Ua wehewehe ʻo psychologist Lisa Cosgrove, he polopeka ma ke Kulanui o Massachusetts ʻOi aku ma mua o 5% o nā keiki kula ʻōpio e lawe i nā lāʻau psychotropic i kēlā me kēia lā. A ʻoiai ua ʻōlelo ʻia kēia ma muli o kahi noiʻi i hana ʻia e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻāina, kahi i pau ʻole ai ka psychiatry a me ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau i ka hana ʻana i nā maʻi noʻonoʻo mau loa.
I ka makahiki 1980 ma United States, ua kuhikuhi ʻia he 30 miliona pahu o nā antidepressants, i ka makahiki 2012 ua hōʻea kēia helu i 264 miliona mau kauoha. He aha ke kumu o kēia hoʻi hou ʻana? He aha ka mea i hana mai 2012 a hiki i kēia lā? Malia paha he maʻalahi ka pane e like me ka pōʻino: ua lilo ka maʻi noʻonoʻo i ʻoihana e loaʻa ai nā piliona kālā i ka loaʻa kālā.
I ka makahiki 2014, ua paʻi ʻia kekahi puke i haʻi mua ʻia e aʻu ma nā hōʻike mua, akā ua loaʻa iā ia i kēia manawa ke kūpono kūikawā no ka mea ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nei nā hoʻopiʻi like ʻole ma nā mea hoʻopuka like ʻole; e pili ana He maʻi noʻonoʻo mākou a pau?, mai ka polopeka hanohano emeritus o ke keena o Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ma ke Kulanui o Durham, ma North Carolina. Akā, no ke aha i pili pono ai kēia puke, no ka mea, ʻo kāna mea kākau, ʻo Allen Frances, ʻo ia ka pelekikena o ka hui hana DSM IV a he ʻāpana o ka hui hoʻokele DSM III.
Ua haʻi ʻo ia iā ia iho i nā makahiki ma hope mai ua komo ʻo ia i kēlā mau papahana Ma hope o ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o ka DSM-V ma Mei 2013, ʻaʻohe ʻano kanaka i hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia he "maʻi noʻonoʻo" a, no laila, hiki ke "hoʻoponopono" ma o nā lāʻau lapaʻau nona nā hopena ʻaoʻao he nui. .
Ma lalo o ka inoa DSM huna i ka inoa hewa Ka Papa HanaʻIke a me Heluhelu o nā Mino Lō. Ua hōʻole ʻia kēia manual e nā kauka a me nā psychiatrist mai ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ma waena o lākou ʻo Allen Frances i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ka mea i komo ikaika i kekahi o nā puke, akā naʻe koke a ma ke ʻano o ʻO ke aupuni o ka ʻeha e ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻAmelika ʻo Patrick Radeen Keefe, kahi mea kākau moʻolelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo Robert Whitaker i hele pū ʻia me ka psychologist Lisa Cosgrove, e ʻike i kāna puke Psychiatry ma lalo o ka mana, unuhi ʻia i ka ʻōlelo Sepania a hiki paha i nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe i ka hapalua o ka honua, ʻoiai nā hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe. hamau kona hoolaha ana . Ma laila lākou e haʻi ai i ka moʻolelo pehea ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā maʻi noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā lāʻau psychotropic a puni ka honua. ʻO ka mea nāna i kākau i luna ʻo Daniel Arjona, he mea kākau moʻolelo mai ka nūpepa ʻo El Mundo nāna i paʻi ma ka Pōʻalima, Kepakemapa 1, 2023, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻelua mau mea nui.
ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo nā ʻōlelo hoihoi a Kauka Cosgrove i hoʻouna aku iā ia ma ka leka uila kahi āna i kau ai i ka manaʻo ma kahi kumuhana hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia. (…) I nā makahiki he 35 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻololi ka psychiatry i ka moʻomeheu ʻAmelika. Ua hoʻololi i ko mākou manaʻo i ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e nā keiki "maʻamau", a ʻoi aku ma mua o 5% o ka poʻe ʻōpio o ke kula e lawe nei i ka lāʻau psychotropic i kēlā me kēia lā. "Ua hoʻololi i kā mākou ʻano ma ke ʻano he poʻe mākua a, ʻoi aku hoʻi, ke ala a mākou e ʻimi ai e hoʻokō i ke kaumaha a me nā pilikia i ko mākou ola." A ʻo ia ke kumu i hāʻule ai ka miliona o ka poʻe a puni ka honua i nā lima o nā lāʻau lapaʻau psychotropic me ka hōʻoia psychiatric. A maoli imprudence, a nonsense.
ʻO ka nīnau ʻelua a Whitaker lāua ʻo Cosgrove e hoʻāʻo e pane i kā lāua puke, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻatikala a Arjona, penei: (…) He aha ka thesis o kēia hoʻololi i ka holoʻokoʻa? Mai ka paʻi ʻana i ka makahiki 1980 o ke kolu a me ka manaʻo hoʻoholo o ka DSM (i kēia lā he ʻelima, aia lākou a pau i ke kūkākūkā ʻana), ua hāʻule ka psychiatry i ka palaho ʻoihana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua: ʻo ia o nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau nui a me nā "union influences" i hōʻike ʻia e kahi ʻAhahui Psychiatric ʻAmelika ikaika i ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i kāna ʻoihana. Ma hope o ka ʻōlelo ʻana i luna, paipai wau iā ʻoe e heluhelu i kekahi o nā ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma lalo o kaʻu pūlima e pili ana i nā antidepressants a me ka ʻoihana komisina kānāwai ʻole ma Kina, no ka laʻana, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka nui o ka pōʻino a ke kanaka. ʻO DSM ka hewa? ʻAʻole loa. Aia ka hewa me kahi ʻōnaehana e hiki ai i nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau nui ke hoʻolaha maʻalahi i nā lāʻau "hauʻoli" no nā ʻano pilikia āpau. ʻO kekahi mea like me ka mea i hana i kēlā manawa me ADHD (Attention Deficit Hypersensitivity Disorder). I ka makahiki 1990 (1990), ua noho ʻole kēia "maʻi" i kahi kihi liʻiliʻi i ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻoihana lāʻau nui a nui, ʻo ka loaʻa kālā i hana ʻia e kēia maʻi ʻaʻole i hiki i 70 miliona mau kālā, akā i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope, i ka wā i paʻi ʻia ai ka DSM IV. , ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻoihana nui. Ua wehe ka psychiatrist i ka puka me ko lākou mau manaʻo diagnostic a ua hana ʻia nā patent, e hoʻomaka ana e hana i kahi hoʻolaha hoʻolaha nui e pili ana i nā maʻi (ka lehulehu) a me nā kauka. Ua ʻike nā kānaka a pau i ka hāmama ʻana o ka lani i ka wā i ʻae ʻia ai me ka pila, e pau ka uē ʻana o nā keiki "hyperactive", a loaʻa i nā kumu a me nā ʻohana nā manawa hoʻomaha. Ua "kūʻai" ka hui i ka pōmaikaʻi a me ka slogan "E kūkākūkā i kāu kauka", I loko o nā makahiki liʻiliʻi wale nō, ua pākolu ka mākeke, a ke hoʻonui nei, ʻoiai ua ʻae ka lehulehu i ka ʻae ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i nā keiki mai ka wā kamaliʻi. Ua ʻae ʻia ka nui o nā haumāna o ke kulanui e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke olakino noʻonoʻo a me ka lawe ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā kumu, nā makuahine/makua a me nā kauka, e pōmaikaʻi ka lumi papa i ke olakino o nā keiki.
I kekahi mau ʻāina, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano huahana, antidepressants, anxiolytics, ke hana nei, me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana, nā hui maʻi, kahi e komo ai i kēia ai ' ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o ko mākou manaʻo. ʻO ia ke kumu, me nā nuances, nā papa inoa o nā ʻāina me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i kēia ʻano huahana i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa, kahi e hiki ai iā mākou ke hōʻike, me ka ʻole o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā pākēneka, ʻo kēia 10: United States, Iceland, Australia, Portugal, United Kingdom. United Kingdom, Kanada, Suedena, Pelekiuma, Denemaka a me Sepania. Ma kahi ʻoiaʻiʻo e noʻonoʻo ai, ma muli o kahi kokoke, e ʻōlelo ma Sepania, i ka ʻike i ka lā 2022, heluhelu ʻia ke poʻo: ʻO ka ʻikepili ma hope o ka ʻumi makahiki o ka "moʻomeheu lāʻau lapaʻau" ma Sepania: ua ulu ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antidepressants e 40%. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i ʻelua pilikia i mea nui i kēia hoʻonui: ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau e hui pū me nā hoʻolālā ʻoihana a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he kumuwaiwai e hoʻopau koke i kahi kūkākūkā.
Hiki paha i ke kau ʻana o nā antidepressants a i ʻole nā anxiolytics i lilo i kumu kumu ʻole e hoʻopau ai i nā maʻi ma kahi kūkākūkā olakino? Manaʻo wau e ʻimi mākou i pane no kēia i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻoiai hopohopo wau i ka mea e loaʻa iā mākou.
Malia paha, ma ke ʻano he hiʻohiʻona o ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana, e hoʻomau wau me kekahi o nā pane a Allen Frances i hāʻawi ai i kekahi o kāna mau nīnauele he nui i ka nīnau:
-ʻAʻole anei ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā "maʻi noʻonoʻo" a laila ma muli o nā psychiatrists a me ka ʻoihana lāʻau?
-ʻOiaʻiʻo. E nānā, ua lilo nā hui multinational pharmaceutical, ʻoi aku ka poʻe i hui pū ʻia ma lalo o ka huaʻōlelo Big Pharma; ʻaʻole wale ma ke kahua o ka Psychiatry. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā make i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai ka nui o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua o nā ulia pōpilikia. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kauoha ʻia, ʻaʻole nā lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, he poʻe akamai nā hui multinational pharmaceutical i ka hana ʻana i nā maʻi e kūʻai aku i nā lāʻau; ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻolilo lākou i nā piliona kālā i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā leka hoʻopunipuni.
I ka pau ʻana o kaʻu kākau ʻana i ka pane a Allen, ua hiki mai ka dystopia ma ka noʻonoʻo kahi aʻu i noʻonoʻo ai i nā cartels lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻolaha ana i kā lākou huahana ma ka pāpaho o kēlā me kēia ʻano, me ka ʻole o ka mana a me ka ʻae ʻia e nā lālā he nui o ka hui dystopian, mana, media, kumu, makua kāne, nā makuahine, a pēlā aku, i loaʻa ka waiwai, inā he manaʻo a he waiwai paha, me ka ʻai nui ʻana o ia huahana.
Nā Punawai ʻIke:
Kiʻi: ʻO wai nā ʻāina e ʻai i nā antidepressants nui loa? | Statista
ʻIke lāʻau lapaʻau: piʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antidepressants e 40% (rtve.es)
DSALUD (magazine) no. 177, Kekemapa 2014
Nupepa El Mundo. Pōʻalima, Kepakemapa 1, 2023
Buke: He maʻi noʻonoʻo mākou a pau? Mea kākau: Allen Frances. Lunahooponopono Ariel – 2014
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