120 makahiki mai ka make ʻana o Camille Pissarro i 2023
I loko o kahi honua e like me mākou - piha i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o nā kaua, nā lono maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i ke aniau a me ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka honua, ka pena kiʻi kiʻi o nā haku o nā kiʻi kiʻi maikaʻi, nā mea kākau o nā kiʻi kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, hana i ka balm no ko mākou ʻuhane. A ʻo ia kekahi o ka poʻe i ʻike i ka nani i nā mea maʻamau, a ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ke ʻano me ke ʻano e noho nei mākou i waena o nā ʻano o kāna mau canvases, a makemake mākou e lawe ʻia i loko o lākou.
He 120 mau makahiki mai ka make ʻana o kekahi o nā mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka impressionism - ka mea pena Palani ʻo Camille Jacob Pissarro.
Ua hana ʻo Pissarro i kahi ʻōlelo kiʻi hou i loko o ke kiʻi a ua hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no kahi ʻike hou o ka honua - ka wehewehe kikoʻī o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. He mea hana hou ʻo ia no kona manawa a he nui nā mea hahai - nā mea hana kiʻi o nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma Iulai 10, 1830 ma ka mokupuni ʻo St. Thomas ma Charlotte Amalie, Danish West Indies (ba mai 1917 - US Virgin Islands) - he kolone o ke aupuni Denemaka, i nā mākua o kahi Iudaio Sephardic Pukiki a me kahi wahine Dominican. . Noho ʻo ia ma ka Caribbean a hiki i kona mau makahiki ʻōpio.
I ka makahiki 12, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo ia e aʻo ma Savary Lycée (kula hānai) ma Passy, kokoke i Paris. ʻO kāna kumu mua - ʻo Auguste Savary, he mea pena kiʻi kaulana, kākoʻo i kona makemake e pena. Ma hope o ʻelima mau makahiki, ua hoʻi ʻo Pissarro i ka mokupuni, me nā manaʻo i hoʻololi ʻia e pili ana i nā kiʻi a me nā hui - ua lilo ʻo ia i mea hahai i ka anarchism.
ʻO kāna pilina me ka mea pena Denemaka ʻo Fritz Melby i lawe iā ia i Venezuela. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi poʻe biographers o ka mea pena i hana malū ʻo ia mai kona makuakāne. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia a me Melby i kekona ma Caracas, a i kēlā manawa ua hoʻi pōkole wale ʻo Pissarro i ka mokupuni ʻo St. Thomas e ʻike i kona ʻohana. Ua huhū kona makuakāne iā ia no nā makahiki ʻekolu - ʻo nā hoʻolālā no kāna keiki e kūleʻa iā ia i ke kālepa, ʻaʻole e lilo i mea pena.
Ma Caracas, ua pena ʻo Pissarro i ke kūlanakauhale, ka mākeke, nā hale kūʻai, akā ke ola kaiāulu. ʻO ka nani a puni e hoʻopiha piha iā ia. Ua ho'āʻo hou kona makuakāne e lawe iā ia i ka home, akā ma ka mokupuni ʻo Pissarro ka hapa nui o ka manawa ʻaʻole i noho i ka hale kūʻai, akā holo i ke awa, e pena i ke kai a me nā moku.
I ʻOkakopa 1855, hele ʻo ia i Paris no ka World Exhibition, kahi i kamaʻāina loa ai ʻo ia i nā canvases a Eugene Delacroix, Camille Corot, Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I loko o ia wā, he mea mahalo nui ʻo ia iā Corot a kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo kāna kumu. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i kahi pā kūʻokoʻa ma waho o ka hōʻike, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Realism".
Ua noho ʻo Pissarro ma Paris no ka mea ua noho pū kona mau mākua ma laila. Noho i ko lakou home. Aloha ʻo ia i kā lāua kaikamahine, ʻo Julie Vallee, a male lāua. ʻEwalu mau keiki a ka ʻohana ʻōpio. Ua make kekahi o lākou i ka hānau ʻana, a ʻaʻole i ola kekahi o kā lākou mau kaikamahine i 9. Ua pena nā keiki a Pissarro mai ka wā liʻiliʻi. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi. I ka makahiki 26, ua kau inoa ʻo ia no nā haʻawina pilikino ma ka Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
I ka makahiki 1859, hui 'o ia me Cézanne. ʻO kekahi hanana koʻikoʻi i hana ʻia - no ka manawa mua i hōʻike ʻia kāna kiʻi pena i loko o ka Art Salon official. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka "Landscape near Montmorency", ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo kūikawā no ka ʻōlelo ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka poʻe loea, akā he hopena koʻikoʻi ia o Pissarro i ka guild.
ʻElua wale nō makahiki ma hope mai, ua kaulana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi maikaʻi a hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ke ʻano he kope kope ma ka Louvre. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻomaka ke kiure Salon e hōʻole i kāna mau hana a ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e hōʻike iā lākou ma ka Salon of the Rejected. Manaʻo kekahi ʻo ke kumu o kēia ʻo Pissarro i hoʻopaʻa inoa iā ia iho i ka 1864 a me 1865 catalogs o ka Paris Salon ma ke ʻano he haumāna no Corot, akā ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia iho. ʻAʻole iʻikeʻia kēia he makemake e kūkulu i konaʻano pono'ī, akā, he hōʻailona o ka mahaloʻole, a ma kēiaʻano he kūponoʻole i ka mea pena.
Ua pōkole kona hōʻole ʻana mai ka Salon. I ka makahiki 1866, ua hoʻokomo hou ʻia ʻo ia - ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ʻelua o kāna mau kiʻi pena ma laila. Ua ʻae ʻia kāna mau hana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, incl. a hiki i ka makahiki 1870.
Ma waena o 1866 a me 1868 ua pena ʻo ia me Cézanne ma Pontoise. “Ua hiki ole ke kaawale makou!” Ua haʻi ʻo Pissarro ma hope, e wehewehe ana i ka like o nā hana i hana ʻia e nā mea ʻelua i kēlā manawa. - Akā, hoʻokahi mea i maopopo, ʻōlelo ʻo ia - ʻo kēlā me kēia o mākou wale nō ka mea nui: kona manaʻo. e ʻike ʻia. ”…
I ka makahiki 1870, hoʻomaka ʻo Camille Pissarro e hana pū me Claude Monet a me Renoir. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka manaʻo hoʻomohala maoli i kona home ma Louvesien - ua ʻākoakoa ʻia nā colossuses o nā kiʻi maikaʻi, e like me nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, me Cézanne, Gauguin a me Van Gogh. Ma ʻaneʻi, pono mākou e wehewehe ʻo Pissarro kekahi o nā mea mahalo mua loa o Van Gogh.
Ua koi ʻo Franco-Prussian War iā Pissarro e haʻalele i ka home a hele i Lākana, kahi i hui ai ʻo Monet lāua ʻo Sisslet a ua hoʻolauna ʻia i ka mea kūʻai kiʻi ʻo Paul Durand-Ruel. Ua kū'ai 'o ia i 'elua o kāna mau pena 'aila "London". Ua lilo ʻo Durand-Ruel i mea kūʻai nui loa no ka Impressionists.
I Iune 1871, ua ʻeha nui ʻo Pissarro - ua ʻike ʻo ia i kona home ma Louvesien ua luku loa ʻia. Ua luku nā koa Prussian i kekahi o kāna mau hana mai ka wā ma mua. ʻAʻole hiki iā Pissarro ke hoʻomanawanui i kēia hoʻopiʻi a neʻe ʻo ia e noho ma Pontoise, kahi i noho ai a hiki i 1882. I kēia manawa, hoʻolimalima ʻo ia i kahi studio ma Paris, kahi āna i hoʻohana pinepine ai.
I ka makahiki 1874, ua komo ʻo ia i ka hōʻikeʻike impressionist mua ma ke keena ʻo Nadar. He hanana koʻikoʻi ʻo ia i hoʻolauleʻa ai me Cézanne. ʻElima mau makahiki ma hope mai, lilo ʻo Pissarro i mau hoaaloha me Paul Gauguin, ka mea i komo i ka hōʻike 1879 o nā Impressionists.
A eia ka manawa e ʻōlelo ai i kahi mea hiki ʻole ke wehewehe a hiki i kēia lā no nā mea hoʻokae kiʻi. ʻO Camille Pissarro - ʻo kēia kanaka nāna i hana maikaʻi me nā mea pena kiʻi maikaʻi loa o kona manawa a hui pū me lākou, ua hāʻule koke i loko o kahi pilikia.
Ua neʻe ʻo ia e noho ma Erani a ke ʻimi nei i kahi ʻano hou no kāna mau hana. I ka manawa wale nō, ua ʻike ʻia nā pointillist Signac lāua ʻo Seurat ma ka lewa, a ua hoʻomaka ʻo Pissarro e hoʻāʻo me kā lākou ʻenehana o nā "points", me ia i hana ai i nā ʻāina kupaianaha. Ua komo i loko o nā hōʻikeʻike Impressionist ʻewalu, me. a i ka mea hope loa - i ka makahiki 1886.
I ka makahiki 1990, ua hoʻopilikia hou ʻia ʻo ia e nā kānalua noʻonoʻo a hoʻi hou i ka impressionism "maʻemaʻe". Hoʻololi hoʻi kona ʻano - lilo ʻo ia i mea huhū, a ma kāna mau manaʻo politika - he anarchist ʻoi aku ka radical.
I kēia manawa, hōʻike maikaʻi ʻo ia i kāna mau hana ma Lākana. Hoʻokuke pinepine ka hopena iā ia mai ka holomua a i ka pōuliuli. Ma kahi hōʻikeʻike hui pū me Antonio de la Gandara ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Durand-Ruel, hoʻohālike maoli ka poʻe hoʻohewa ʻaʻole i ʻike i kāna mau hana he 46 i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hale kiʻi a ʻōlelo wale nō ma De la Gandara.
Ua ʻeha maoli ʻo Camille Pissarro e ka mālama ʻole. I kēia lā, kūʻai aku kāna mau hana i nā miliona miliona, akā ʻaʻole pēlā i kēlā manawa. ʻO Pissarro mau ma ka lihi o ka hoʻomaha.
Ua make ka mea pena kiʻi ma Paris a ua kanu ʻia ma ka ilina o ka "Père Lachaise" nui. Mālama ʻia nā hōʻiliʻili a pau o kāna mau kiʻi pena ma ka Musée d'Orsay ma Paris a me ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Ashmolean, Oxford.
Hoʻopili kona ola me nā ʻano pilikino maikaʻi loa e like me ka epic. Ua ʻike paha ʻoe ʻo Emile Zola kekahi o ka poʻe naʻauao, kāna mea aloha kūpaʻa? ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻo Zola i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana iā Pissarro i kāna mau ʻatikala.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i kūpono ʻole, ua waiho ʻia ʻo Pizarro e ʻimi i kahi ola ma ke ala paʻakikī loa e hānai i kona ʻohana. Ua hiki ʻo ia i kahi i hoʻomaka ai ʻo ia e pena i nā mea pā a hoʻonohonoho i nā hale kūʻai e loaʻa kālā. Hele pinepine ʻo ia me kahi kiʻi pena ma lalo o kahi hale kūʻai Paris, me ka manaʻo e kūʻai mai kekahi. No kēia kumu, kūʻai pinepine ʻo ia i kāna mau kiʻi pena no ka mea ʻole. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka hopena o Claude Monet, akā he ʻohana nui ko Pissarro.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoʻopakele, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, ʻo ia ka mea kūʻai-gallerist Durand-Ruel. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea kūʻai liʻiliʻi i kākoʻo i kēia mau mea pena akamai a maikaʻi ʻole, a ke kūʻai aku nei kāna mau hana i kēia lā no nā kumukūʻai nani. ʻO Claude Monet, no ka laʻana, ma hope o nā makahiki o ka ʻilihune ua lilo i mea kūʻai maikaʻi loa.
Ua lulu ʻo Camille Pissarro i kāna mau pilikia kālā i nā makahiki hope o kona ola. A hiki i kēlā manawa, kākoʻo nui ʻia ka ʻohana e kāna wahine, nāna i hāʻawi i ka meaʻai ma ka papaʻaina me kahi mahiʻai liʻiliʻi.
I ka pau ʻana o kona ola, ua komo ʻo Camille Pissarro i kekahi mau hōʻike hōʻikeʻike ma Paris, New York, Brussels, Dresden, Pittsburgh, Petersburg, etc.
Ua make ka mea pena i ka lā 12 Nowemapa (e like me nā hōʻike ʻē aʻe ma Nowemapa 13) 1903 ma Paris. Ke haʻalele nei kekahi o nā pilikua o impressionism. ʻOiai he lāhui Iudaio ka mea pena kiʻi, kapa ʻia kekahi poʻe hoʻohewa iā ia ʻo ka makua kāne "Iudaio" o ka hana kiʻi hou.
He mea liʻiliʻi: Inā hoʻomanaʻo ʻoe i nā bale mauʻu a Claude Monet, pono ʻoe e ʻike ua pena ʻo Pissarro iā lākou i mua ona. ʻO nā kumulāʻau a me nā ʻāpala i kāna mau hana me ke kānalua ʻole i kahaha iā Paul Cézanne. ʻO ka pointillism o Pissarro, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻāla i nā "point" o Van Gogh. Ua hoʻopau ʻo Edgar Degas iā Pissarro i ka hana paʻi.
He aha ka ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi a nā haku o ka pulupulu a me ka nani o kēlā manawa e hui ai!
Akā naʻe, ua māhele ka Impressionists ma hope o ka hihia Dreyfus. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e ka nalu o ka anti-Semitism ma Farani. Ua pale ʻo Pissarro lāua ʻo Monet iā Cap. Dreyfuss. Noʻonoʻo ʻoe i ka leka a Zola i ka pale ʻana i ke kāpena, a ʻo Degas, Cézanne a me Renoir aia ma ka ʻaoʻao hope. No kēia kumu, ua hōʻea nā hoa o nehinei - ʻo Degas lāua ʻo Pissarro - ma nā alanui o Paris me ke aloha ʻole kekahi i kekahi.
ʻAʻole nā kānaka a pau, ʻoiaʻiʻo, i hiki i kēlā ʻano kiʻekiʻe. ʻO Paul Cézanne, no ka laʻana, ʻoiai he ʻokoʻa kona manaʻo e pili ana i ka The Affair ma mua o Pissarro, ua ʻōlelo mau ʻo ia me ka leo nui ua ʻike ʻo ia iā ia ʻo kona "makuakāne" ma ke kiʻi. Ua lilo ʻo Monet i kahu no kekahi o nā keiki kāne a Pissarro ma hope o kona make ʻana.
Ua haʻalele ʻo Camille Pissarro iā mākou i nā ʻano canvases kupaianaha, i waena o nā mea kaulana loa ʻo "Boulevard Montmartre" - 1897, "Garden in Pontoise" - 1877, "Conversation by the Fence" - 1881 "Self-Portrait" - 1903 a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai i kēia mau lā, ua hoʻāla kēia mau kiʻi i ka mahalo maoli ʻia e ko lākou mea kākau, ka mea i hoʻopaʻa i ke ola ma ke ʻano i pale ʻole i ka manawa.
Hōʻike: Camille Pissarro, "Kiʻi Pono", 1903.
