Shekaru 120 da rasuwar Camille Pissarro a shekarar 2023
A cikin duniya kamar namu - cike da mummunan al'amuran yaƙe-yaƙe, labarai mara kyau game da yanayi da makomar duniya, zane-zane na zane-zane na zane-zane masu kyau, marubutan hotuna masu jituwa na halitta, suna aiki a matsayin balm ga ranmu. Kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka ga kyawu a cikin al’amura na yau da kullun, kuma ya sami damar isar da shi cikin sha’awa har ya zama kamar muna zaune a cikin halayen zanensa, kuma muna so a shigar da mu cikin su.
Shekaru 120 kenan da mutuwar daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ra'ayi - mai zanen Faransa Camille Jacob Pissarro.
Pissarro ya ƙirƙiri sabon harshe na alama a cikin fasaha kuma ya buɗe hanya don sabon fahimtar duniya - fassarar zahirin gaskiya. Ya kasance mai kirkiro don lokacinsa kuma yana da mabiya da yawa - masu fasaha na al'ummomi na gaba.
An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1830 a tsibirin St. Thomas a Charlotte Amalie, Danish West Indies (ba daga 1917 - US Virgin Islands) - wani yanki na Daular Danish, ga iyayen wani Bayahude Sephardic na Portugal da kuma mace Dominican. . Ya rayu a cikin Caribbean har zuwa shekarunsa na samartaka.
Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 12, an tura shi karatu a Savary Lycée (makarantar kwana) da ke Passy, kusa da Paris. Malaminsa na farko - Auguste Savary, mai fasaha mai daraja, ya goyi bayan sha'awar yin fenti. Bayan shekaru biyar, Pissarro ya koma tsibirin, tare da canza ra'ayi game da fasaha da al'ummomi - ya zama mai bin anarchism.
Abokansa da ɗan wasan Danish Fritz Melby ya kai shi Venezuela. Wasu mawallafin tarihin mawaƙin suna da'awar cewa ya yi hakan a asirce daga mahaifinsa. Shi da Melby sun kafa ɗakin studio a Caracas, kuma a lokacin Pissarro kawai ya koma tsibirin St. Thomas don ganin iyalinsa. Mahaifinsa ya yi fushi da shi har tsawon shekaru uku - shirye-shiryen dansa shine ya gaje shi a cikin kasuwanci, ba don zama mai zane ba.
A Caracas, Pissarro ya zana yanayin birni, kasuwa, gidajen abinci, amma har da rayuwar karkara. Kyawawan da ke kusa da shi ya mamaye shi gaba daya. Mahaifinsa ya sake ƙoƙari ya kawo shi gida, amma ko da a tsibirin Pissarro mafi yawan lokuta bai zauna a cikin shagon ba, amma ya gudu zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa, don fenti teku da jiragen ruwa.
A cikin Oktoba 1855, ya tafi Paris don bikin baje kolin duniya, inda ya saba da zane-zane na Eugene Delacroix, Camille Corot, Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres, da sauransu. A wannan lokacin ya kasance mai sha'awar Corot kuma ya kira shi malaminsa. Ya shirya wani rumfa mai zaman kansa a wajen baje kolin, wanda ya kira "Gaskiya".
Pissarro ya zauna a birnin Paris saboda iyayensa ma sun zauna a can. Suna zaune a gidansu. Ya ƙaunaci kuyanginsu, Julie Vallee, kuma sun yi aure. Iyalin matasa sun haifi 'ya'ya takwas. Daya daga cikinsu ta mutu a lokacin haihuwa, kuma daya daga cikin 'ya'yansu mata ba su rayu har zuwa 9. Yaran Pissarro sun yi fenti tun suna kanana. Shi da kansa ya cigaba da ingantawa. A 26, ya yi rajista don darussan sirri a Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
A 1859 ya sadu da Cézanne. Wani muhimmin lamari ya faru - a karon farko an gabatar da zanensa a cikin Salon Art na hukuma. Muna magana ne game da "Landscape kusa da Montmorency", wanda ba ya yin tasiri na musamman don yin sharhi game da ɓangaren masana, amma babban nasara ne na Pissarro a cikin guild.
Bayan shekaru biyu kawai, ya riga ya sami kyakkyawan suna a matsayin mai fasaha mai kyau kuma ya yi rajista a matsayin mai kwafi a Louvre. Duk da haka, masu shari'ar Salon sun fara watsi da ayyukansa kuma an tilasta masa ya nuna su a cikin Salon wanda aka ƙi. Wasu na ganin cewa dalilin hakan shi ne Pissarro ya sanya hannu a cikin kundin kasida na 1864 da 1865 na Salon Paris a matsayin dalibin Corot, amma a fili ya fara nesanta kansa da shi. Ba a la'akari da wannan a matsayin sha'awar gina salon kansa ba, amma a matsayin alamar rashin girmamawa, kuma a cikin wannan ma'anar ya kasance rashin adalci ga mai zane.
Kin amincewarsa daga Salon bai daɗe ba. A 1866, an sake shigar da shi - ya gabatar da zane-zane biyu a can. Har ila yau, an karɓi ayyukansa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ciki har da. har zuwa 1870s.
Tsakanin 1866 zuwa 1868 ya yi fenti tare da Cézanne a Pontoise. "Ba za mu rabu ba!" Daga baya Pissarro ya raba, yana bayyana kamancen ayyukan da su biyu suka kirkira a wancan lokacin. - Amma abu daya tabbatacce, ya ƙayyade - kowannenmu yana da abin da ya dace kawai: ji. a gani..."
A cikin 1870, Camille Pissarro ya fara aiki tare da Claude Monet da Renoir. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, haƙiƙanin ƙirƙira ya sami ƙwazo a gidansa da ke Louvesien - ɗakunan fasaha masu kyau da suka taru a wurin, kamar waɗanda aka ambata, da Cézanne, Gauguin da Van Gogh. Anan yakamata mu bayyana cewa Pissarro na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu sha'awar Van Gogh.
Yaƙin Franco-Prussian ya tilasta Pissarro ya bar gida ya tafi London, inda ya sadu da Monet da Sisslet kuma an gabatar da shi ga dillalin hoto Paul Durand-Ruel. Ya sayi biyu daga cikin zanen mai na "London". Daga baya Durand-Ruel ya zama dila mafi mahimmanci ga masu Impressionists.
A cikin Yuni 1871, Pissarro ya sha wahala mai tsanani - ya sami gidansa a Louvesien gaba daya ya lalace. Sojojin Prussian sun lalata wasu ayyukansa daga lokacin farko. Pissarro ya kasa jurewa wannan cin zarafi kuma ya koma zama a Pontoise, inda ya zauna har zuwa 1882. A halin yanzu, ya yi hayar ɗakin studio a birnin Paris, wanda ba kasafai yake amfani da shi ba.
A cikin 1874, ya shiga cikin nunin faifai na farko a ɗakin studio Nadar. Wani muhimmin al'amari ne da ya yi bikin tare da Cézanne. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, Pissarro ya zama abokai tare da Paul Gauguin, wanda ya shiga cikin nunin 1879 na Impressionists.
Kuma a nan ya zo don faɗi wani abu da ba za a iya bayyana shi ba har yau ga yawancin masu sukar fasaha. Camille Pissarro - wannan mutumin da ya ƙirƙira da aminci tare da manyan masu fasaha na zamaninsa kuma ya yi aiki tare da su, ba zato ba tsammani ya fada cikin rikici.
Ya koma ya zauna a Erani kuma yana neman sabon salo na ayyukansa. A daidai lokacin, ma'auni na Signac da Seurat sun bayyana a sararin sama, kuma Pissarro ya fara gwaji tare da fasaha na "maki", wanda ya halicci shimfidar wurare masu ban mamaki. An shiga cikin duk nune-nunen Impressionist guda takwas, gami da. kuma a karshe - a 1886.
A cikin 1990s, ya sake fuskantar shakku na kirkire-kirkire kuma ya koma cikin ra'ayi "tsabta". Har ila yau, halinsa yana canzawa - ya zama mai fushi, kuma a cikin ra'ayinsa na siyasa - wani maɗaukaki mai tsaurin ra'ayi.
A halin yanzu, ya sami nasarar gabatar da ayyukansa a London. Kaddara ta kan tura shi daga nasara zuwa ga duhu. A wani nuni na haɗin gwiwa tare da Antonio de la Gandara a Durand-Ruel Gallery, masu suka a zahiri suna yin kamar ba su lura da ayyukansa 46 da aka nuna a cikin gallery kuma suna yin sharhi kawai akan De la Gandara.
Camille Pissarro ya mutu a zahiri da sakaci. A yau, ayyukansa suna sayar da miliyoyin daloli, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba a lokacin. Pissarro ya kasance a koyaushe a gefen rashin hutawa.
Mai zane ya mutu a birnin Paris kuma an binne shi a makabartar babban "Père Lachaise". An gudanar da duka tarin zane-zanensa a cikin Musée d'Orsay da ke Paris da kuma gidan tarihi na Ashmolean, Oxford.
Rayuwarsa ta haɗu da manyan mutane waɗanda suke kama da almara. Shin ko kun san cewa daya daga cikin masu hankali, masoyinsa, shine Emile Zola? Zola bai kebe baki ba wajen yabon Pissarro a cikin labaransa.
Lallai, ba gabaɗayan rashin cancanta ba, an bar Pizarro don samun abin rayuwa a hanya mafi wahala don ciyar da iyalinsa. Ya kai ga ya fara zanen fanka da shirya shaguna domin samun kudi. Yakan yi yawo tare da zane a ƙarƙashin wani kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Paris, yana fatan wani zai saya. Don haka, sau da yawa yakan sayar da zane-zanensa ba tare da komai ba. Ƙaddamar Claude Monet ba ta bambanta ba, amma Pissarro yana da babban iyali.
Daya daga cikin masu ceto, kamar yadda muka riga muka fada, shine dillali-gallerist Durand-Ruel. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan dillalai waɗanda suka goyi bayan waɗancan haziƙan haziƙan mawaƙa marasa adalci, waɗanda ayyukansu a yau suna siyar da farashi mai kayatarwa. Claude Monet, alal misali, bayan shekaru da yawa na talauci ya zama ɗan kasuwa mafi kyawun siyarwa.
Camille Pissarro ya girgiza matsalolinsa na kuɗi ne kawai a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa. Har zuwa lokacin, iyalin yana samun tallafi musamman daga matarsa, wadda ta ba da abinci a kan tebur tare da wata karamar gona.
A karshen rayuwarsa, Camille Pissarro ya halarci da dama impressionist nune-nunen a Paris, New York, Brussels, Dresden, Pittsburgh, Petersburg, da dai sauransu.
Mai zane ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba (bisa ga sauran rahotanni a kan Nuwamba 13) 1903 a Paris. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙattai na impressionism yana barin. Ko da yake mai zanen zuriyar Bayahude ne, wasu masu suka suna kiransa uban fasahar zamani na “Yahudawa”.
Kadan kaɗan: Idan kun tuna Claude Monet ta hay bales, ya kamata ku sani cewa Pissarro ya zana su a gabansa. Bishiyoyi da apples a cikin ayyukansa babu shakka sun burge Paul Cézanne. Pissarro's pointilism, a gefe guda, yana kunna "maki" Van Gogh. Edgar Degas ya kunna Pissarro a cikin fasahar bugawa.
Abin da roƙon masters na goga da kyau da wannan lokacin ya hadu!
Masu Impressionists, duk da haka, sun rabu bayan al'amarin Dreyfus. An raba su da guguwar kyamar Yahudawa a Faransa. Pissarro da Monet sun kare Cap. Dreyfuss. Hakanan kuna tunanin wasiƙar Zola don kare kyaftin, kuma Degas, Cézanne da Renoir sun kasance a gefe. Don haka ne ma ya kai ga cewa abokan jiya – Degas da Pissarro – sun ratsa juna a kan titunan birnin Paris ba tare da gaisawa da juna ba.
Ba kowa ba, ba shakka, ya kai irin wannan matsananci. Paul Cézanne, alal misali, ko da yake yana da ra'ayi daban-daban game da Al'amarin fiye da Pissarro, koyaushe yana faɗa da ƙarfi cewa ya gane shi a matsayin "mahaifinsa" a cikin fasaha. Monet ya zama mai kula da ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Pissarro bayan mutuwarsa.
Camille Pissarro ya bar mana da dama na zane-zane masu ban mamaki, daga cikinsu akwai shahararrun su ne babu shakka "Boulevard Montmartre" - 1897, "Garden in Pontoise" - 1877, "Tattaunawa ta Fence" - 1881 "Hoton Kai" - 1903 da sauransu. Har a yau, waɗannan zane-zane suna ta da sha'awa ta gaske daga marubucin su, wanda da alama ya rufe rayuwa ta hanyar da ba ta dawwama ga lokaci.
Misalai: Camille Pissarro, "Hoton Kai", 1903.
