Archimandrite assoc ne ya rubuta Prof. Pavel Stefanov, Jami'ar Shumen "Bishop Konstantin Preslavski" - Bulgaria
Ganin Urushalima yana wanka da haske na ruhaniya yana da ban sha'awa da ban mamaki. Birnin yana cikin manyan tsaunuka a bakin wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, birnin yana haskaka haske marar lalacewa. Ko da ba shi da wani muhimmin tarihi na tarihi, zai iya ta da ƙarfi tare da kamanninsa na musamman. An gani daga kololuwar Skopos da Eleon, sararin sama yana cike da garu na zamani da hasumiyai, domes masu lullube, fadace-fadace, ragowar rugujewa daga zamanin Romawa da Larabawa. A kusa da shi akwai kwaruruka da gangare, sun rikiɗe zuwa fili, koren lawn waɗanda ke canza ko da kaddarorin haske. Ra'ayin yana da ban sha'awa.
Bisa ga al’adar Sarki Dauda, ana kiransa Yebus. A cikin Ibrananci, Urushalima yana nufin "birni na salama" (wannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abu ne - pr), wanda ke da wuyar gaske, domin a cikin tarihinta na shekaru dubu ya san 'yan lokutan salama. A harshen larabci, sunanta al-Quds, ma'ana "tsarki". Wani tsohon birni ne na Gabas ta Tsakiya akan magudanar ruwa tsakanin Bahar Rum da Tekun Gishiri a tsayin mita 650-840. Yana wakiltar babban cakuɗar abubuwan tarihi, al'adu da al'ummomi masu tarin abubuwan gani. Tun daga zamanin d ¯ a, ana kiran wannan ƙaramin birni “cibiya” ko “tsakiya” na duniya saboda muhimmancinsa na addini (haka kuma ake kiransa a cikin annabi Ezekiel 5:5 – b. r). [i] A lokuta daban-daban, Kudus mallakin Masarautar Yahudiya ce, daular Alexander the Great, Seleucid Syria, Roman Empire, Byzantium, Khalifan Larabawa, ‘Yan Salibiyya, Jihar Ayyubid, Tatar-Mongols, da Mamluk, daular Ottoman, da daular Burtaniya.[ii]
Shekarun Urushalima sun wuce shekaru 3500.[1] Binciken archaeological na wannan birni, wanda ke da matsayi na musamman a tarihin ruhaniya na duniya, ya fara ne a cikin 1864 kuma yana ci gaba har yau.[2] An fara ambaton sunan Shalem (Salem) a shekara ta 2300 BC. a cikin takardun Ebla (Syria) da kuma cikin rubuce-rubucen daular Masarawa ta XII. A cewar wata sigar, mai yiwuwa magabacin Kudus ne.[3] A cikin karni na 19 BC an ambaci Malkisadik, sarkin Salem. Bisa ga Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ya sadu da Ibrahim da Sarkin Saduma bayan yaƙin nasara kuma ya ba shi abinci da ruwan inabi, yana karɓar zakka daga cikinsu (Far. 14:18-20). A cikin wasiƙar Sabon Alkawari zuwa ga Ibraniyawa (5:6, 10; 6:20; 7:1, 10-11, 15, 17, 21) Manzo Bulus mai tsarki ya tabbatar da darajar firist na Yesu Kristi cikin tsarin Malkisadik.
A cikin karni na XIV BC. a lokacin tonowar da Ubannin Franciscan suka yi a kusa da dakin ibada na "Dominus Flevit" ("Makoki na Ubangiji"), kayan yumbu da kayan yumbu da aka yi tun karni na 16 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, da kuma wani ado a cikin nau'in ƙwaro mai scarab daga Masar. gano. An sami dama, saitin allunan cuneiform daga Tell el-Amarna a Upper Masar (wajen 1350 BC), ya ba da haske kan tarihin tarihin sarauta na Amenhotep III da ɗansa Akhenaten. Daga cikin wasu sanarwa guda 400 game da yumbu na hakimai da hakimai a Falasdinu, Finisiya da kudancin Siriya akwai takwas da Abdu Heba, mai mulkin Urushalima da sarkin Masar ya yi. A cikin wasiƙun da ya yi wa Fir’auna, Abdu Heba ya roƙi ƙarfafawa, wanda bai samu ba, kuma ya rasa ƙasar Fir’auna “daga habiru”. Su wane ne wadannan kabilun “habiru”? Alakar da ke tsakaninsu da Yahudawa na dā ya kasance abin zato.
Tarihin Urushalima ya fara ne da lokacin proto-birane, wanda jana'izar da yawa ke nuni da shi. Da wurin zama na farko a ƙarshen zamanin Bronze, ya zama birnin Yebusiyawa, ƙabilar Kan'aniyawa. Tana kan Dutsen Ofel (a wajen kudu maso gabas na Urushalima a yau). “Amma ’ya’yan Yahuda ba su iya korar Yebusiyawa mazaunan Urushalima ba, saboda haka Yebusiyawa suka zauna tare da ’ya’yan Yahuda a Urushalima har wa yau.” ( Isha. Nav. 15:63 ) [4]
Daga 922 zuwa 586 BC. Kudus babban birnin masarautar Yahudawa ne. Yahudawa ne suka mamaye birnin, karkashin jagorancin Sarki Dauda (a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ra'ayin ya yi rinjaye cewa ba a kama birnin da karfi ba - br). Dauda ya sami wani tsohon wuri mai tsarki a nan kuma ya sake suna birnin Sihiyona.[5] Ya gina fāda (2 Sarakuna 5:11), amma har yanzu ba a gano tushensa ba. Sarki ya gyara birnin da garun, har da abin da ake kira Milo (1 Labarbaru 11:8). Ma'anar wannan kalma ba ta da tabbas, amma ana tunanin yana nufin terraces da tushe na acropolis. Sulemanu ya mai da Urushalima babban birni. Ya ninka girman birnin kuma ya gina haikali a Dutsen Moriah (2 Labarbaru 3:1).[6] Sarki Hezekiya mai tsoron Allah (727-698) ya sake gina katangar kuma ya haƙa ramin ruwa.[7] Sarkin Assuriya Sennakerib ya kewaye Urushalima a shekara ta 701, amma mala’ikan Ubangiji ya kashe sojojinsa 185,000 kuma mahara suka ja da baya.
A cikin 598 BC. Sarkin Babila Nebukadnezzar ya kewaye Urushalima, wadda ta fāɗi, kuma aka kai Sarkin Yahudiya Jekoniya bauta zuwa Babila. An naɗa Zadakiya a kan karagar mulki a matsayin bawa. Ya tayar, yana begen taimako daga Masar. A shekara ta 587, sojojin Babila suka koma suka halaka Urushalima. An kai kusan dukan mazaunan bauta zuwa Babila. A shekara ta 539 K.Z., Sarkin Farisa Cyrus Mai Girma ya ci Babila kuma ya ba da doka da ya ba Yahudawa damar komawa Urushalima su sake gina haikali.[8]
Shekara ta 332 BC. Mazauna Kudus sun mika wuya ba tare da turjiya ba ga Iskandari mai girma, wanda ya tabbatar da gata da sarakunan Farisa suka ba birnin.[9]
Ƙarƙashin jagorancin ’yan’uwan Maccabee, tawaye na Yahudawa ya barke, wanda ya kasance daga 167 zuwa 164 BC. An kori Siriyawa da suka mamaye Antiochus IV Epiphanes, waɗanda suke sanya maguzanci.[10]
Sojojin Roma karkashin jagorancin Pompey sun kwace Urushalima a shekara ta 63 BC. Birnin ya zama cibiyar gudanarwa na yankin Romawa na Yahudiya.[11] Tsarin zamani na Urushalima ya samo asali ne daga lokacin Hirudus Mai Girma (37-34 BC).[12] Wannan satrap shine mafi girman magini a tarihin birnin. Ya sake gina ganuwar Hasmonean kuma ya ƙara manyan hasumiyai guda uku, ya gina katafaren gidan sarauta a kan tsaunin yamma, daga baya aka kira “praetorium”, ya sake gina haikalin. Yahudawan da suke waje suna marmarin birnin, karkashin jagorancin fitattun masana irin su Philo na Iskandariya[13].
Zaluncin Romawa ya rura wutar yunƙurin ’yantar da asirce na masu kishin addini. Wataƙila manzo Almasihu Yahuda Iskariyoti nasu ne.[14] A cikin 66-70, Yahudawa sun jagoranci tawaye ga Romawa. Bayan an daɗe ana yaƙi, Urushalima ta faɗi. Tashin hankalin da bai yi nasara ba ya shiga tarihi a matsayin yakin Yahudawa. Duk da umarnin da Janar Titus na Roma ya ba da na kiyaye haikalin, an ƙone shi kuma an lalata shi a ranar 9 ga Agusta 70.[15]. Daga baya, bisa umarnin sarki Hadrian, an fara gina wani birni mai suna Elia Capitolina don girmama sarki (Elius Hadrian) da Capitoline triad (Jupiter, Juno da Minerva) akan rugujewar Urushalima. An gina birnin bisa misalin sansanin soja na Roma - filin da tituna ke haɗuwa a kusurwoyi masu kyau. An gina Wuri Mai Tsarki na Jupiter a wurin haikalin Yahudawa.
Domin sun fusata da saka arna na ibada, Yahudawa sun tayar da tawaye na biyu ga maci na Romawa. Daga shekara ta 131 zuwa 135, Urushalima tana hannun ’yan tawayen Yahudawa na Shimon bar Kochba, waɗanda har ma suna haƙa kuɗin kansa. Amma a shekara ta 135 sojojin Romawa sun sake kwace birnin. Sarkin sarakuna Hadrian ya ba da wata doka ta hana duk masu kaciya shiga cikin birnin. Bayan rugujewar daular Rumawa, zamanin Rumawa ya fara kuma a hankali birnin ya dauki siffar Kiristanci.[16]
A wurin Golgota, Romawa sun gina haikali ga Aphrodite. A cikin 326, St. Helena da Bishop Macarius sun jagoranci gina Cocin na Holy Sepulchre. Miliyoyin alhazai daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun fara tururuwa a nan tsawon shekaru aru-aru.
A cikin 1894, an gano wani shahararren mosaic da ke nuna St. George a cikin Cocin Orthodox na St. George a Madaba (yanzu Jordan). Duniya da Urushalima. Ya kasance daga karni na 6 kuma a yau yana auna 16 x 5 m. Hoton mafi girma kuma mafi cikakken bayani a tsakiyar aikin shine na Kudus da alamominta[17].
A shekara ta 614, Shah Khozroi na Farisa ya kama birnin kuma ya kwashe shi, kuma aka kona Cocin Mai Tsarki kabari. Bayan shekaru 24, Patriarch Sophronius ya bude kofofin birnin ga wani sabon maci - khalifa Balarabe Omar bn al-Khattab, kuma a hankali Jerusalem ta fara samun kamannin musulmi. Daga baya kadan, Mu'af I, wanda ya assasa daular Umayyawa, aka ayyana halifa a Kudus. An gina wani masallaci a wurin da aka rushe haikalin Yahudawa, wanda ga musulmi shi ne na uku mafi tsarki bayan na Makka da Madina.
A shekara ta 1009, mahaukacin halifa al-Hakim ya ba da umarnin rusa Cocin Mai Tsarki gaba ɗaya. Wannan alfarmar ta haifar da guguwar zanga-zanga a kasashen Yamma kuma tana shirya shekarun Crusades. A shekara ta 1099, mahalarta yakin farko a karkashin jagorancin Count Gottfried na Boulogne sun kwace birnin Kudus, inda suka yi wa dukkan musulmi da Yahudawa kisan kiyashi tare da mayar da birnin babban birnin masarautar Kudus karkashin jagorancin sarki Baldwin na I. A shekara ta 1187, bayan wani dogon lokaci da suka mamaye birnin. , Sojojin Masarautar Sultan Salah-at -din (Saladin, 1138-1193) sun mamaye birnin Kudus. Duk coci-cocin da ke cikin birnin in ban da cocin Ascension an mayar da su masallatai. [18]
Amma Kiristocin Yammacin Turai ba su yanke kauna ba kuma a cikin 1189-1192 sun shirya Crusade na biyu a karkashin jagorancin Sarkin Ingila Richard the Lionheart. Garin ya sake fadawa hannun 'yan Salibiyya. A shekara ta 1229, Friedrich II Hohenstaufen ya zama sarkin masarautar Kudus, wanda ya yi nasarar maido da ikon 'yan Salibiyya a birnin Kudus na wani dan lokaci ta hanyar amfani da sabanin da ke tsakanin kasashen musulmi. Duk da haka, a cikin 1244, Mongol-Tatars sun ci birnin. A shekara ta 1247, wani sarkin Masar na daular Ayyubid ya kwace birnin Kudus. Mamluks sun hau kan karagar mulki - masu gadin sarakunan Masar, wadanda aka dauko sojojinsu daga bayin Turkawa da Caucasian (yafi Circassian). A shekara ta 1517, sojojin daular Usmaniyya bayan samun nasara a Siriya a kan Mamluks, sun mamaye kasar Eretz-Isra'ila (yankin Falasdinu) ba tare da zubar da jini ba.
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Biritaniya ta kafa iko a kan Falasdinu .[19] Daga 1920 zuwa 1947, Kudus ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa na yankin Falasdinu da Burtaniya ta ba da izini. A wannan lokacin yawan Yahudawa ya karu da 1/3 musamman saboda ƙaura daga Turai. Kudirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 181 na ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1947, wanda aka fi sani da kudurin raba Palastinu, ya zaci cewa kasashen duniya za su karbe iko da makomar birnin Kudus bayan kawo karshen wa’adin Birtaniya (15 ga Mayu, 1948). ).[20] A shekara ta 1950, Isra'ila ta ayyana birnin Kudus a matsayin babban birninta, kuma dukkanin rassan gwamnatin Isra'ila suna can, duk da cewa wannan shawarar ba ta amince da shi a wurin al'ummar duniya ba. Gabashin birnin ya zama wani yanki na Jordan. [21]
Bayan nasarar da ta samu a yakin kwanaki shida a shekarar 1967, Isra'ila ta samu iko da daukacin yankin birnin, bisa doka, ta raba gabashin birnin Kudus da yammacin gabar kogin Jordan tare da ayyana ikonta kan birnin Kudus. Tare da wata doka ta musamman ta ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1980, Isra'ila ta ayyana birnin Kudus a matsayin babban birninta guda ɗaya kuma ba za a iya raba shi ba. Dukkan ofisoshin gwamnati da na gwamnatin Isra'ila suna birnin Kudus ne. [22] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dukkan mambobinta ba su amince da mamaye Gabashin Kudus na bai daya ba. Kusan dukkan kasashen suna da ofisoshin jakadancinsu a yankin Tel Aviv, ban da wasu kasashen Latin Amurka da dama, wadanda ofisoshin jakadancinsu ke a yankin birnin Kudus na Mevaseret-Zion. Tun a shekara ta 2000 ne majalisar dokokin Amurka ta yanke shawarar mayar da ofishin jakadancin zuwa birnin Kudus, amma a kullum gwamnatin Amurka ta dage aiwatar da wannan shawarar. A shekara ta 2006, ofisoshin jakadancin Latin Amurka sun koma Tel Aviv, kuma yanzu babu ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen waje a Kudus. Gabashin birnin Kudus akwai ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka da wasu kasashen da ke da alaka da gwamnatin Falasdinu.
Matsayin birnin Kudus ya kasance batu ne da ake ta cece-kuce a kai. Isra'ila da hukumar Falasdinu a hukumance suna ikirarin birnin Kudus a matsayin babban birninsu, kuma ba su amince da wannan hakkin na wata kasa ba, duk da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko galibin kasashen duniya ba ta amince da ikon Isra'ila a wani bangare na birnin ba, amma mahukuntan Falasdinu ba su taba amincewa da hakan ba. ba a Urushalima ba. Larabawa har gaba daya sun musanta zamanin Yahudawa na tarihin Urushalima, ta haka suna jayayya da Littafi Mai-Tsarki, wanda aka yarda da shi azaman wahayi a cikin Kur'aninsu. Bayan nasarar juyin juya halin Musulunci a Iran, Ayatullah Khumaini ya kafa wani sabon biki a ranar 5 ga Oktoba - ranar Kudus (Jerusalem). A kowace shekara a irin wannan rana, musulmi suna yin addu'a don neman 'yantar da birnin daga hannun sojojin Isra'ila.[23]
Bisa kididdigar da aka yi na baya-bayan nan, mazauna birnin Kudus sun kai 763,800, yayin da a shekarar 1948 suka kai 84,000. Akwai wuraren ibada na Kirista 96, 43 na Islama da 36 na Yahudawa da ke yankin tsohon birnin, wanda ya kai murabba'in kilomita 1 kacal. Ana danganta shi da zaman lafiya ta hanyar sunansa. Gari ne mai matsakaicin girma, lardi, ta hanyoyi da yawa, birni mai girman kai amma mara jurewa wanda ke ba da mamaki da al'ajabi. An kafa addinan duniya guda biyu a Urushalima, na uku kuma, Musulunci, ya ɗauki al'adunsa iri-iri a cikin akidarsa. Amma maimakon zama kamar sunansa “birni na salama”, Urushalima ta zama fagen fama.
Tashin hankali yana ci gaba kamar yadda ake yin wasan kwaikwayo na daɗaɗɗen wasan kwaikwayo mara iyaka, amma wanda babu catharsis. Daga wannan katangar da Rumawa suka hau a shekara ta 70 miladiyya da kuma ‘yan Salibiyya a shekara ta 1099, matasan Palasdinawa dauke da makamai kamar David da majajjawa suka rika jifan motocin ‘yan sanda masu sulke da ke wucewa da duwatsu. Helikwafta da'irar sama, suna zubar da gwangwani mai sa hawaye. Kusa, a cikin ƴan ƴan tituna, sautin addinai guda uku waɗanda suka riƙe birnin suna tashi ba kakkautawa - muryar liman tana kiran musulmi masu aminci zuwa ga addu'a; karar kararrawa coci; rera waƙar Yahudawa da ke yin addu'a a bangon Yamma - yanki ne kawai da aka kiyaye na tsohuwar haikalin Yahudawa.
Wasu suna kiran Kudus a matsayin "necrocracy" - birni ɗaya tilo da aka ba da yanke shawara ga matattu. A ko'ina a nan mutum yana jin nauyin nauyi na baya yana yin nauyi a kan halin yanzu. Ga Yahudawa, ko da yaushe shine babban birnin tunawa. Ga musulmi al-Quds ne, watau. Wuri Mai Tsarki, tun daga bayyanar Musulunci a karni na 7 zuwa yau. Ga Kiristoci, ita ce jigon imaninsu, wanda ke da alaƙa da wa’azi, mutuwa da tashin Allah-mutum.[24]
Birnin Kudus birni ne da ruhin tarihi ke zama a kullum ba tare da kakkautawa da camfe-camfe ba daga kasashen da ke hamayya da juna. Kudus ita ce siffar tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a zukatan mutane. Birni ne na abubuwan tarihi da ke da yarensu. Suna tada abubuwan da suka saba wa juna kuma suna gina siffarsa a matsayin birni abin ƙauna ga mutane fiye da ɗaya, mai tsarki ga bangaskiya fiye da ɗaya. A Urushalima, addini ya haɗu da siyasa. Yana rayuwa sosai cikin sha'awar aqidu da addinai masu ƙarfi.[25] Girmama da kishin addini da al'ummomin da ke tare a nan suna hulɗa. Ba a taɓa samun gaskiya ɗaya ta addini a Urushalima ba. A koyaushe akwai gaskiya da yawa da kuma hotuna masu karo da juna na birnin. Wadannan hotuna suna nunawa ko karkatar da juna kuma abubuwan da suka gabata suna gudana zuwa yanzu.
A zamaninmu, maza sun sa ƙafafu da wata don neman sababbin ƙasashe da aka alkawarta da kuma sababbin Urushalima, amma har yanzu ba a maye gurbin tsohuwar Urushalima ba. Yana riƙe da wani abin ban mamaki game da hasashe, yana riƙe da bangaskiya guda uku gaba ɗaya kusa da nesa da tsoro da bege na Afocalypse da aka bayyana a cikin jimloli masu iya musanya gaba ɗaya.[26] A nan, gwagwarmayar addini don ƙwace yankuna wata tsohuwar hanyar ibada ce. Ƙaunar ƙasa da addini sun kasance suna haɗuwa a cikin Urushalima, inda aka fara bayyana ra'ayin ƙasar alkawari da zaɓaɓɓu ga Yahudawa shekaru 3,000 da suka wuce.
Marubuta da annabawa na Urushalima sun ƙalubalanci ra’ayi na dā cewa tarihi yana tafiya da’ira, yana maimaita kansa akai-akai. Suna bayyana babban bege na ci gaba da ba za a iya jurewa ba zuwa rayuwa mai inganci da kima. Iri-iri na Pentateuch da littattafan Joshua, Sama'ila, da Sarakuna sun yadu a Urushalima a matsayin al'adun baka a farkon karni na 7 ko 9 BC. Shaidar archaeological da na al'ada ta maimaita ta tabbatar da daidaitattun cikakkun bayanai na tushen Littafi Mai Tsarki. A nan Sarki Dauda ya rubuta waƙoƙin Zabura, kuma Sulemanu ya gina haikali kuma ya ji daɗin ɗaruruwan matansa. Anan Ishaya ya yi kuka a cikin jeji, kuma Yesu ya sa kambin ƙaya kuma an gicciye shi tare da ƴan fashi. Kiristoci sun taru bayan mutuwarsa a wannan birni kuma da sunan bege sun mamaye daular Roma da dukan duniyar Bahar Rum. Anan, bisa ga tatsuniyar Musulunci, Muhammadu ya zo kan wani farin doki mai fukafi mai ban mamaki kuma ya hau sama a kan tsani na haske. Tun daga ƙarni na 12, Yahudawa suna yin addu’a a bangon Yamma sau uku a rana, domin su “dawo da jinƙai zuwa birninka Urushalima, su zauna a cikinta, kamar yadda Ka alkawarta.”
Shekaru dubu hudu na tarihi, yake-yake marasa adadi da girgizar kasa mai tsananin karfi, wadanda wasunsu suka yi sanadiyyar rugujewar gine-gine da katanga, sun bar tarihi a kan yanayin birnin. Ta fuskanci hare-hare 20 masu muni, tsawon lokaci biyu na kufai, gyare-gyare 18 da kuma aƙalla 11 tuba daga wannan addini zuwa wani. Kudus ta kasance mai tsarki ga Yahudawa, Kirista da Musulmi, ga dukan mutanen duniya. “Ka roƙi salama domin Urushalima” (Zab. 121:6)!
Notes:
[i] Wolf, B. Jerusalem da Rom: Mitte, Nabel - Zentrum, Haupt. Die Metaphern «Umbilicus mundi» und «Caput mundi» in den Weltbildern der Antike und des Abendlands bis in die Zeit der Ebstorfer Weltkarte. Berna, 2010.
[ii] Kamus na encyclopedic. Kiristanci. TIM 1997, p. 586. Cf. Otto, E. Das antike Jerusalem. Archaeology da Geschichte. München, 2008 (Beck'sche Reihe, 2418).
[1] Elon, A. Jerusalem: Birnin madubi. London, 1996, p. 30.
[2] Whiting, C. Hasashen Geographical na "Ƙasa Mai Tsarki": Tarihin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Ayyukan Archaeological. - Matsalolin ƙarni na sha tara, 29, 2007, Lambobi 2 & 3, 237-250.
[3] Elon, A. Op. cin., p. 54.
[4] Don tsohon tarihin birnin, duba Harold Mare, W. The Archaeology of the Jerusalem Area. Grand Rapids (MI), 1987; Kudus a cikin Tsohon Tarihi da Al'ada. Ed. da TL Thompson. London, 2004 (Taron kasa da kasa na Copenhagen).
[5] Cogan, M. Kudus ta Dauda: Bayanan kula da Tunani. - A cikin: Tehillah le-Moshe: Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da Yahudanci a Girmama Moshe Greenberg. M. Cogan, BL Eichler, da JH Tigay suka shirya. Winona Lake (IN), 1997.
[6] Goldhill, S. Haikali a Urushalima. S., 2007.
[7] Littafin Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: Zaman Haikali na Farko ya keɓe ga tarihin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Urushalima. Ed. ta AG Vaughn da AE Killebrew. Atlanta (GA), 2003 (Symposium Series, 18)
[8] Kamus na encyclopedic. Kiristanci. TIM, 1997, 587. Cf. Ritmeyer, L. Urushalima a zamanin Nehemiah. Chicago, 2008.
[9] Ameling, W. Jerusalem als hellenistische Polis: 2 Mak 4, 9-12 und eine neue Inschrift. – Biblische Zeitschrift, 47, 2003, 117-122.
[10] Tromp, J. Muhimmancin Addini na Urushalima ga Yahudawa a zamanin Greco-Roman. – A: À la recherche des villes tsarkaka. Actes du colloque franco-néerlandais "Les Villes Saintes". Ed. A. Le Boulluec. Turnhout, 2004 (Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études. Sciences religieuses, 122), 51-61.
[11] Mirasto, I. Almasihu ya tashi (A cikin ƙasar Allah a lokacin mako mai tsarki). S., 1999, p. 9.
[12] Julia Wilker, Fuer Rom, da Urushalima. Die herodianische Dynastie im 1. Jahrhundert n.Chr. Frankfurt am Main, 2007 (Studien zur Alten Geschichte, 5)
[13] Pearce, S. Jerusalem a matsayin "Uwar-birni" a cikin rubuce-rubucen Philo na Alexandria. – A cikin: Tattaunawar Ƙwararru: Dabarun Yahudawa a Daular Roma. Ed. da JMG Barclay. London da New York, 2004, 19-37. (Library na Nazarin Haikali na Biyu, 45).
[14] Hengel, M. The Zealots: Bincike a cikin Ƙungiyar Yancin Yanci na Yahudawa a cikin tho Period daga Hirudus I har zuwa 70 AD. London, 1989.
[15] Rives, JB Flavian Policy Religion Policy da Rushe Haikalin Urushalima. - A cikin: Flavius Josephus da Flavian Rome. Eds. J. Edmondson, S. Mason, da J. Rives. Oxford, 2005, 145-166.
[16] Belayche, N. Déclin ka sake ginawa? La Palaestina romaine après la révolte de 'Bar Kokhba'. – Revue des études juives, 163, 2004, 25-48. Cf. Colbi, P. Short History of Christianity in the Holy Land. Kudus, 1965; Wilken, R. Ƙasar da ake kira Mai Tsarki: Falasdinu a Tarihin Kirista da Tunani. New York, 1992.
[17] Damyanova, E. Jerusalem a matsayin cibiyar topographical da ruhaniya na mosaic Madaba. – A: Tunanin Tauhidi. Tarin kayan aiki. S., 2005, 29-33.
[18] Shamdor, A. Saladin. Jarumin musulunci mai daraja. Petersburg, 2004. Cf. L'Orient ko temps des croisades. Rubutun Arabes da aka gabatar da kuma traduit para A.-M. Eddé da F. Micheau. Paris, 2002.
[19] Grainger, J. Yaƙin Palestine, 1917. Woodbridge, 2006.
[20] Gadon Kirista a Kasa Mai Tsarki. Ed. Daga A. O'Mahony tare da G. Gunner da K. Hintlian. London, 1995, p. 18.
[21] Keay, J. Shuka Iska: Tsabar Rikici a Gabas Ta Tsakiya. New York, 2003.
[22] Tessler, M. Tarihin Rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu. Bloomington (IN), 1994. Cf. Kailani, W. Sake Ƙirƙirar Urushalima: Sake Gina Ƙarshen Yahudawa na Isra'ila Bayan 1967. - Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya, 44, 2008, Na 4, 633-637.
[23] Emelyanov, V. Me za a yi da matsalar al-Quds - Kudus? A birnin Moscow, sun gudanar da bikin tunawa da ranar tunawa da Imam Khumaini ya kafa shekaru 27 da suka gabata. - https://web.archive.org/web/20071011224101/https://portal-credo.ru:80/site/?act=news&id=57418&cf=, Oktoba 8, 2007.
[24] Tarihin Kiristanci.., shafi. 39.
[25] Kalian, M., S. Catinari, U. Heresco-Levi, E. Witztum. "Yunwar Ruhaniya" a cikin sarari Mai Tsarki: Siffar "Ciwon Urushalima". - Lafiyar tunani, Addini & Al'adu, 11, 2008, Na 2, 161-172.
[26] Elon, A. Op. cin., p. 71.
Short address na wannan ɗaba'ar: https://dveri.bg/uwx
