Lokacin da Paula Hammond ta fara zuwa harabar MIT a matsayin daliba ta farko a farkon shekarun 1980, ba ta da tabbacin ko ta kasance. A zahiri, kamar yadda ta gaya wa masu sauraron MIT, ta ji kamar "mai yaudara."
Cibiyar MIT Farfesa Paula Hammond, mashahuriyar injiniyan sinadarai ta duniya wadda ta shafe yawancin aikinta na ilimi a MIT, ta gabatar da lacca na 2023-24 James R. Killian Jr. Faculty Achievement Award. Hoton hoto: Jake Belcher
Duk da haka, wannan jin bai daɗe ba, yayin da Hammond ya fara samun tallafi a tsakanin 'yan uwanta dalibai da kuma malaman MIT. "Al'umma tana da mahimmanci a gare ni, don jin cewa na zama na, don jin cewa ina da wuri a nan, kuma na sami mutanen da suke shirye su rungume ni su goyi bayana," in ji ta.
Hammond, shahararriyar injiniyan sinadarai a duniya wacce ta shafe mafi yawan ayyukanta na ilimi a MIT, ta yi jawabinta a lokacin lacca na 2023-24 James R. Killian Jr. Faculty Achievement Award.
An kafa shi a cikin 1971 don girmama shugaban MIT na 10th, James Killian, lambar yabo ta Killian ta gane manyan nasarorin ƙwararru daga memba na MIT. An zabi Hammond ne don lambar yabo ta bana "ba wai kawai don ƙwararrun nasarori da gudummawar da ta samu ba, har ma don jin daɗinta da mutuntaka, tunaninta da ingantaccen jagoranci, da tausayawa da ɗabi'unta," a cewar lambar yabo.
“Farfesa Hammond majagaba ne a binciken nanotechnology. Tare da shirin da ya tashi daga ilimin kimiyya na asali zuwa bincike na fassara a fannin likitanci da makamashi, ta bullo da sabbin dabaru don tsarawa da haɓaka tsarin isar da magunguna masu sarƙoƙi don maganin cutar kansa da kuma hoto mara ɓarna,” in ji Mary Fuller, shugabar tsangayar MIT kuma farfesa. na adabi, wanda ya ba da lambar yabo. "A matsayinmu na abokan aikinta, muna farin cikin murnar aikinta a yau."
A cikin Janairu, Hammond ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin provost na MIT don baiwa. Kafin haka, ta shugabanci Sashen Injiniyan Sinadarai na tsawon shekaru takwas, kuma an nada ta Farfesan Cibiyar a shekarar 2021.
A m dabara
Hammond, wacce ta girma a Detroit, ta yaba wa iyayenta da cusa soyayyar kimiyya. Mahaifinta yana daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan din bakar fata a fannin kimiyyar halittu a lokacin, yayin da mahaifiyarta ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jinya daga Jami'ar Howard kuma ta kafa makarantar jinya a Kwalejin Community County Wayne. "Wannan ya ba da dama mai yawa ga mata a yankin Detroit, ciki har da mata masu launi," in ji Hammond.
Bayan ta sami digiri na farko a MIT a 1984, Hammond ta yi aikin injiniya kafin ta koma Cibiyar a matsayin dalibar digiri, inda ta sami PhD a 1993. Bayan shekaru biyu bayan kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Harvard, ta dawo don shiga jami'ar MIT a 1995. .
A tsakiyar binciken Hammond wata dabara ce da ta ɓullo da ita don ƙirƙirar fina-finai na bakin ciki waɗanda za su iya “rufe-ƙulle” nanoparticles. Ta hanyar daidaita nau'ikan sinadarai na waɗannan fina-finai, za'a iya ƙera barbashi don isar da magunguna ko acid nucleic da kuma kai hari ga takamaiman sel a cikin jiki, gami da ƙwayoyin kansa.
Don yin waɗannan fina-finai, Hammond yana farawa ta hanyar jera ingantattun ƙwayoyin polymers a kan wani wuri mara kyau. Sa'an nan, za a iya ƙara ƙarin yadudduka, musanya madaidaici da kuma caje-canjen polymers. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yadudduka na iya ƙunsar magunguna ko wasu kwayoyin halitta masu amfani, kamar DNA ko RNA. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan fina-finai sun ƙunshi ɗaruruwan yadudduka, wasu kuma ɗaya kawai, yana mai da su amfani ga aikace-aikace iri-iri.
"Abin da ke da kyau game da tsarin Layer-by-Layer shine zan iya zaɓar gungun polymers masu lalacewa waɗanda suke da kyau na halitta, kuma zan iya musanya su da kayan aikin mu. Wannan yana nufin cewa zan iya gina siraran fina-finai waɗanda ke ɗauke da magunguna daban-daban a wurare daban-daban a cikin fim ɗin, ”in ji Hammond. “Sa’an nan, lokacin da fim ɗin ya ƙasƙanta, zai iya sakin waɗancan magungunan a cikin tsari. Wannan yana ba mu damar ƙirƙirar fina-finai masu sarƙaƙƙiya, ta hanyar amfani da dabara mai sauƙi na tushen ruwa.
Hammond ya bayyana yadda za a iya amfani da waɗannan fina-finai na Layer-Layer don haɓaka haɓakar ƙashi, a cikin aikace-aikacen da za su iya taimaka wa mutanen da aka haifa tare da lahani na ƙasusuwa ko mutanen da suka sami raunuka.
Don wannan amfani, ɗakin bincikenta ya ƙirƙiri fina-finai tare da yadudduka na furotin biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, BMP-2, wani furotin ne wanda ke hulɗa tare da manyan kwayoyin halitta kuma yana sa su su bambanta cikin kwayoyin kasusuwa, yana haifar da sabon kashi. Na biyu kuma shine sinadarin girma da ake kira VEGF, wanda ke kara kuzarin sabbin hanyoyin jini da ke taimakawa kashi ya sake farfadowa. Ana amfani da waɗannan yadudduka a kan ɓangarorin nama na bakin ciki sosai wanda za'a iya dasa su a wurin da aka ji rauni.
Hammond da dalibanta sun tsara suturar ta yadda da zarar an dasa shi, za ta saki VEGF da wuri, sama da mako guda ko makamancin haka, kuma ta ci gaba da fitar da BMP-2 har zuwa kwanaki 40. A cikin binciken da aka yi akan beraye, sun gano cewa wannan ɓangarorin nama yana ƙarfafa haɓakar su sabon kashi wanda kusan ba a iya bambanta shi da kashi na halitta.
Nufin ciwon daji
A matsayin memba na MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Hammond ya kuma ɓullo da Layer-by-Layer coatings da za su iya inganta aikin nanoparticles amfani da ciwon daji magani bayarwa, kamar liposomes ko nanoparticles sanya daga polymer kira PLGA.
“Muna da jigilar magunguna da yawa waɗanda za mu iya naɗe su ta wannan hanyar. Ina tsammanin su kamar gobstopper, inda akwai duk waɗannan nau'ikan alewa daban-daban kuma suna narkar da su ɗaya bayan ɗaya, "in ji Hammond.
Yin amfani da wannan hanyar, Hammond ya ƙirƙiri ɓangarorin da za su iya sadar da naushi ɗaya-biyu zuwa ƙwayoyin kansa. Na farko, barbashi suna fitar da adadin acid nucleic kamar gajeriyar RNA (siRNA) mai shiga tsakani, wanda zai iya kashe kwayar cutar daji, ko microRNA, wanda zai iya kunna ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari. Sa'an nan, barbashi suna fitar da maganin chemotherapy kamar cisplatin, wanda kwayoyin halitta sun fi sauƙi.
Barbashin kuma sun haɗa da “launi mai ɓoye” da aka caje mara kyau wanda ke ba su kariya daga karyewa a cikin jini kafin su kai ga abin da suke so. Hakanan za'a iya canza wannan Layer na waje don taimakawa barbashi su tashi daga kwayoyin cutar kansa, ta hanyar haɗa kwayoyin da ke ɗaure ga sunadaran da ke da yawa akan ƙwayoyin ƙari.
A cikin aikin kwanan nan, Hammond ya fara haɓaka ƙwayoyin nanoparticles waɗanda za su iya kai hari kan kansar ovarian kuma suna taimakawa hana sake dawowar cutar bayan ilimin chemotherapy. A cikin kusan kashi 70 cikin 85 na masu fama da ciwon daji na kwai, zagayen farko na magani yana da tasiri sosai, amma ciwace-ciwacen daji suna sake faruwa a kusan kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX na waɗancan lokuta, kuma waɗannan sabbin ciwace-ciwacen galibi suna da juriya da magani.
Ta hanyar canza nau'in suturar da ake amfani da ita ga ƙwayoyin nanoparticles masu isar da ƙwayoyi, Hammond ya gano cewa za'a iya ƙirƙira barbashin don shiga cikin ƙwayoyin ƙari ko mannewa saman su. Yin amfani da ɓangarorin da ke manne da sel, ta ƙirƙira wani magani wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen tsalle martanin rigakafi na majiyyaci ga kowane ƙwayoyin tumor da ke faruwa.
"Tare da ciwon daji na ovarian, ƙwayoyin rigakafi kaɗan ne ke wanzu a wannan sararin samaniya, kuma saboda ba su da ƙwayoyin rigakafi da yawa a yanzu, yana da matukar wahala a sake mayar da martanin rigakafi," in ji ta. "Duk da haka, idan za mu iya isar da kwayar halitta zuwa sel makwabta, wadanda ke nan, kuma mu farfado da su, to muna iya yin wani abu."
Don haka, ta tsara nanoparticles waɗanda ke sadar da IL-12, cytokine wanda ke motsa ƙwayoyin T da ke kusa don yin aiki kuma su fara kai hari ga ƙwayoyin ƙari. A cikin nazarin berayen, ta gano cewa wannan maganin ya haifar da amsawar ƙwaƙwalwar T-cell na dogon lokaci wanda ke hana sake dawowar ciwon daji na ovarian.
Hammond ta rufe laccarta ta hanyar bayyana irin tasirin da Cibiyar ta yi mata a tsawon aikinta.
"Wannan kwarewa ce mai canzawa," in ji ta. “A gaskiya ina ganin wannan wuri na musamman ne domin yana haɗa mutane tare kuma yana ba mu damar yin abubuwa tare da ba za mu iya yi ni kaɗai ba. Kuma tallafin da muke samu daga abokanmu, abokan aikinmu, da ɗalibanmu ne ke sa abubuwa su yiwu.
Anne Trafton ne ya rubuta
Source: Massachusetts Cibiyar Fasaha
