Lub Neej thiab Tshuaj (part 2), The Cannabis

Cannabis yog cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe los ntawm 15.1% ntawm cov pejxeem hnub nyoog 15-34 nrog 2.1% yog cov neeg siv cannabis txhua hnub (EMCDDA European Drug Report Lub Rau Hli 2023). Thiab 97 000 cov neeg siv tau nkag mus rau kev kho tshuaj cuam tshuam txog kev siv cannabis hauv xyoo 2021 thiab tau koom nrog 25% ntawm cov lus nthuav tawm mob hnyav, feem ntau sib xyaw nrog lwm yam tshuaj. Cannabis yog nrog cawv lub rooj vag rau tshuaj rau cov tub ntxhais hluas ua rau lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov tshuaj.

Cannabis yog tsob nroj dioecious (cog poj niam thiab cog txiv neej). Cannabis muaj 3 subspecies: Cannabis sativa sativa L., yog 1.80 m mus rau 3 m siab, nrog ntev fibers rau kev lag luam siv (lub npe hu ua "hemp"), nrog lub sij hawm paj ntawm 60-90 hnub; tus me C. s. indica (1m), paj ntau sai 50-60 hnub thiab lub C. s. ruderalis, ib hom wilder. Fabkis yog tus tsim khoom hemp saum toj kawg nkaus hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab thib peb hauv ntiaj teb.

Los ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb tshuaj, tsuas yog paj ntawm sativa thiab indica yog nthuav vim hais tias nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cannabinoids nyob rau hauv ntau lub me me vesicles, lub trichomes, ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm lub paj rau kev tiv thaiv tawm tsam cov predators nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov zaub mov saw vs. ciaj sia!

Pib lub C. sativa tau txiav txim siab rau nws cov teebmeem euphoric, ua rau "siab" thaum lub C. indica tsim kom muaj kev so ntawm lub hlwb kev ua si, tsim cov nyhuv "pob zeb", uas sticks. Raws li UNODC, Morocco, nyob rau hauv Rif, yog lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag psychoactive cannabis rau kev tsim cov hashish (cov ntaub ntawv cob) tab sis txij li xyoo 2021 cov kab lis kev cai tau tswj hwm.

Cov tshuaj Cannabinoid tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1960 hauv Ixayees los ntawm pab pawg ntawm Raphael Mechoulam. Ntau tshaj 113 yam khoom tau raug cais tawm hauv cov nroj tsuag tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov teebmeem thiab lawv txoj haujlwm tseem nyob hauv kev kawm. Lawv tag nrho cov soluble nyob rau hauv lipids, alcohols thiab organic solvents tab sis yuav luag insoluble nyob rau hauv dej.

Muaj 3 hom cannabinoids: - phytocannabinoids ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshiab; lawv hloov pauv nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua ntawm tshav kub, lub teeb, thiab thaum ziab; - hluavtaws cannabinoids tsim hauv chav kuaj; - endocannabinoids: 8 tau teev tam sim no. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm tej yam kab mob, muab tau los ntawm fatty acids nyob rau hauv cell membranes, lawv ua lub endocannabinoid system.

A) Ntawm cov phytocannabinoids (molecules nrog 21 carbon atoms): -CBG (Cannabigerol) yog muab los ntawm cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), ua ke nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag ntawm olivetolic acid thiab geranyldiphosphate. CBGA, uas yog acidic, yog yooj yim tawg mus rau hauv CBG nrog poob ntawm CO2. CBG (tsawg dua 1% ntawm cov nroj tsuag) suav hais tias yog "cannabinoid hom" nrog qhov kub tsis tshua muaj kub (52 ° C) thiab yog li hloov tau yooj yim! Yuav tsum tsis yog psychotropic. -THC (TetraHydroCannabinol). Delta 9-THC yog cov tshuaj psychotropic lub luag hauj lwm rau lub siab euphoric thiab nws tsis muaj zog psychotropic isomer, lub Delta 8-THC. THC yog muab los ntawm non-psychoactive acid: THCA. -HHC (HexaHydroCannabinol-a hydrogenated THC) kuj tau raug cais tawm me me hauv cov noob thiab paj ntoos, ua ke hauv xyoo 1947 los ntawm Adams Roger. Nws qhov kev txiav txim siab puas siab puas ntsws piv rau THC, nws hloov qhov kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm. Xyoo 2023 HHC twb tsis raug cai hauv ntau lub tebchaws EU (Saib ntxiv hauv qab).

Cia peb nco ntsoov tias tsis zoo li alkaloid psychotropic molecules li cocaine thiab morphine, Delta 8-THC thiab Delta 9-THC yog cov tshuaj tricyclic terpenoid. Cov cannabinoids yog ib chav kawm ntawm lipophilic molecules, khaws cia hauv cov rog rog nrog rau lub hlwb (60% ntawm lipids) thiab yooj yim hla phospholipid cell membranes. Yog li, THC tuaj yeem kuaj tau txog li 14 hnub hauv cov ntshav, 30 hnub hauv cov zis thiab 3 lub hlis hauv cov plaub hau. -Lub npe nrov CBD (Cannabidiol) uas tau pom nyob rau hauv 1940 yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Nws kuj muab tau los ntawm cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) tab sis nrog txoj kev sib txawv ntawm THC. Cov roj CBD tuaj yeem muab rho tawm los ntawm cov paj los ntawm kev nias txias los yog siv cov pa roj carbon dioxide txias (CO2) lossis los ntawm cov kuab tshuaj tshuaj (ethanol, butane, ...) lossis los ntawm cov kuab tshuaj ntuj (cov roj txiv roj, txiv maj phaub roj, ...). CBD roj yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshaj tawm thiab kev tshaj tawm kev lag luam qhuas nws cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv.

CBD tsis tau suav hais tias yog kev quav tshuaj yog tias nws yog ntshiab, tab sis hauv 2016 Merrick J. et al. tau pom tias nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic, CBD maj mam hloov mus rau Delta-9 thiab Delta-8 THC. Thiab dab tsi yog lub plab ib puag ncig yog tias tsis yog ib puag ncig acidic! Ntxiv mus, nws tau qhia los ntawm Czégény li al, 2021, uas 25% mus rau 52% ntawm CBD siv hauv e-luam yeeb (kub ib ncig ntawm 300 ° C) hloov mus rau THC. Ib yam li cov haujlwm ntawm Kev Hlub CA thiab al, 2023, qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm ua pa tsis zoo rau cov neeg siv khoom CBD vaping. Kuj tseem muaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib txuas CBD thiab THC hauv kev kho mob, nrog CBD txo qis cov teebmeem kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm THC. Todd thiab al (2017) qhia tias yog kev tswj hwm kev sib koom tes tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm THC hauv lub sijhawm ntev.

CBD yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev lag luam lag luam muaj zog rau pej xeem. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau lub Rau Hli 2022, EFSA (European Food Safety Authority Panel) tau txiav txim siab txog qhov tsis paub tseeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv, xaus lus tias kev nyab xeeb ntawm CBD raws li Cov Khoom Noj Tshiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim tam sim no: muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis txaus ntawm CBD rau lub siab, kab mob plab, endocrine system, paj hlwb thiab ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb kev noj qab haus huv. CEEB TOOM: Lub semi-synthetic cannabinoids HHC (Hexahydrocannabinol) twb pom nyob rau hauv 20 European lub teb chaws raws li 'hloov rau cannabis' thiab tseem 3 tus tshiab: HHC-acetate, HHcannabiphorol thiab Tetrahydrocannabidiol tag nrho cov tsim siv CBD rho tawm los ntawm qis-THC cannabis (EMCDDA Report 2023). Lawv qhov muaj nyob ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog cov hluas thiab kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem thiab HHC twb ua txhaum cai hauv ntau lub tebchaws EU.

B) Cov hluavtaws cannabinoids feem ntau siv xws li Spices ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tua tus kheej, Buddha Blues, tsis kim, sib npaug rau 95% ntawm cov tshuaj psychoactive, nyiam heev rau cov hluas, ncig hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab tsev kawm ntawv theem siab. Lwm lub npe: Dub Mamba, AK-47, Shooting Star, Yucatan, Moon Rocks,… Vaporized los yog ingested, cov hluavtaws cannabinoids ua rau convulsions, hlab plawv thiab neurological ntshawv siab thiab psychosis. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 2 thiab 5 teev mus txog 20 teev.

Tsim los ntawm 1960's pib los tshawb nrhiav cov receptors hauv lub hlwb, lawv yog lipophilic molecules ntawm 22 txog 26 carbons, muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntau dua li 100%, xaiv los yog tsis, rau tib receptors li THC thiab cov ntawm cov ligands endogenous. . Yog li peb muaj 18 tsev neeg tau teev nyob rau xyoo 2019 ntawm cov CP (cyclohexylphenols), HU (HU-210 tus qauv analog ntawm THC yog 100 npaug zog dua), JWH, AM, AB-FUBINACA, XLR, thiab lwm yam.

Kev tshawb fawb ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb (2017, 7: 10516), qhia tias cov hluavtaws cannabinoids ua rau muaj kev phiv loj heev nrog rau cov khoom tsis zoo (Schneir AB li al, 2012) qhov twg lwm tus kws sau ntawv qhia txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob thaum muaj mob vwm (Devinsky O. li al, 2016).

CEEB TOOM: THC cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua koob tsheej (thiab tsis raug cai) cannabis feem ntau yog 15% mus txog 30% piv rau 0.2-0.3% ntawm thawj cov nroj tsuag ua ntej kev hloov caj ces. Synthetic THC yog 100 npaug ntau zog thiab tsim cov zombies.

C) EndoCannabinoid System (ECS) yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab kev sib txuas lus ntawm lub cev uas pab txhawb rau homeostasis. Nws yog phylogenetically qub heev, tam sim no los ntawm invertebrates mus rau vertebrates tshwj tsis yog nyob rau hauv protozoa thiab kab (Silver RJ, 2019). ECS yog tsim los ntawm:

1) Membrane receptors muaj 7 transmembrane helices nrog 3 ntxiv thiab 3 intracellular loops. NH2-terminal yog extracellular thiab COOH-terminal intracytoplasmic. Receptors ob leeg nrog G proteins (ib tug guanosine triphosphate binding) nyob rau sab hauv thiab xa cov teeb liab. Lawv yog : a)-Lub CB1 Receptor, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1988 (William et al.) thiab tom qab ntawd txheeb xyuas los ntawm Matsuda L. et al. (1990). Nws yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub neurons ntawm Central Nervous System thiab tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Nyob rau hauv lub periphery, nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntsws, lub plab system, lub noob qes thiab zes qe menyuam. Nws localization feem ntau yog pre-synaptic. Nws koom nrog cov teebmeem psychotropic. Tus exogenous agonist yog THC. Sagan S. et al. (2008), qhia tias glial hlwb (astrocytes) kuj muaj G protein-coupled receptors, qhib los ntawm cannabinoids, tab sis txawv ntawm CB1 receptors. b)-Tus CB2 receptor (1993 los ntawm Munro S. et al.) yog ntau peripheral. Feem ntau muaj feem xyuam rau cov hlwb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, nrog rau tus po thiab amygdala. Muaj kev koom tes hauv cov teebmeem immunomodulatory.

2) Endogenous ligands. Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev uas endogenous opioid system siv endorphins, lub endocannabinoid system muaj nws tus kheej signaling molecules: lub endocannabinoids (8 yog teev). Cov no yog cov neuromediators thiab neuromodulators synthesized nyob rau hauv paj hlwb thiab astrocytes "ntawm kev thov" tam sim ntawd nrog rau cov calcium nkag mus rau hauv lub paj hlwb thiab lawv tsis khaws cia rau hauv vesicles. Lawv yog synthesized nyob rau hauv lub neuronal membrane los ntawm phospholipids. Lawv muaj cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm emission ntawm dopamine, serotonin, glutamate thiab lwm yam. Lawv muaj lub retrograde synaptic signaling (los ntawm postsynaptic neuron mus rau pre-synaptic). Qhov feem ntau kawm yog: a)- AEA rau N-ArachidonoylEthanolAmide hu ua Anandamide (los ntawm Sanskrit ananda = felicity) cais nyob rau hauv 1992 los ntawm Mechoulam pab neeg; AEA tau qhia ntau heev nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus, cerebral cortex thiab cerebellum thiab kuj nyob rau hauv lub hypothalamus thiab hlwb hlwb. AEA muaj affinity siab rau CB1 receptor thiab ib tug tsawg affinity rau CB2. AEA kuj ua rau lwm lub tshuab xws li vanilloid, peroxisome thiab glutamate receptors thiab ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv los ntawm txoj kev MAP-kinase. AEA kuj pom muaj nyob hauv cacao (di Tomaso E. thiab alIb., 1996). b)- 2-AG rau 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, monoglyceride ester los yog ether, cais nyob rau hauv 1995. Muaj ib tug siab affinity rau CB2 receptors, kuj rau CB1. Kev khi ntawm ib lub ligand (AEA lossis 2-AG) ntawm nws cov receptor (CB1 lossis CB2) thiab kev ua kom cov G-protein (GTP / GDP) yog thawj ob kauj ruam uas yuav tsum tau ua rau kev xa tawm ntawm lub teeb liab hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes cascade ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kuj tseem muaj kev koom tes nrog adenylate cyclase, kev hloov pauv ntawm ion channel suav nrog calcium (Ca 2+) thiab potassium (K+), thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm phospholipase C.

3) Synthesis enzymes xws li N-acyltransferase, phospholipases A2 thiab C.

4) Degradation enzymes. Raws li Cravatt BF thiab al. 2001; Ueda N. thiab al. Xyoo 2000, 2 lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog: a)-Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) nrog ib qho transmembrane domaine, nws degrades bioactive fatty acid amides chav kawm suav nrog AEA (anandamide) thiab 2-AG. FAAH yog nyob rau hauv lub post-synaptic neurons. b)-Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inactivates 2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglycerol) ntawm 85% thiab AEA.

Yog li, cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias EndoCannabinoid System muaj kev koom tes hauv: nco, mus ob peb vas, qab los noj mov, pw tsaug zog, mob teb, xeev siab, kev xav, thermoregulation, kev tiv thaiv, txiv neej thiab poj niam fertility, kev ua ub ua no, cov nqi zog thiab kev siv cov tshuaj psychoactive. .

Psychoactive tshuaj ua rau lub ECS Circuit Court los ntawm kev hloov kho cov tshuaj tshuav nyiaj li cas ntawm lub paj hlwb, uas, tsis yog ib txwm thiab raug tswj, yuav cuam tshuam rau kev tswj ntawm kev txav thiab kev xav, tsim kom muaj kev zoo siab thiab kev xav ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab tsim kev vam meej ntau dua los yog tsawg dua. maj mam, raws li Thorndike's Law of Effect (1911): "Ib qho lus teb yuav raug muab rov ua dua yog tias nws ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau lub cev thiab tso tseg yog tias nws ua rau tsis txaus siab."

Cov tshuaj psychoactive cuam tshuam rau cov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm lub hlwb, uas yog tsim los ntawm 3 qhov tseem ceeb uas raws li txoj kev xav yuav txhais peb tus cwj pwm thiab tus cwj pwm zoo raws li lawv qhov kev cuam tshuam:

- ib tug tsiaj reptilian los yog archaic hlwb yos rov qab li 400 lab xyoo. Nws yog qhov txhim khu kev qha, ceev ceev, tswj cov kev nkag siab yooj yim thiab kev ua haujlwm suav nrog: zaub mov, kev sib deev, homeostasis, kev muaj sia nyob (kev tawm tsam lossis kev sib tw), tab sis yog kev yuam. -tom qab ntawd los ntawm lub hlwb limbic ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg, 100 lab xyoo dhau los nrog 2 ntu: Paleolimbic ntawm cov tsiaj qis thiab Neolimbic uas txawv qhov zoo ntawm qhov phem. Nws txhim kho kev kawm, kev nco thiab kev xav, nws yog lub plawv ntawm qhov khoom plig thiab kev rau txim rau tib neeg. -thiab thaum kawg lub cerebral cortex los yog neo-cortex ntawm primates thiab ces tib neeg beings. Nws yog qhov chaw ntawm kev tsom xam, kev txiav txim siab, kev txawj ntse, kev muaj tswv yim, muaj kev xav txog yav tom ntej, thiab ua kom cov lus ua tau. Lub hlwb yog tsim los ntawm ib co 90 billion hlwb, muaj xws li plasticated neurons thiab glial hlwb. Nws txoj kev loj hlob xaus thaum muaj hnub nyoog 25 xyoos nrog kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb thaum lub hnub nyoog hluas, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev vam khom ntawm menyuam yaus mus rau kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg laus.

Nyob rau theem ntawm lub hlwb, Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) ntawm mesolimbic midbrain yog ib qho ntawm thaj chaw qub ntawm lub hlwb. Nws cov neurons synthesize cov neurotransmitter dopamine uas lawv axons ncaj qha mus rau lub nucleus accumbens. VTA tseem cuam tshuam los ntawm endorphins thiab yog lub hom phiaj ntawm cov tshuaj opiate (morphine thiab heroin). -Cov nucleus accumbens ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov khoom plig Circuit Court (Klawonn AM thiab Malenka RC, 2018). Nws cov haujlwm yog hloov kho los ntawm dopamine uas txhawb nqa kev ntshaw thiab khoom plig thaum serotonin muaj lub luag haujlwm inhibitory. Cov nucleus no tseem txuas nrog rau lwm lub chaw koom nrog hauv qhov khoom plig, suav nrog hypothalamus. -Lub prefrontal cortex, ib cheeb tsam tsis ntev los no, yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tw nqi zog. Nws cov haujlwm tseem raug hloov kho los ntawm dopamine. -Ob lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub limbic system koom rau hauv qhov khoom plig Circuit Court: lub hippocampus, uas yog tus ncej ntawm kev nco thiab amygdala, uas sau cov kev nkag siab.

-Cov neurotransmitter dopamine (lub siab zoo molecule) ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa zoo thiab pab txhawb rau kev quav tshuaj. -Cov GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), ib qho inhibitor uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov neurons ntawm lub cortex, koom nrog kev tswj lub cev muaj zog thiab tswj kev ntxhov siab. -Cov amino acid Glutamate yog qhov ntau tshaj excitatory neurotransmitter hauv lub hlwb. Nws yog txuam nrog kev kawm thiab kev nco. Nws tswj kev tso tawm ntawm dopamine nyob rau hauv lub nucleus accumbens. (Glutamate kuj yog ib qho khoom noj ntxiv: E621). Nws cov membrane receptor yog NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic).

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm "siab" los yog euphoria yog vim muaj cov khoom ntawm THC uas khi ntau ruaj khov dua AEA rau CB1 receptors (60% vs. 20%) uas ua rau muaj kev nce ntau hauv dopamine tso tawm thiab ntev excitation ntawm meso-limbic dopaminergic. neurons, meso-accumbic (lub nucleus accumbens) thiab meso-cortical neurons ntawm lub paj hlwb, nyob rau hauv lub nqi zog system thiab muab kev zoo siab, uas yuav ua rau kev tshawb fawb tshuaj thiab tom qab ntawd dependence.

Cov Hluas:

Cov tub ntxhais hluas tus cwj pwm feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm impulsivity, kev xav-nrhiav thiab kev pheej hmoo-kev coj cwj pwm. Qhov no muaj feem xyuam rau lub hlwb kev loj hlob zuj zus nrog kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov qauv limbic (rhiab heev rau kev xav thiab kev sib raug zoo) thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm prefrontal cortex (kev xav thiab kev npaj ua ntej) uas evolution ntawm kev loj hlob qeeb qeeb thiab yog li ntawd qeeb (Giedd, JN. et al. Xyoo 1999; Casey, BJ et al. 2008). Yog li ntawd, cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj peev xwm muaj kev xav tob thiab nyuaj tab sis lawv tswj tsis tau tag nrho. Li no qhov kev pheej hmoo-ua thiab impulsiveness yam tsis tau xav txog qhov tshwm sim. Qhov no ua rau cov hluas muaj kev phom sij ntawm lub neej, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm ua tau thiab muaj kev hloov pauv tau zoo ua tsaug rau lub hlwb plasticity thiab synaptic pruning.

Cov Pathology:

Cannabis tau cuam tshuam nrog kev kis mob loj nrog kev ua tsis zoo ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab thiab mob qog noj ntshav hauv cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus.

1) Cov qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas hnub nyoog ntawm 15-35 xyoo siv cannabis raws li Cancer Research Foundation. Muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav qog ntshav (Gurney J. thiab al. 2015) los ntawm deregulation ntawm hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Tseeb, CB1 thiab CB2 receptors muaj nyob rau hauv:

- lub hypothalamus qhov twg THC thaiv cov tshuaj hormones uas tswj kev sib deev maturation ntawm puberty thiab fertility, ovulation hormone lutein thiab testosterone;

-on testicular cov ntaub so ntswg, THC txo testosterone ntau lawm hauv Leydig hlwb thiab muaj ib tug pro-apoptotic nyhuv ntawm Sertoli hlwb;

-on spermatozoa, THC hloov cov concentration, suav thiab motility nrog cov teeb meem ntawm infertility thiab impaired spermatogenesis (Gundersen TD. thiab al. 2015). THC yuav tuaj yeem ua rau DNA puas mus txog rau thaum chromotripsis (bursting) ntawm chromosome nrog rau kev sib kis ntawm caj ces (Reece AS thiab Hulse GK 2016).

2) Dong et al. Xyoo 2019, twb tau hais txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm neural thiab tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cannabinoids ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm fetal thiab cov xeeb ntxwv.

3) Hjorthoj C. thiab al Xyoo 2023, tau qhia meej meej txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev siv cannabis thiab schizophrenia cuam tshuam rau txoj kev xav, xav thiab coj tus cwj pwm.

4) Nrog rau 20-xyoo hindsight, kev kho kev cai lij choj ntawm cannabis hauv Colorado xyoo 2000 tau pom (Reece thiab Hulse, 2019) hauv cov poj niam hnub nyoog qis dua 24 xyoo tau noj THC thaum lawv cev xeeb tub, 5-fold nce teratogenic tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam mos. xws li spina bifida, microcephaly, trisomy 21, tsis muaj partitions ntawm lub plawv atria lossis ventricles, thiab lwm yam. Cov kev txawv txav no yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev ua ntawm cannabinoids paub hloov cov histones (xws li H3) nrog rau cov methylation ntawm Cytosine-Phosphate- Guanine qhov chaw ntawm DNA, yog li hloov cov kev tswj hwm ntawm cov noob qhia.

Costentin J. (CNPERT, 2020) ceeb toom tias kev noj THC ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev uas cuam tshuam rau lub cev tsis muaj zog, kev paub txog kev ua ub no, kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Hauv kev rho menyuam tawm los ntawm cov niam uas siv cannabis, cov nucleus accumbens (hauv lub cev limbic) ntawm cov fetuses qhia tau hais tias qhov txo qis hauv mRNA (RNA tub txib) coding rau dopaminergic D2 receptors thiab qhov tsis tshua muaj ntawm cov receptors no. Qhov kev qhia hauv qab no hloov pauv qhov khoom plig Circuit Court yuav pab txhawb kev txaus siab rau tshuaj los ntawm cov hluas.

Yog li, kom deb li deb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cannabis-cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj kev txhawj xeeb, -peb yuav tsum tau daws cov tshuaj no nrov nrov heev thiab sau cov pov thawj tiv thaiv kev phom sij ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev lag luam sib cav, -peb yuav tsum ua cov ntaub ntawv no dav dav los tiv thaiv cov tub ntxhais hluas. pej xeem thiab rau cov neeg tiam tom ntej.

Muaj ntau qhov cuam tshuam rau cov tub ntxhais hluas xws li kev tiv thaiv thiab / lossis kev pheej hmoo. Lawv yog: tsev neeg, tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv, cov phooj ywg, zej zog, kev lom zem, xov xwm, kab lis kev cai thiab kev cai lij choj. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tseem yog niam txiv thiab kev coj ua niam txiv. Tseeb tiag, lawv tuaj yeem pab (lossis tsis) los tiv thaiv menyuam yaus los ntawm kev mloog thiab coj lawv los ua piv txwv.

Raws li kev sib cuag tau tsim nyob thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe los ntawm peb cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas, cov niam txiv, cov koom haum, cov kws qhia ntawv, cov neeg ua haujlwm sib raug zoo, cov kws tshaj lij kev noj qab haus huv, cov thawj coj hauv nroog thiab hauv tebchaws, kev ruaj ntseg thiab tub ceev xwm, Qhov Tseeb Txog Tshuaj kev sib tw tau nquag tsim. Qhov no yog kev tiv thaiv kev sib tw nrog kev kawm txog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj qab haus huv, tsom rau cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov pej xeem paub txog qhov muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntawm cov yeeb tshuaj xas thiab lwm yam tshuaj tsis raug cai, kom paub meej txog qhov txaus ntshai.

“Nws yog qhov tsis paub ua qhov muag tsis pom thiab ua rau peb yuam kev. Qhib koj lub qhov muag Ô nyuaj siab mortals » hais tias Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519). Yog li, txhawb nqa nrog qhov tseeb tiag ntawm cov tshuaj, cov tub ntxhais hluas yuav muaj peev xwm ntsib nrog lucidity qhov sib txawv ntawm lub neej teeb meem ntsig txog kev siv tshuaj, txiav txim siab zoo thiab muaj peev xwm paub txog lawv tus kheej lub peev xwm.

Txoj hauv kev no zoo kawg nkaus haum rau 2023 lub ntsiab lus ntawm UN International Day: "Tib neeg ua ntej: nres kev qias neeg thiab kev ntxub ntxaug, txhawb kev tiv thaiv".

"Yog tias tej yam me ntsis paub thiab nkag siab zoo dua, peb txhua tus yuav coj lub neej zoo dua " L.Ron Hubbard (1965)

References:

Nrog rau cov kev cai hauv EU: -Kev siv cannabis ua si - Cov cai thiab cov cai hauv EU Cov Tswvcuab xaiv https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/749792/EPRS_BRI(2023)749792_EN. ua pdf

-International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking - EU kev tawm tsam cov tshuaj txhaum cai https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/733548/EPRS_ATA(2022)733548_EN.pdf

Txog cov tshuaj mus ntsib: www.fdfe.eu ; www.drugfreeworld.org