi o nā lāhui nui loa o ka'āina) i kona hoʻowahāwahā i nā kahu hānai a i kekahi manawa ua hele i ka pepehiʻana i kā lākou holoholona e pale ai i kaʻaiʻana i ko lākou mau'āina. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻopaʻi a me ka hana ʻino e nā kahu hānai, i ka hopena i ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā haneli o nā kānaka mai ka lāhui Berom. (Idowu, Aluko Opeyemi, Urban Violance Dimension in Nigeria: Farmers and Herders Onslaught, AGATHOS, Vol. 8, Issue 1 (14), 2017, p. 187-206); (Akov, Emmanuel Terkimbi, The resources-conflict debate revisited: Untangling the case of farmer-pherdsmen clashes in the North Central region of Nigeria, Vol. 26, 2017, Issue 3, African Security Review, pp. 288 - 307).
I ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka poʻe mahiʻai, ua hoʻokumu kekahi mau kaiāulu mahiʻai i nā mākaʻi e pale aku i ka hoʻouka ʻana i ko lākou mau kaiāulu a i ʻole i hoʻomaka i nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā kaiāulu hānai, e hoʻonui hou i ka huhū ma waena o nā hui.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻoiai ke hoʻomaopopo maʻamau nei ka poʻe elite i ke ʻano o kēia hakakā, hoʻokani pinepine ka poʻe kālai'āina i ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana a i ʻole ka uhi ʻana i kēia hakakā, nā hopena kūpono, a me ka pane o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Nigerian. ʻOiai ua kūkākūkā lōʻihi ʻia nā hoʻonā kūpono e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hānai; e hoopau ana i na kahu bipi i kaua; pono no ka poe mahiai; ka palekana o nā kaiaulu mahiʻai; ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia hoʻololi ea; a me ka hakakā ʻana i ka ʻāhuehu pipi, ua hoʻopiha ʻia ka hakakā me nā helu kālaiʻāina, a he mea paʻakikī loa ka hoʻoholo ʻana.
E pili ana i nā moʻolelo kālaiʻāina, aia kekahi mau nīnau. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēia paio i ka lāhui a me ka hoʻomana e hoʻohuli pinepine i ka manaʻo mai nā pilikia kumu a hoʻokumu i ka māhele ma waena o nā kaiāulu i hoʻohui mua ʻia. ʻOiai ʻaneʻane no Fulani nā kahu hānai a pau, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hoʻouka kaua e kūʻē i nā lāhui ʻē aʻe. Ma mua o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia i ʻike ʻia ma ke kumu o ka hakakā, hoʻoikaika pinepine ka poʻe kālai'āina i nā hoʻoikaika lāhui no ia e hoʻonui i ko lākou kaulana a hana i ka "patronage" e like me nā hakakā ʻē aʻe ma Nigeria. (Berman, Bruce J., Ethnicity, Patronage and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism, Vol. 97, Issue 388, African Affairs, July 1998, pp. 305 - 341); (Arriola, Leonardo R., Patronage and Political Stability in Africa, Vol. 42, Issue 10, Comparative Political Studies, ʻOkakopa 2009).
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā alakaʻi hoʻomana ikaika, lāhui a me nā alakaʻi kālai'āina e hana pinepine i nā hana kālai'āina a me ka lāhui i ka wā e hoʻoponopono ikaika ai i ka pilikia, e hoʻoulu pinepine ana ma mua o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā haunaele. (Princewill, Tabia, ʻO ka politika o ka ʻeha o ke kanaka ʻilihune: Herdsmen, nā mahiʻai a me ka hoʻopunipuni elite, Ianuali 17, 2018, Vanguard).
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa hānai ʻana i hoʻopaʻapaʻa pinepine ʻia a pena ʻia ma ke ʻano e pili ana i ka marginalization o ka Fulani a i ʻole ka mālama ʻana i ka Fulani, ma muli o ka mea i komo i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa. I Iune 2018, ma hope o ka hoʻoholo ʻana o kekahi mau mokuʻāina i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka hakakā e hoʻolauna i nā kānāwai anti-grazing i ko lākou mau ʻāina, ʻo ke Aupuni Pekelala o Nigeria, i ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻopau i ka hakakā a hāʻawi i kahi hopena kūpono, hoʻolaha i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻolilo i 179 billion naira ( ma kahi o 600 miliona US kālā) no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā māla holoholona o ke ʻano "ranch" ma nā mokuʻāina he ʻumi o ka ʻāina. (Obogo, Chinelo, Uproar ma luna o nā mea hānai pipi i manaʻo ʻia ma nā mokuʻāina 10. ʻO Igbo, Middle Belt, nā hui Yoruba e hōʻole i ka hoʻolālā FG, Iune 21, 2018, The Sun).
ʻOiai ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa kekahi mau pūʻulu ma waho o nā kaiāulu kahu hānai he ʻoihana kūʻokoʻa ka pastoralism a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻolilo i ka lehulehu, ua hōʻole pū ka poʻe kahu hānai neʻe i ka manaʻo ma ke kumu ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻokaumaha i ke kaiāulu Fulani, e pili ana i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka neʻe ʻana o ka Fulani. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi mau lālā o ke kaiāulu holoholona e "hoʻohana ʻia nei nā kānāwai holoholona i manaʻo ʻia e kekahi poʻe ma ke ʻano he hoʻolaha e lanakila ai i nā balota i ke koho balota 2019". [5]
ʻO ka politicization o ka hihia, i hui pū ʻia me ke ʻano hana maʻamau o ke aupuni, e hana i kekahi hana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hakakā ʻaʻole hoihoi i nā ʻaoʻao i pili.
ʻO ke kolu, ʻo ka hōʻole ʻana o ke aupuni Nigerian i nā hui lawehala i koi i ke kuleana no ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā kaiāulu mahiʻai i ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana no ka pepehi ʻana i nā holoholona e pili ana i ka makaʻu o ka haki ʻana i ka pilina patron-client. ʻOiai ʻo ka Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association o Nigeria (MACBAN) i hōʻoia i ka pepehi ʻana o nā kānaka he nui ma Plateau State ma 2018 ma ke ʻano he hoʻopaʻi no ka pepehi ʻana i nā bipi 300 e nā kaiāulu mahiʻai, ua hōʻole ke aupuni e hana i kekahi hana kūʻē i ka hui e ʻōlelo ana ʻo ia. he hui moʻomeheu e hōʻike ana i nā pono o ka Fulani. (Umoru, Henry, Marie-Therese Nanlong, Johnbosco Agbakwuru, Joseph Erunke a me Dirisu Yakubu, Plateau pepehi kanaka, hoʻopaʻi no ka nalowale 300 bipi - Miyetti Allah, Iune 26, 2018, Vanguard). Ua lawe 'ia ma lalo o ka malu o ke aupuni no ka mea, 'o ka pelekikena o ia manawa (Peresidena Buhari) no ka lāhui Fulani.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hiki ʻole o ka poʻe elite aliʻi o Nigeria e hoʻoponopono i ka hopena o ka neo-pastoral dimension o ka hakakā e hoʻopiʻi i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi. Ma kahi o ke kamaʻilio ʻana i nā kumu e ulu nui ai ka pastoralism, ke nānā nei ke aupuni i nā ʻano lāhui a me ka hoʻomana o ka hakakā. Eia kekahi, nui nā mea nona nā bipi nui i nā elite koʻikoʻi me ka mana nui, e paʻakikī ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā hana hewa. Inā ʻaʻole i loiloi pono ʻia ke ʻano neo-pastoral o ka hakakā a ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia kahi ala kūpono i ia mea, ʻaʻole paha e loli ke kūlana o ka ʻāina a ʻike mākou i ka pōʻino o ke kūlana.
Nā Kumuwaiwai i hoʻohana ʻia:
Hāʻawi ʻia ka papa inoa piha o nā palapala i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka ʻāpana mua a me ka lua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma ka hopena o ka hapa mua o ka loiloi, i paʻi ʻia ma lalo o ke poʻo inoa "Sahel - hakakā, hoʻokahuli a me nā pōkā neʻe". ʻO kēlā mau kumu wale nō i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka hapakolu o kēia manawa o ka loiloi - "The Fulani, Neopastoralism and Jihadism in Nigeria" i hāʻawi ʻia ma lalo nei.
Hāʻawi ʻia nā kumu hou i loko o ka kikokikona.
[5] Ajala, Olayinka, Nā mea hoʻokele hou o ka hakakā ma Nigeria: kahi loiloi o nā hakakā ma waena o nā mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai, Third World Quarterly, Volume 41, 2020, Issue 12, (paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele 09 September 2020), pp. 2048-2066,
[8] Brottem, Leif a me Andrew McDonnell, Pastoralism and Conflict in the Sudano-Sahel: A Review of the Literature, 2020, Search for Common Ground,
[38] ʻO Sangare, Boukary, Fulani poʻe a me Jihadism ma Sahel a me ʻApelika Komohana, Pepeluali 8, 2019, Observatoire o Arab-Muslim World a me Sahel, The Fondation pour la recherche stratégique (FRS).
Kiʻi na Tope A. Asokere: https://www.pexels.com/photo/low-angle-view-of-protesters-with-a-banner-5632785/
Nānā e pili ana i ka mea kākau:
ʻO Teodor Detchev he kumu aʻoaʻo piha manawa ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ka palekana a me ka waiwai (VUSI) - Plovdiv (Bulgaria) mai 2016.
Ua aʻo ʻo ia ma New Bulgarian University - Sofia a ma VTU "St. St. Cyril and Methodius”. Ke aʻo nei ʻo ia ma VUSI, a ma UNSS pū kekahi. ʻO kāna mau papa aʻo nui: ʻO ka pilina ʻoihana a me ka palekana, nā pilina ʻoihana ʻEulopa, ʻO ka sociology waiwai (ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania a me Bulgarian), Ethnosociology, Ethno-political a me nā hakakā aupuni, Terrorism a me nā pepehi kanaka politika - nā pilikia politika a me ka sociological, Hoʻomohala kūpono o nā hui.
ʻO ia ka mea kākau o nā hana ʻepekema ʻoi aku ma mua o 35 e pili ana i ke kūpaʻa ahi o nā hale kūkulu hale a me ke kūʻē ʻana o nā pūpū kila cylindrical. ʻO ia ka mea kākau ma luna o 40 mau hana e pili ana i ka sociology, ka ʻepekema politika a me nā pilina ʻoihana, me nā monographs: Nā pilina ʻoihana a me ka palekana - ʻāpana 1. Nā ʻae ʻana i ka lehulehu i ka hui ʻana (2015); ʻO ka pilina o ke kula a me ka pilina ʻoihana (2012); Kūkākūkā Kaiāulu ma ka Māhele Palekana (2006); "Nā ʻano hana maʻalahi" a me (Post) Nā Pili Hana ma Central a me ʻEulopa Hikina (2006).
Ua kākau pū ʻo ia i nā puke: Innovations in collective bargaining. Nā ʻano ʻEulopa a me Bulgaria; ʻO nā mea hana Bulgaria a me nā wahine ma ka hana; Kūkākūkā Kaiāulu a me ka hana ʻana o nā wahine ma ke kahua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka biomass ma Bulgaria. I kēia mau lā ua hana ʻo ia i nā pilikia o ka pilina ma waena o nā pilina ʻoihana a me ka palekana; ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hoʻomohala hoʻoweliweli honua; nā pilikia ethnosociological, nā hakakā lāhui a me nā lāhui-hoʻomana.
He lālā o ka International Labor and Employment Relations Association (ILERA), ka American Sociological Association (ASA) a me ka Bulgarian Association for Political Science (BAPN).
Social democrat e nā manaʻo politika. I ka manawa 1998 - 2001, he Hope Kuhina ʻo ia no ka Labour and Social Policy. Luna Hoʻoponopono o ka nūpepa "Svoboden Narod" mai 1993 a 1997. Luna Hoʻokele o ka nūpepa "Svoboden Narod" ma 2012 - 2013. Hope Lunahoomalu a me ka luna o SSI i ka manawa 2003 - 2011. Luna Hoʻokele o "Industrial Policies" ma AIKB mai 2014 .a hiki i keia la. He lālā o NSTS mai 2003 a i 2012.
