Rayuwa da Magunguna, Kashi na 1, Bayani

kwayoyi // "Yana da kyau kuma mafi amfani don saduwa da matsala a cikin lokaci fiye da neman magani bayan lalacewa" ya bayyana maganar Latin na tsakiyar ƙarni na 13. A cewar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (Bita ga Agusta 2022):

Magunguna da tarihi

Abin mamaki, tarihin kwayoyi yana da alaƙa da wanzuwar rayuwa a duniya, wanda ya bayyana kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.5 da suka wuce, na farko a cikin ruwa sannan kuma a saman. A cikin layi daya tare da ci gaban rayuwa, matsala ta asali ta taso: yadda za a tsira da kasancewa cikin jerin abinci tare da tabbatar da wanzuwar nau'in.

Don haka rayayyun halittu sun ɓullo da hanyoyin tsaro: da tsarin mulki irin su farauta, ƙahoni, kashin baya, da sauransu da abin da ake kira m wadanda suke a asalin hada abubuwa masu guba a cikin nau'in metabolites na biyu ba lallai ba ne don rayuwar kwayoyin halitta amma wajibi ne don tsira daga mafarauta. Kuma dan Adam yana daya daga cikin wadannan manya-manyan mafarauta! Don haka akwai dangantaka ta kud-da-kud tsakanin tsira da gubobi ko magunguna.

A farkon zamanin, lafiyar ɗan adam yana cikin duniyar ruhohi, ayyukan sihiri da imani. Tsarin warkaswa na al'ada sun dawo zamanin prehistoric kuma al'adun warkarwa sun riga sun haɗa da amfani da tsire-tsire na psychoactive. A ciki Turai, Ya kasance a tsohuwar Girka, a cikin karni na 5 BC, Hippocrates ya kafa harsashin magani na hankali da kuma ka'idodin likita. Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya ta ɗauki rantsuwarsa a matakin duniya, wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1947, sannan a cikin sanarwar Geneva ta 1948 (aka sake dubawa a cikin 2020) sannan kuma ta hanyar masana harhada magunguna/apothecaries da likitocin haƙori.

Dole ne a bambanta tsakanin magunguna da magunguna. Babban bambanci ya ta'allaka ne a cikin manufar amfani ko amfani:

-Magungunan yana da sashi, maƙasudin warkewa, daidaitaccen aiki mai maimaitawa. Amma maganin ba koyaushe ba tare da guba ba. Paracelsus (1493-1541) wani likita, masanin falsafa kuma masanin tauhidi ya ce:

-A magani kowane abu ne, na halitta ko na roba, wanda ke da tasiri mai gyaggyarawa akan yanayin wayewa, ayyukan tunani da ɗabi'a, mai yuwuwar haifar da jaraba. Wasu magungunan na iya yin daidai da wannan ma'anar amma ana amfani da maganin ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba kuma amfani da shi a halin yanzu ba shi da manufar warkewa. Zai iya zama don samun sabbin abubuwan jin daɗi, don tserewa daga gaskiya, damuwa, matsalolin dangantaka, raunin da ya gabata, ta hanyar daidaituwa ko tawaye, don zama mai inganci ko jure matsi. Amma, komai dalilai da alamu, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba shi da haɗari tare da sakamakon da ba a sarrafa ba…

Magunguna da Dan Adam

Tarihin kwayoyi kuma ya haɗu da tarihin ɗan adam kamar:

a) da hemp (cannabis) wanda aka sani a Asiya tun daga Neolithic, kusan 9000 BC. An yi amfani da tsaba a cikin Masar don abubuwan hana kumburi, kuma a cikin Sin don wadatar abinci mai gina jiki kuma a cikin 2737 BC an haɗa hemp a cikin Yarjejeniyar magani ganye na sarki Shen Nong; Gandun daji suna bayyana a Turai waɗanda Romawa suka shigo da su tare da mamayewa daban-daban da suka fito daga Asiya. Har ila yau, shi ne "ganye mai tsarki" na al'adun shamans da kuma wani ɓangare na ayyukan likita na sufaye na karni na 12.

b) da Ganyen Coca, daga shuka Erythroxylum koka, An yi amfani da shi tun shekaru 3000 BC a cikin Andes. Ga Incas, wannan shuka ta Allah ne ya halicce shi don kashe ƙishirwa, yanke yunwa kuma ya manta da gajiya. An kuma yi amfani da shi a lokacin bukukuwan addini kamar a Peru da Bolivia. Yamma sun gano amfani da coca da kaddarorin a karni na 16 tare da Mutanen Espanya "masu nasara" na Pizarro (1531), mishaneri da mazauna. Daga nan sai aka yi amfani da ganyen Coca wajen bautar da turawa Indiyawa aiki a cikin ma'adinan azurfa, zinare, tagulla da ma'adinan kwano. A shekara ta 1860, masanin kimiyar Jamus Albert Niemann ya keɓe wani abu mai aiki na anesthetic a cikin ganyen Coca. A shekara ta 1863, masanin ilmin sunadarai na Corsican Angelo Mariani ya kaddamar da shahararren ruwan inabi na Faransanci "Vin Mariani" wanda aka yi da ruwan inabi na Bordeaux da kuma ganyen coca. A halin yanzu, a cikin 1886, John Stith Pemberton (1831-1888), masanin harhada magunguna daga Atlanta (Amurka), ya ji rauni a yaƙi da amfani. hodar Iblis, wahayi daga ruwan inabi Mariani ya samar da abin sha mai ban sha'awa da aka yi daga coca, kola nut da soda. Sai dan kasuwa Asa Griggs Candler (1851-1929) ya sayi dabara kuma a 1892 ya kirkiro Kamfanin Coca-Cola. A cikin 1902 maganin kafeyin ya maye gurbin cocaine a Coca-cola. 

 Cocaine wani abu ne mai karfi mai motsa jiki na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Bayan "babban" ya ƙare (minti 15-30), mutum zai iya jin damuwa, damuwa, tare da matsananciyar buƙatar sake amfani da hodar iblis. Cocaine yana daya daga cikin kwayoyi masu wahala don cirewa.

A cikin shekarun 1960 ne, masu kade-kade da kade-kade suka shahara, cewa kwayoyi sun zama alamomin tawaye na matasa, tashin hankalin jama'a kuma suka fara mamaye kowane bangare na al'umma. A hanyoyi da yawa, wannan shine shekaru goma na magunguna na ƙarni tare da yalwar sababbin abubuwa -da magunguna- samuwa.

An rarraba magunguna

Idan muka shiga duniyar magunguna, za mu iya rarraba su gwargwadon tasirinsu, kamar:                                                                

• Dissociatives: Nitrous oxide (N2O, da dariya gas) ana amfani da matsayin maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta da kuma analgesic a tiyata da Dentistry. Kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da whipped cream siphon. Yana da matukar godiya ga matasa a lokacin bukukuwa don tasirin euphoric amma yana iya haifar da cututtuka mai tsanani, cututtukan jini da cututtukan zuciya. Yana lalata bitamin B12. Hakanan ya haɗa da Ketamine, PCP (ƙurar mala'ika), GBL (mai kwantar da hankali) da GHB (mai ƙarfi), da sauransu.
• Delusional da enactogenic (sha'awar lamba, tausayi): Scopolamine, Atropine, da dai sauransu.
• Maganin baƙin ciki: barasa, Barbiturates (Amytal, Pentobarbital), opium, codeine,…
• Cannabinoids (cannabis, hashish): Delta9-THC, CBD, CBN, da dai sauransu.
• Benzodiazepines: Alprazolam (Xanax), Valium, Rohypnol,…
• Magungunan tabin hankali: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Haloperidol (Haldol), Zoloft, Paroxetine (Paxil), da dai sauransu.
• Abubuwan da ke motsa jiki: cocaine, maganin kafeyin, theophylline, koko theobromine, da dai sauransu;
• Ƙarfafawa: amphetamines, crystal meth, methamphetamine (WWII Pervitine), da sauransu.
• Pharmaceutical stimulants: Adrafinil, Modafinil, Bupropion, da dai sauransu.
• Abubuwan da ke motsa jiki (hallucinogens): LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), Psilocybin, Bufotenin (alkaloid da aka ɓoye ta fata na toad wanda masu son lasa) da Ibogaine (daga tsire-tsire na Iboga ta Tsakiyar Afirka) duka daga dangin tryptamines ne waɗanda ke samo daga serotonin neurotransmitter. .

Hakanan ya kamata a ambaci Sabbin Abubuwan Halin Hali (NPS) waɗanda ke yin kwaikwayon abubuwan da ke haifar da tunani na gargajiya -cannabis, cathinone (daga ganyen khat), opium, cocaine, LSD ko MDMA (amphetamine). Amma, sun fi ƙarfi kuma sun fi jaraba. An riga an gano magunguna sama da 900 na roba a Turai, ba a sarrafa su, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba amma ana sayar da su a Intanet, kuma an rarraba su. (mafi in Bayanan Bayanin Magunguna na EMCD).

Misalai na NPS:

1) cannabinoids na roba, ana samun su a cikin: Spice, Yucatan, da sauransu kamar JWH-18 & 250, HU-210, CP 47 & 497, da dai sauransu, suna da alaƙa ga masu karɓar CB1.

2) Abubuwan da aka samo na roba na cathinone (wani alkaloid da aka ciro daga ganyen khat, mai tausayi): 3-MMC (3-methylmethcathinone) da 4-MMC (Mephedrone) wanda ke haifar da euphoria, ciwo mai launin shuɗi, haɗarin bugun zuciya, da sauransu.

• MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone), daga "bath-gishiri".
• Yawan wuce gona da iri yana haifar da hyperthermia, cututtukan zuciya na zuciya, arrhythmia, ɓangarori na psychosis da halayen tashin hankali.

3) Samfuran opioid na roba na roba: fentanyl, sau 100 mafi ƙarfi fiye da morphine kuma ƙari, tare da tasirin da ba a iya faɗi ba. Ana la'akari da maganin da ya fi mutuwa ta hanyar wuce gona da iri.

4) Krokodil, wani magani na "cin nama" na Rasha. Dangane da desomorphine da aka haɗa a cikin Jamus a cikin 1922 daga morphine/codeine, maganin kwantar da hankali mai ƙarfi da analgesic wanda tun lokacin da aka watsar da shi. Ana ƙara masu narkewa, fetur, HCl, da sauransu don samar da miyagun ƙwayoyi tare da necrosis wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba.

Rahoton 2022 na Turai kan magunguna

Rahoton Drug na Turai na 2022 na EMCDDA (Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna da Magunguna ta Turai), ta lura cewa Turai tana da mutane miliyan 83.4 masu shekaru 15-64 suna amfani da kwayoyi, 29% na yawan jama'a. Wannan yana wakiltar:

• 22.2 miliyan don cannabis, maganin da aka fi cinyewa (7% na Turai), wanda miliyan 16 sun kasance masu shekaru 15 zuwa 34;
• 3.5 miliyan don cocaine, ciki har da miliyan 2.2 masu shekaru 15-34;
• Ecstasy ko MDMA ya shafi mutane miliyan 2.6;
• 2 miliyan don amphetamines, mafi yawan shekaru 15-34;
• 1 miliyan don tabar heroin da sauran opioids, tare da 514,000 suna karɓar maganin maye gurbin.

Manyan masu shan tabar wiwi matasa ne a Jamhuriyar Czech tare da kashi 23% na masu shekaru 15-34, sai Faransa (22%) da Italiya (21%). Kasashen Netherlands da Belgium tare da ton 110 na hodar Iblis da aka kama a tashar jiragen ruwa na Antwerp a shekarar 2021, a halin yanzu sune wuraren da ake amfani da kwayoyi a Turai.

EMCDDA ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin ƙasashe 25 na Turai, mutane 80,000 suna jinyar amfani da tabar wiwi, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 45% na duk waɗanda suka shiga jiyya a cikin 2020.

Ƙara yawan wadatar magunguna iri-iri da suka haɗa da NPS ya haifar da ayyukan amfani da magunguna daban-daban waɗanda ke dagula hoton asibiti. Adadin mace-macen haramtattun kwayoyi a cikin EU An kiyasta cewa a cikin 2019 mafi ƙarancin 5,150 da 5,800 ciki har da Norway da Turkiyya. Ƙungiyoyin shekarun da abin ya fi shafa shine 35-39 tare da ninki biyu na yawan mace-mace na matsakaicin matsakaici.

* A cikin Jihar Washington (Amurka), wani bincike na 2021 ya nuna cewa mace-mace ta hanyar kashe kansa ya karu da kashi 17.9 cikin 15 a tsakanin masu shekaru 24-XNUMX bayan halatta tabar wiwi.

Don kare lafiyar jiki da ɗabi'a na ɗan adam kuma bisa ga Yarjejeniyar 1925 da 1931, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa guda uku kan Kula da Magunguna na Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka (UNODC). Waɗannan su ne Yarjejeniyoyi na 1961, 1971 da 1988 game da haramtaccen zirga-zirgar magungunan narcotic da abubuwan psychotropic.

Yara, kwayoyi da decriminalization

A cikin 1989, an kuma amince da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara. Matakin nasa na 33, wanda gwamnatoci ke mantawa da shi, ya tanadi cewa:

A Turai, ƙasashe da yawa sun haramta amfani da tabar wiwi. Wannan shi ne musamman yanayin a cikin Spain, Portugal, Italiya da Netherlands, inda masu amfani ba su da alhakin tara ko ɗaurin kurkuku idan don amfanin kansu.

Malta ce kawai ta ba da izinin amfani da cannabis na nishaɗi gabaɗaya bayan dokar da aka zartar a watan Disamba 2021 wacce ke ba da izinin amfani ba kawai ba har ma da noma.

A Jamus, Ministan Lafiya ya yi niyyar bin wannan tsari kuma ya halatta amfani da wiwi na nishadi nan da 2024. Manufarsa ta hanyar lalata cannabis ita ce tabbatar da ingantaccen kariya ga yara da matasa da kuma samar da ingantacciyar kariya ta lafiya!

Faransa ta yi la'akari da cewa sakamakon yanke hukunci / halasta har yanzu bai ƙare ba kuma halalcin cannabis ya haifar da ɓata samfurin, ba tare da rage fataucin muggan kwayoyi ba, kuma ba tare da hana dillalai ci gaba da siyar da wasu samfuran haram ba.

A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, Rahoton 2022 kan Magungunan Haramta ya ambaci hakan

A Hungary cannabis haramun ne amma a" na sirri yawa" (gram 1) an jure.

Abin da ke sama ya ba da hujjar Dabarun Magungunan Magunguna na EU kamar yadda 2021-2025 na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ke da niyya. "Kare da inganta rayuwar al'umma da na daidaikun jama'a, karewa da inganta lafiyar jama'a, samar da babban matakin tsaro da jin dadi ga jama'a da kuma kara ilimin kiwon lafiya." da kuma a cikin batu na 5: Hana amfani da miyagun kwayoyi da wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin kwayoyi.

Drugs, celebrities da ilimi

Tun daga shekarun 1960-70ies, farawa tare da Beat Generation, sa'an nan kuma tare da mashahuran mutane (da yawa daga baya sun fuskanci mummunan makoma), matasa da rashin cikakkun bayanai da bayanai game da batun miyagun ƙwayoyi, sun zama masu sauƙi da masu rauni. A halin yanzu, matasa suna fuskantar shan kwayoyi da wuri fiye da kowane lokaci saboda samun saukin magunguna, tallan tallace-tallace da yawa a kafafen yada labarai da Intanet, da kuma sabbin sabbin abubuwa a kasuwannin haramtattun magunguna na dijital.

A bayyane yake yayin magana da matasa har ma da iyaye cewa suna ɗokin ƙarin sani game da illolin miyagun ƙwayoyi don samun damar samun hujjoji don yanke shawara mai kyau kuma iyaye su yi tattaunawa da 'ya'yansu yadda ya kamata. Don haka, fuskantar matsalar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, babban kalmar ita ce Ilimi! Lallai:

Ilimi shine ci gaba da gano jahilcin mu ya rubuta masanin falsafa Will Durant (1885-1981). Wannan shine mafi kyawun rigakafi da aiki na asali don adawa da matsin lamba da zaɓe na masana'antar magunguna.

Abu ɗaya mafi ɓarna da ke cikin al'adunmu na yanzu shine kwayoyi Inji dan Adam L. Ron Hubbard (1911-1986). A Turai, cannabis (marijuana) yana tare da barasa da aka fi amfani da kwayoyi ta hanyar 15,5% na 15-34 shekaru. Kuma cannabis da alama ita ce ƙofar shiga cikin duniyar miyagun ƙwayoyi masu lalata.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ayyukan Foundation for Drug-Free Turai da ɗari na ce A'a zuwa Drugs kungiyoyin da kungiyoyin sa kai a fadin Turai, sane da cewa kowace shekara kwayoyi halaka dubban rayuka da kuma bege, suna rayayye ba da gudummawa ta hanyar. Gaskiya Game da Magunguna kamfen, don rigakafin ilimantar da matasa da sauran jama'a tare da bayanan gaskiya kan illar shan muggan kwayoyi.

Ƙari a cikin:

https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2022_en

https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/eu-drug-markets-report

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2022.html

Samun sanarwa game da magunguna akan: www.drugfreeworld.org or www.fdfe.eu

Gano nan ba da jimawa ba The European Times, kashi na gaba na wannan labarin: Rayuwa da Magunguna: (2) Cannabis.