Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hana ʻino ma nā ʻāina Sahel i ke komo ʻana o nā pūʻali koa pūʻali koa Tuareg, e hakakā nei no kahi mokuʻāina kūʻokoʻa.
na Teodor Detchev
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pōʻai hou o ka hana ʻino ma nā ʻāina Sahel hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka Arab Spring. ʻAʻole hōʻailona maoli ka loulou a ʻaʻole pili i ka "hoʻohālike hoʻoikaika" a kekahi. ʻO ka loulou pololei e pili ana i ke komo ʻana o nā pūʻali koa pūʻali koa Tuareg, no nā makahiki he mau makahiki e hakakā nei no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi mokuʻāina kūʻokoʻa - ʻo ka hapa nui ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Mali. [1]
I ka wā o ke kaua kīwila ma Libya, i ka wā e ola ana ʻo Muammar Gaddafi, ua ʻaoʻao ka pūʻali koa Tuareg me ia, akā ma hope o kona make ʻana, hoʻi lākou i Mali me kā lākou mau mea kaua kaumaha a māmā. ʻO ka ʻike koke ʻana i ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka poʻe Tuareg paramilitaries, ka mea i paʻa maoli i ka niho, he lono maikaʻi ʻole ia no nā luna ma Mali, akā no nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina. ʻO ke kumu, ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻololi ma waena o ka Tuareg a ua "hōʻano hou" kekahi o kā lākou mau pūʻali koa iā lākou iho mai nā mea hakakā no ke kūʻokoʻa aupuni i nā hoʻokumu pūʻali koa Uzhkim Islamist. [2]
ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā ethnocentric me ka mōʻaukala lōʻihi, e hoʻopili koke i nā huaʻōlelo "jihadi" a me nā hana, ʻo ka mea kākau o kēia mau laina i kapa ʻia he "hui pālua lalo". ʻAʻole ia he mea kūikawā o ke Komohana Aferika ʻO ia wale nō ka "God's Resistance Army" ma Uganda, a me nā pūʻali koa Islamist like ʻole ma nā mokupuni hema loa o ka pae ʻāina ʻo Philippine. [2], [3]
Ua hui pū ʻia nā mea ma West Africa ma hope o ka makahiki 2012-2013, ua lilo ka ʻāina i kahua kaua kahi i "franchise" o nā ʻoihana hoʻoweliweli honua, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "terrorist" disorganizations, ma muli o kā lākou kikoʻī. hale, lula a me ke alakaʻi, ʻo ia ka hōʻole ʻana o nā hui kahiko. [1], [2]
Ma Mali, ua ho'āʻo ka Tuareg, ka poʻe Islamists hou, i ka hakakā ʻana me al-Qaeda akā i ka hui pū ʻana me nā hoʻokumu Salafist ʻaʻole i pili i ka Islamic State a i ʻole al-Qaeda, i hoʻāʻo e hana i kahi aupuni kūʻokoʻa ma ka ʻākau o Mali. [2] I ka pane ʻana, ua hoʻokumu nā luna Malian i kahi hana kaua e kūʻē i ka Tuareg a me nā jihadists, i kākoʻo ʻia e Farani me kahi kauoha mai ka UN Security Council - ma lalo o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo UN Stabilization Mission ma Mali - Minusma.
Hoʻomaka ʻo Operations Serval a me Barhan i kekahi ma hope o kekahi, ʻo Operation Serval kahi hana koa Farani ma Mali i mālama ʻia e like me ka Security Council Resolution 2085 o 20 December 2012. Ua koho ʻia ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo ma ke noi a nā luna Malian, ʻaʻohe mea, me Russia. , e kue ana, e waiho wale i ka veto o ka Council Security. ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka hana me ka mana o ka UN, ʻo ia ka lanakila ʻana i nā pūʻali o ka jihadists a me nā "hui me ka lua lalo" Tuareg ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Mali, e hoʻomaka ana e hele i ke kikowaena o ka ʻāina. .
I ka wā o ka hana, ua pepehi ʻia ʻekolu o nā alakaʻi ʻelima o ka Islamists - ʻo Abdelhamid Abu Zeid, ʻo Abdel Krim a me Omar Ould Hamaha. Ua holo ʻo Mokhtar Belmokhtar i Libya a ua pakele ʻo Iyad ag Ghali i Algeria. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka Operation Serval (i kapa ʻia ma hope o ka pōpoki ʻāhiu ʻApelika kaulana) i ka lā 15 Iulai 2014 e pani ʻia e Operation Barhan, i hoʻomaka i ka 1 ʻAukake 2014.
Ke hana nei ʻo Operation Barhan ma ka ʻāina o ʻelima mau ʻāina Sahel - Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania a me Niger. ʻO 4,500 mau koa Farani e komo ana, a ke aʻo nei nā ʻāina ʻelima o ka Sahel (G5 - Sahel) e pili ana i nā koa 5,000 e hui pū i nā hana anti-terrorist.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Mali i kekahi ʻano o ka mokuʻāina Tuareg-Islamist i hāʻule. Ke hoʻokō nei nā hana "Serval" a me "Barkhan" i kā lākou mau pahuhopu. Ua pau nā manaʻo o ka poʻe Islamist a me nā "hui lua lalo". ʻO ka mea maikaʻi ʻole, ʻaʻole kēia e hoʻopau i ka hana ʻino a, no laila, i nā ʻenemi ma Sahel. ʻOiai ua lanakila a koi ʻia e noʻonoʻo mua e pili ana i ka peʻe ʻana mai nā pūʻali koa o Farani a me nā ʻāina G5-Sahel, ke huli nei nā radical Islamic i ke kaua guerrilla, e huli ana i kekahi manawa i ka poʻe pōā maʻalahi.
ʻOiai ma hope o ka hana ʻana o Serwal a me Barkhan, ʻaʻole hiki i nā radical Islam ke hoʻokō i nā kūleʻa hoʻolālā, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka ʻike mua ʻana, ʻaʻole i emi ka nui o nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā makaʻāinana, akā ma kekahi mau wahi ke piʻi nei. Hoʻokumu kēia i kahi ʻano hopohopo a maikaʻi ʻole, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia e nā pūʻali koa makemake ʻole i kaʻana like ʻole i ka pūʻali koa i loko o ka pā kaua.
Ma kekahiʻaoʻao,ʻo ka pūʻali koa o'Afelika he mea hoʻokiʻekiʻe kaiaulu. He mea ia e hiki ai i ke kanaka ke ala aʻe i kekahi ʻano kuʻuna meritocratic. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua laha loa ka hana hoʻokahuli aupuni ma ʻApelika a ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia nā alakaʻi o ka pūʻali koa he hewa.
E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka ʻikepili STATISTA, ma waena o Ianuali 1950 a me Iulai 2023 aia ma kahi o 220 mau hoʻāʻo kipi kūleʻa i ʻApelika, ʻoi aku ka hapalua (44 pakeneka o nā hoʻāʻo kipi a pau ma ka honua. ʻO ka nui o nā hoʻokahuli aupuni mai ka makahiki 1950 me ka huina o 17. Ma hope o Sudan, Burundi (11), Ghana a me Sierra Leone (10) nā'āina me ka nui o nā ho'āʻo kipi mai ka waena o 20th century.
Ma ke kūlana o kēia lā i ka Sahel, ma hope o ka neʻe mua ʻana o ka radical Islamists a me nā "hui lua lalo" ma ka ʻākau o Mali a me ka counterattack e like me nā pūʻali koa o nā ʻāina G5 Sahel a me Farani, ʻo ka hopohopo nui ka palekana pilikino o nā kānaka. ʻO kekahi poʻe o nā ʻāina like ʻole o ka ʻāina e like me nā manaʻo like, hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i loko o ka aphorism o kahi kamaʻāina o Burkina Faso: "I ka lā haʻalulu mākou o hele mai ka pūʻali koa o ka pūʻali koa maʻamau, a i ka pō e haʻalulu mākou o ka poʻe Islamist. hele mai."
ʻO kēia kūlana ka mea e hāʻawi i ka wiwo ʻole i kekahi mau pōʻai i waena o ka pūʻali koa e kiʻi aku i ka mana. ʻO kēia ka mea i hōʻoia ʻia e ka thesis ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ke aupuni i kēia manawa i ka weliweli i kau ʻia e nā radical Islam. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua koho pololei ʻia ka manawa - ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua lanakila nā jihadists a ʻaʻole nui loa ko lākou hiki ke hopu mau i nā ʻāina. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hoʻouka ʻana e nā radical Islam e noho weliweli a make no ka nui o nā makaʻāinana. No laila, hoʻohana ka pūʻali koa i kekahi mau ʻāina i ka hana i hana ʻia e ka UN a me nā pūʻali G5 Sahel e kūʻē i nā mea hoʻopilikia a i ka manawa like (me ka hoʻokamani) e hāpai i ka pilikia ʻaʻole i hoʻomaha ʻia ko lākou mau ʻāina a pono ke komo ʻana i kā lākou "kūpono".
Hiki i kekahi ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa i kekahi manawa ʻo Burkina Faso, kahi i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ai ka mana o ka mana o 60 pakeneka o ka ʻāina o ka ʻāina i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2022, ua hōʻike ʻia he ʻokoʻa. [listen] 40 He oiaio keia, ma na hapa wale no. Pono e akaka ʻaʻole hoʻohana nā radical Islamic i ka mana ma luna o ke koena 40 pakeneka o ka ʻāina ma ke ʻano he hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "mana" ma lalo o ka Islamic State ma Suria a me Iraq a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻāpana ʻĀkau Tuareg-populated. e hoʻolohi. ʻAʻohe hoʻokele kūloko ma aneʻi i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka poʻe Islamist, a ʻaʻohe mana de facto ma ka liʻiliʻi ma luna o nā kamaʻilio kumu. ʻO ia wale nō ka hiki i nā kipi ke hana i nā hewa me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole ʻia, a ʻo ia ke kumu i manaʻoʻiʻo ai ka poʻe hoʻohewa o ke aupuni i kēlā manawa (a ʻo ka mea hoʻi i kēia manawa) ʻaʻole kēia ʻāpana o ka ʻāina i lalo o ka mana o nā mana. [9], [17], [40]
I kēlā me kēia hihia, ʻo ka pilikia ʻeha loa o ka hoʻouka kaua mau ʻana e nā radical Islamic ua hāʻawi i ka pono kūpono (ma ka liʻiliʻi i ko lākou mau maka ponoʻī) no ka pūʻali koa ma kekahi mau ʻāina Sahel e lawe i ka mana ma ka ikaika, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i kā lākou hana me ka hopohopo no ka palekana o ka kanaka. ʻO ka hoʻokahuli hope loa i hōʻea i ka ʻāina ʻo ia ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ma Niger, kahi i hopu ai ʻo General Abdurahman Tiani i ka mana ma 26 Iulai 2023. [22]
He mea nui e ʻōlelo ma aneʻi ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ma Gabon, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻokahuli hope loa ma West Africa, i ka pōʻaiapili like me ka mea i hana ʻia e nā kaʻina hana i hana ʻia ma nā ʻāina Sahel. [10], [14] ʻAʻole like me Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, a me Chad, ʻaʻohe mea hakakā ma waena o nā pūʻali aupuni a me nā radical Islamic ma Gabon, a ʻo ka hoʻokahuli aupuni i manaʻo ʻia, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i kēia manawa, kūʻē i ka ʻohana pelekikena, ka ʻohana Bongo. , ka mea i noho aliʻi iā Gabon 56 makahiki.
Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ma hope o ka manawa o ka mālie ma waena o 2013 a me 2020, aia he 13 hoʻāʻo kipi ma ʻApelika, me Sudan, Chad, Guinea, Burkina Faso a me Mali. [4], [32]
Maʻaneʻi mākou e kuhikuhi e pili ana i ka maelstrom hou o kēia manawa ke kālai'āina instability ma West Africa, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka Sahel, ka hana ʻino i ka Central African Republic (CAR), kahi i hakakā ʻia ai nā kaua kīwila ʻelua. ʻO ka mua, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Central African Republic Bush War, hoʻomaka ʻia ma 2004 a hoʻopau ʻia me kahi kuʻikahi maluhia de jure ma 2007, a de facto i Malaki 2013. ʻO ka lua, i kapa ʻia ʻo "ke kaua kīwila i ka Central African Republic" ( ʻO ke Kaua Kivila ʻo ʻApelika ʻApelika Waena), ua hoʻomaka ʻia ma ʻApelila 2013 a ʻaʻole i pau a hiki i kēia lā, ʻoiai ua kau nā lima o nā pūʻali aupuni i ka ʻāpana nui loa o ka ʻāina a lākou i hoʻomalu ai.
ʻAʻole pono e ʻōlelo, he ʻāina ʻilihune loa, ʻo kāna helu hoʻomohala kanaka aia ma nā pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa o ka pae (kahi hope loa, ma ka liʻiliʻi a hiki i 2021 i mālama ʻia no Niger) a ʻo ka pilikia o ka hana ʻana i nā hana waiwai he kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻo ia hoʻi he "moku'āina hāʻule" a ma hope a ma hope paha e lilo ʻo ia i mea pio i nā ʻano vulture politika a me ka pūʻali koa. I kēia māhele hiki iā mākou me ka noʻonoʻo maikaʻi ke kuhikuhi iā Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, ka Central African Republic (CAR) a me South Sudan mai ka hui o nā ʻāina i noʻonoʻo ʻia i kēia loiloi.
Ma ka manawa like, ʻo ka papa inoa o nā ʻāina ma ʻApelika kahi i hōʻoia ʻia ai ka hui pūʻali koa Lūkini ʻo Wagner i ʻike ʻia a ʻae ʻia e ke aupuni ʻo Mali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, CAR, Cameroon, DR Congo, Zimbabwe. , Mozambique a me Madagascar. [4], [39]
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma waena o ka papa inoa o nā "mokuʻāina hāʻule" i hoʻopau ʻia e nā kaua kīwila, nā hakakā lāhui a me nā hoʻomana, nā hoʻokahuli koa a me nā pōʻino ʻē aʻe a me ka papa inoa o nā ʻāina kahi i "hana" ai nā PMC Wagner mercenaries i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā aupuni kūpono.
ʻO Mali, ka Lepupalika ʻApelika Waena a me South Sudan e hōʻike nui ʻia ma nā papa inoa ʻelua. ʻAʻohe mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pili ana i ka noho kūhelu ʻana o PMC "Wagner" ma Burkina Faso, akā ua lawa nā hōʻailona o ke komo ʻana a me ke kākoʻo ʻana o Rūsia ma ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā mea hoʻopiʻi kipi hou loa ma ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole e haʻi i nā manaʻo pro-Russian. i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hiki i ka poʻe mercenary o Prigozhin hope ke "hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou iho" ma ka ʻāina kokoke o Mali. [9], [17]
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā "hiʻohiʻona" o PMC Wagner ma Central Africa Republic a ma Mali e hoʻoweliweli i waena o nā ʻApelika. Ua ʻike ʻia ka makemake o ka poʻe mercenary Lūkini no ka pepehi kanaka a me ka hana hoʻomāinoino mai ka wā o Suria i ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona, akā ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia kā lākou hana ma ʻApelika, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka CAR a me Mali. [34] I ka hopena o Iulai 2022, ua hoʻopiʻi pololei ka luna o nā pūʻali Farani i ka UN-flagged Operation Barhan, ʻo General Laurent Michon, iā PMC Wagner no ka "ʻaihue iā Mali". [24]
ʻOiaʻiʻo, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, pili nā hanana ma Mali a me Burkina Faso a hahai i ke ʻano like. Ua hoʻomaka ka "contagion" o ka hana ʻino Islamist radical ma Mali. Ua hele ma waena o ka Tuareg-Islamist insurgency ma ka ʻākau o ka ʻāina a, ma hope o ka pio ʻana o nā kipi e nā pūʻali UN a me ka G5 - Sahel, a laila lawe i ke ʻano o ke kaua guerrilla, ka hana ʻino i ka lehulehu kanaka a me ka poʻe pōā ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao waena o Mali, kahi i ʻimi ai ʻo ia i ke kākoʻo o ka poʻe Fulani a i ʻole Fulbe (he pilikia koʻikoʻi e nānā ʻia ma hope) a neʻe i Burkina Faso. Ua kamaʻilio pū nā mea loiloi e pili ana iā Burkina Faso i lilo i "epicenter hou o ka hana ʻino". [17]
Eia naʻe, ʻo kahi kikoʻī koʻikoʻi ma ʻAukake 2020, ua hoʻokahuli ka pūʻali koa i ka pelekikena i koho ʻia o Mali - Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta. He hopena maikaʻi ʻole kēia i ka hakakā ʻana i ka poʻe jihadists, no ka mea, ʻo ka pūʻali koa i hiki mai i ka mana ke nānā aku me ka hilinaʻi ʻole i ka pūʻali UN, ʻo ia ka nui o nā koa Farani. Ua manaʻo lākou ʻaʻole i ʻae ka poʻe Farani i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni. ʻO ia ke kumu i hoʻolalelale ai nā mana hou i koho ponoʻī iā Mali e koi i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hana UN (ʻoi aku ka Farani) ma Mali. I kēlā manawa, ua ʻoi aku ka makaʻu o nā aliʻi koa o ka ʻāina i nā pūʻali Farani i kauoha ʻia e UN ma ko lākou ʻāina ma mua o nā radical Islamic.
Ua hoʻopau koke ka UN Security Council i ka hana mālama maluhia ma Mali a ua hoʻomaka ka Farani e haʻalele, me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia me ka mihi nui ʻole. A laila hoʻomanaʻo ka junta pūʻali koa ma Bamako ʻaʻole i pau ke kaua guerilla o nā radical Islamic a ʻimi i nā kōkua ʻē aʻe o waho, i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o PMC "Wagner" a me ka Russian Federation, ka mea i mākaukau mau e lawelawe like me ka manaʻo. nā mokuʻāina. Hoʻomaka koke nā hanana a haʻalele ʻo PMC "Wagner" i nā wāwae wāwae o kona mau kāmaʻa i ke one o Mali. [34], [39]
Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ma Mali i ka "hopena domino" - ʻelua mau hoʻokahuli i ukali ʻia i hoʻokahi makahiki ma Burkina Faso (!), A laila ma Niger a me Gabon. ʻO ke kumu a me nā manaʻo hoʻoikaika (a i ʻole nā hōʻoia) no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kipi ma Burkina Faso ua like ia me nā mea ma Mali. Ma hope o 2015, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hana ʻino, sabotage a me nā mea kaua e nā radical Islam. ʻO nā "franchise" like ʻole o al-Qaeda, ka Islamic State (ka Islamic State of West Africa, ka Islamic State of the Greater Sahara, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) a me nā hoʻokumu Salafist kūʻokoʻa i pepehi i nā tausani o nā makaʻāinana, a me ka helu o ka "i hoʻoneʻe ʻia i loko" , maopopo iā ʻoe - ua ʻoi aku ka poʻe mahuka ma mua o ʻelua miliona mau kānaka. No laila, ua loaʻa iā Burkina Faso ka inoa kānalua ʻo "ke kikowaena hou o ka hakakā Sahel." [9]
Ma Ianuali 24, 2022, ua hoʻokahuli ka pūʻali koa ma Burkina Faso, i alakaʻi ʻia e Paul-Henri Damiba, i ka Pelekikena Roch Kabore, ka mea i noho aliʻi i ka ʻāina no ʻeono makahiki, ma hope o kekahi mau lā o ka haunaele ma ke kapikala ʻo Ouagadougou. [9], [17], [32] Akā ma ka lā 30 o Kepakemapa, 2022, no ka lua o ka manawa i ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻokō ʻia kekahi kipi. Ua hoʻokahuli ʻia ka pelekikena ponoʻī ʻo Paul-Henri Damiba e ke kāpena ʻoi loa ʻo Ibrahim Traore. Ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pelekikena o kēia manawa, ua hoʻopau ʻo Traore i ke aupuni hoʻololi i hoʻokumu ʻia e Damiba a ua hoʻokuʻu (hope) i ke kumukānāwai. Ma ka ʻōlelo maopopo ʻole, ua ʻōlelo ka ʻōlelo a ka pūʻali koa ua hoʻoholo kahi pūʻulu o nā luna e hoʻoneʻe iā Damiba no kona hiki ʻole ke hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻouka kaua o nā radical Islam. Aia ʻo ia i ka hui like ʻole i hana ʻole me nā jihadists ma lalo o ʻelua mau pelekikena kūleʻa no kahi o ʻehiku mau makahiki ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoweliweli iā ia. Eia kekahi, ua ʻōlelo ākea ʻo ia "i nā mahina ʻeiwa i hala iho nei" (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma hope o ke kipi ʻana o ka pūʻali koa i Ianuali 2022 me kona komo ʻana), "ua piʻi ke kūlana". [9]
Ma keʻano laulā, ke hana ʻia nei kahi kumu hoʻohālike o ka hopu ʻana i ka mana ma nā ʻāina kahi e hoʻoikaika ʻia ai ka hana kipi a nā radical Islam. I ka manawa e hoʻomaopopo ai ka pūʻali koa UN (hoʻomaopopo i ka "ʻino" Farani a me nā pūʻali G5 - Sahel) i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka poʻe jihadists a noho mau ke kaua ma ke ʻano o ke kaua guerilla, sabotage a me nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka lehulehu kanaka, ka pūʻali koa kūloko i kahi hāʻawi. manao ka aina ua hiki mai kona hora; ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole kūleʻa ka hakakā ʻana i nā Islamists radical a ... lawe i ka mana.
ʻO ka mea kānalua, he kūlanaʻoluʻolu -ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā radical Islamic ka ikaika e komo i kou kapikala a hoʻokumu i kekahiʻano o "Islamic State" noʻoe, a ma ka manawa like, ua mamao loa ke kaua a aia kekahi mea e hoʻoweliweli ai i ka heluna kanaka. . ʻO kahi hihia ʻokoʻa ʻo ia ka makaʻu o ka hapa nui o ka lehulehu i kā lākou pūʻali koa "ʻōiwi" no nā kumu he nui. Aia lākou mai ke kuleana ʻole o nā luna koa a hiki i nā ʻokoʻa i ka hui ʻohana o nā pūkaua like.
I kēia mau mea a pau, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka weliweli weliweli o nā ʻano o "Wagner", nā mea kākoʻo o "nā hana radical" a me ka "logic logging". [39]
Ma ʻaneʻi mākou e haʻalele ai no kahi manawa i ka lele lōʻihi ma luna o ka mōʻaukala o ke komo ʻana o ka Islam i loko o West Africa a e hoʻolohe i kahi coincidence ʻaʻole paha he pōʻino. I ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kanaka no kā lākou kumu, ʻoi aku ka nui ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻia ʻana e nā pūʻali koa Tuareg ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka kipi ma ka ʻākau o Mali, ke huli nei nā radical Islamic i ka Fulani, he poʻe semi-nomadic o nā kahu hānai hoʻoilina e komo i ka pastoralism migratory ma. he kāʻei mai ke Kaikuono o Guinea a i ke Kaiʻula, ma ka hema o ka wao nahele ʻo Sahara.
ʻO ka Fulani (ʻike ʻia ʻo Fula, Fulbe, Hilani, Philata, Fulau, a me Pyol, e hilinaʻi ana i ka nui o nā ʻōlelo i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka ʻāina) ʻo ia kekahi o nā poʻe ʻApelika mua i hoʻohuli i ka Islam a ma muli o ko lākou nohona a ʻO ka noho ʻana ma kekahi ʻano hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻokae ʻia. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua like ke ʻano o ka māhele ʻāina o ka Fulani:
ʻO ka helu Fulani ma kahi o 16,800,000 ma Nigeria mai ka heluna nui o 190 miliona; 4,900,000 ma Guinea (me Conakry kapikala) mai 13 miliona kanaka); 3,500,000 ma Senegal mailoko mai o ka aina he 16 miliona; 3,000,000 ma Mali mai 18.5 miliona kanaka; 2,900,000 ma Cameroon mai 24 miliona kanaka; 1,600,000 ma Niger mai 21 miliona kanaka; 1,260,000 ma Mauritania mai 4.2 miliona kanaka; 1,200,000 ma Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) mai ka heluna kanaka he 19 miliona; 580,000 ma Chad mai ka heluna kanaka he 15 miliona; 320,000 ma Gambia mai ka heluna kanaka o 2 miliona; 320,000 ma Guinea-Bissau mai ka heluna kanaka he 1.9 miliona; 310,000 ma Sierra Leone mai ka heluna kanaka he 6.2 miliona; 250,000 ma ka Central African Republic o 5.4 miliona mau kānaka (me ka poʻe noiʻi e hōʻike ana he hapalua kēia o ka heluna Muslim o ka ʻāina, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o 10% o ka heluna kanaka); 4,600 ma Ghana mai ka heluna kanaka he 28 miliona; a me 1,800 ma Côte d'Ivoire mai ka heluna kanaka he 23.5 miliona. [38] Ua hoʻokumu pū ʻia kahi kaiāulu Fulani ma Sudan ma ke ala huakaʻi hele i Meka. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka Sudanese Fulani ka poʻe kaiāulu liʻiliʻi loa i aʻo ʻia a ʻaʻole i helu ʻia ko lākou helu i ka wā o nā helu helu aupuni.[38]
Ma ke ʻano he pākēneka o ka heluna kanaka, ʻo ka Fulani ka 38% o ka heluna kanaka ma Guinea (me ke kapikala ʻo Conakry), 30% ma Mauritania, 22% ma Senegal, ma lalo o 17% ma Guinea-Bissau, 16% ma Mali a me Gambia, 12% ma Cameroon, kokoke i 9% ma Nigeria, 7.6% ma Niger, 6.3% ma Burkina Faso, 5% ma Sierra Leone a me Central African Republic, ma lalo o 4% o ka heluna kanaka ma Chad a me nā wahi liʻiliʻi loa ma Ghana a me Côte d'Ivoire Ivory. [38]
I kekahi mau manawa ma ka mōʻaukala, ua hana ka Fulani i nā aupuni. ʻEkolu mau laʻana e hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia:
• I ke kenekulia 18, ua hoʻokumu lākou i ka moku'āina theocratic o Futa-Jalon ma Central Guinea;
• Ma ka 19th century, ka Massina Empire ma Mali (1818 - 1862), i hoʻokumuʻia e Sekou Amadou Barii, a lailaʻo Amadou Sekou Amadou, ka mea i lanakila ma ka lanakilaʻana i ke kūlanakauhale nui o Timbuktu.
• Ma ka 19th century, ua hoʻokumuʻia ke aupuni Sokoto ma Nigeria.
ʻO kēia mau aupuni i hōʻike ʻia he mau mokuʻāina paʻa ʻole, akā naʻe, i kēia lā, ʻaʻohe mokuʻāina i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka Fulani. [38]
E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia, ʻo ka poʻe Fulani ka poʻe neʻe, semi-nomadic pastoralists. Ua noho lakou pela no ka hapa nui, ina paha i manaoia ua noho malie kekahi poe, mamuli o na palena i kauia maluna o lakou e ka hoonui mau ana o ka waoakua ma kekahi mau wahi, a no ko lakou hoopuehu ana, a no ka mea, ua hoʻokumu kekahi mau aupuni i nā papahana e kuhikuhi ana i ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka poʻe nomadic i kahi nohona maʻamau. [7], [8], [11], [19], [21], [23], [25], [42]
ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he Mahometa, kokoke lākou a pau ma nā ʻāina he nui. ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ua hana nui lākou i ke komo ʻana o Islam i West Africa.
ʻO ka mea kākau a me ka mea noʻonoʻo Malian ʻo Amadou Hampate Bâ (1900-1991), nona iho no ka poʻe Fulani, me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke ala i ʻike ʻia ai lākou e nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohālikelike me nā Iudaio, e like me nā Iudaio ma mua o ka hana ʻana o ʻO ka ʻIseraʻela, ua hoʻopuehu ʻia lākou ma nā ʻāina he nui, kahi e hoʻopuka pinepine ai lākou i nā ʻōlelo hōʻino mai nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe mai kēlā me kēia ʻāina: ʻike pinepine ʻia ka Fulani e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ka communitarianism, nepotism a me ka hoʻopunipuni. [38]
ʻO nā paio kuʻuna ma nā wahi neʻe o ka Fulani, ma waena o lākou, ma kekahiʻaoʻao, e like me nā kahu hānai semi-nomadic a me nā mea mahiʻai noho o nā lāhui likeʻole, ma kekahi, a me kaʻoiaʻiʻo uaʻoi aku lākou ma mua o nā lāhui'ē aʻe i kahi. ka heluna nui o nā ʻāina (a no laila e launa pū me nā hui like ʻole o ka heluna kanaka), ʻaʻohe kānalua i ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia kaulana, mālama pinepine ʻia e ka heluna kanaka a lākou i komo ai i ke kūʻē a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa. [8], [19], [23], [25], [38]
ʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻomohala mua ana lākou i nā vectors o ka jihadism he mea hou loa ia a hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e ke kuleana o ka Fulani i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana hoʻoweliweli ma ke kikowaena o Mali - ma ka ʻāina Masina a ma ka piko o ka muliwai Niger . [26], [28], [36], [41]
I ka wā e kamaʻilio ai e pili ana i nā mea e puka mai ana o ka pilina ma waena o ka Fulani a me ka "Jihadists", pono e hoʻomanaʻo mau ʻia ma ka mōʻaukala a puni ʻApelika, ua kū mai nā paio a hoʻomau i ka noho ʻana ma waena o ka poʻe mahiʻai noho a me nā kahu hānai, he mau nomadic a semi-nomadic. a e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka neʻe ʻana a me ka neʻe ʻana me kā lākou mau holoholona. Hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā kahu bipi no ka hoʻopau ʻana i kā lākou mau mea kanu me kā lākou mau holoholona, a hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe kahu hānai no ka ʻaihue holoholona, ka paʻakikī o ke komo ʻana i nā kino wai a me nā mea keakea i kā lākou neʻe ʻana. [38]
Akā mai ka makahiki 2010, ua piʻi ka nui o nā hakakā a make i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa loa, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Sahel. Ua pani ʻia nā hakakā lima lima a me nā hui lāʻau e ka pana ʻana me nā pū hoʻouka kaua Kalashnikov. [5], [7], [8], [41]
ʻO ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai, i hoʻokau ʻia e ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, e kaupalena mālie i nā wahi no ka hānai ʻana a me ka hana holoholona. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka maloʻo koʻikoʻi i ka makahiki 1970 a me 1980 ua hoʻoneʻe i nā kahu hānai e neʻe i ka hema i nā wahi kahi i maʻa ʻole ai ka poʻe noho i ka hoʻokūkū me nā poʻe nomad. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mea nui i hāʻawi ʻia i nā kulekele no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahiʻai holoholona koʻikoʻi i ka marginalize nomads. [12], [38]
Ma waho o nā kulekele hoʻomohala, manaʻo pinepine ka poʻe kahu hipa migran i ka hoʻokae ʻia e nā mana, manaʻo lākou e noho nei lākou i kahi ʻano ʻino a hoʻoneʻe e pale i ko lākou mau pono. Eia kekahi, ke ho'āʻo nei nā pūʻulu hoʻoweliweli a me nā pūʻali koa e hakakā ana ma West a me Central Africa e hoʻohana i ko lākou huhū e lanakila ai iā lākou. [7], [10], [12], [14], [25], [26]
I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā poʻe kahu hānai ma ka ʻāina ʻo Fulani, ʻo lākou wale nō ka poʻe nomad i loaʻa ma nā ʻāina āpau o ka ʻāina.
ʻO ke ʻano o kekahi o nā aupuni Fulani i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, a me ke ʻano kuʻuna kaua like ʻole o ka Fulani, ua alakaʻi i nā mea nānā he nui e manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ke komo ʻana o Fulani i ka puka ʻana o ka jihadism hoʻoweliweli ma waena o Mali mai ka makahiki 2015 ma kekahi ʻano he huahana i hui pū ʻia. ka hoʻoilina mōʻaukala a me ka ʻike o ka poʻe Fulani, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he bête noire ("holoholona ʻeleʻele"). ʻO ke komo ʻana o ka Fulani i ka ulu ʻana o kēia hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli ma Burkina Faso a i ʻole ma Niger e hōʻoia i kēia manaʻo. [30], [38]
Ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hoʻoilina mōʻaukala, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka Fulani i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka colonialism Farani, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma Futa-Jalon a me nā wahi a puni - nā ʻāina e lilo i mau panalāʻau Farani o Guinea, Senegal a me Farani Sudan. .
Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻoiai ʻo ka Fulani i hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kikowaena hoʻoweliweli hou ma Burkina Faso, ʻokoʻa ke kūlana ma Niger: he ʻoiaʻiʻo aia nā hoʻouka kaua manawa a nā hui i haku ʻia e Fulani, akā. he poe hoouka kaua mawaho. mai Mali mai. [30], [38]
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa ke kūlana o ka Fulani mai kēlā me kēia ʻāina, inā ʻo ko lākou ʻano o ke ola (degree of settlement, level of education, etc.), ke ʻano o ko lākou ʻike ʻana iā lākou iho, a i ʻole ke ala, e like me ka i ʻike ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
Ma mua o ka hoʻomau ʻana i kahi loiloi hohonu loa o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o ka Fulani a me ka poʻe jihadist, pono e ʻike ʻia kahi coincidence nui, kahi e hoʻi ai mākou i ka hopena o kēia loiloi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua hoʻopuehu ka poʻe Fulani ma ʻApelika - mai ke Kaiwa o Guinea ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika ma ke komohana, a hiki i nā kahakai o ke Kaiʻula ma ka hikina. Noho lākou ma kahi o nā ala kalepa kahiko loa ma ʻApelika - ke ala e holo koke ana ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka wao nahele ʻo Sahara, a hiki i kēia lā ʻo ia kekahi o nā ala nui loa e hele ai ka mahiʻai neʻe ma ka Sahel.
Inā, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ke nānā nei mākou i ka palapala ʻāina o nā ʻāina kahi i hana ai ʻo PMC "Wagner" i nā hana kūhelu, i ke kōkua ʻana i nā pūʻali aupuni kūpono (me ka ʻole o ke kānāwai a i ʻole ka mana o ke aupuni ma muli o ka he kipi hou - e ʻike ma Mali a me Burkina Faso ), e ʻike mākou aia ke ʻano koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ʻāina kahi e noho ai ka Fulani a me kahi e hana ai nā "Wagnerovites".
Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia i ka coincidence. ʻO ka PMC "Wagner" ke hoʻopōmaikaʻi maikaʻi nei i nā ʻāina kahi i kū ai nā hakakā kūloko, a inā he kaua kīwila lākou - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Me Prigozhin a i ʻole Prigozhin (ke manaʻo nei kekahi poʻe e ola ana), ʻaʻole e haʻalele ʻo PMC "Wagner" mai kona mau kūlana. ʻO ka mea mua, no ka mea pono e hoʻokō i nā ʻaelike i lawe ʻia ke kālā, a ʻo ka lua, no ka mea, ʻo ia ke kauoha geopolitical o ke aupuni kūloko i ka Russian Federation.
ʻAʻohe mea hoʻopunipuni nui aʻe ma mua o ka haʻi ʻana o "Wagner" he "hui pūʻali koa pilikino" - PMC. E nīnau pololei kekahi i ka mea "kūʻokoʻa" e pili ana i kahi hui i hana ʻia ma ke kauoha a ke aupuni kūloko, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ia, i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hana koʻikoʻi (ma mua ma Suria, a laila ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe), hāʻawi ʻo ia i "nā limahana pilikino", ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o nā paʻahao me nā hoʻopaʻi kaumaha. Me kēlā "lawelawe" a ka moku'āina, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ka hoʻopunipuni, he hewa loa ia, e kapa ʻia ʻo "Wagner" he "hui pilikino".
ʻO ka PMC "Wagner" kahi mea hana o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā makemake geopolitical o Putin a ʻo ia ke kuleana no ke komo ʻana o "Russky Mir" ma nā wahi ʻaʻole "maʻemaʻe" no ka pūʻali koa Lūkini maʻamau e ʻike ʻia i kāna ʻano hana āpau. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka hui ma kahi o ka paʻakikī politika nui e hāʻawi i kāna mau lawelawe e like me ka Mephistopheles o kēia manawa. Loaʻa i ka poʻe Fulani ka pōʻino o ka noho ʻana ma nā wahi i kiʻekiʻe loa ke kūlana politika, no laila, i ka nānā mua ʻana, ʻaʻole pono e hele mai kā lākou hakakā me PMC Wagner me he mea kupanaha.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ka ʻaoʻao. ʻO "Wagner" PMCs loa "neʻe" ma ke ala o ke ala kalepa kahiko i haʻi ʻia - ke ala nui o ka neʻe ʻana i nā pipi i kēia lā, kahi hapa o ia mea i kūlike me ke ala o nā lāhui ʻApelika he nui no ka Hajj ma Mecca. Ma kahi o kanakolu miliona ka poʻe Fulani a inā e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia lākou, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoulu i kahi hakakā e loaʻa ai ke ʻano o ke kaua ʻAmelika āpau.
A hiki i kēia manawa i ko mākou manawa, ua kaua ʻia nā kaua kūloko he nui ma ʻApelika me ka nui o nā mea make a me nā pōʻino hiki ʻole ke helu ʻia a me ka luku. Akā aia ma kahi o ʻelua mau kaua e koi ana i nā lepili ʻole o ka "kaua honua o ʻApelika", ʻo ia hoʻi - nā kaua e pili ana i nā ʻāina he nui ma ka ʻāina a ma waho. ʻO kēia nā kaua ʻelua ma Kongo (ka Lepupalika Demokarata o Congo i kēia lā). ʻO ka mea mua i hala mai ʻOkakopa 24, 1996 a hiki i Mei 16, 1997 (ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻeono mahina) a alakaʻi i ka pani ʻana o ka dictator o ka ʻāina ʻo Zaire - Mobuto Sese Seko me Laurent-Désiré Kabila. ʻO 18 mau ʻāina a me nā hui paramilitary e pili pono ana i nā hakakā, i kākoʻo ʻia e 3 + 6 mau ʻāina, ʻaʻole i wehe loa kekahi o lākou. ʻO ke kaua kekahi i hoʻomaka ʻia e ka luku ʻana ma Rwanda e pili ana, kahi i alakaʻi ai i kahi nalu o ka poʻe mahuka ma DR Congo (a laila ʻo Zaire).
I ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Kongo Mua, ua kūʻē nā Allies lanakila i kekahi i kekahi a ua lilo koke ia i ke Kaua Kongo ʻElua, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo "Great African War", kahi i hala ʻelima mau makahiki, mai ʻAukake 2, 1998 a Iulai 18, 2003. Aneane hiki ole ke hoomaopopo ia ka heluna o na hui paramilitary i komo iloko o keia kaua, aka, ua lawa ka olelo ana ma ka aoao o Laurent-Désiré Kabila e kaua ana mai Angola, Chad, Namibia, Zimbabwe a me Sudan, oiai e kue ana. ʻO ke aupuni ma Kinshasa ʻo Uganda, Rwanda a me Burundi. E like me nā mea noiʻi e hoʻokūpaʻa mau nei, ke komo nei kekahi o nā "kōkua" me ke kono ʻole ʻia.
I ka wā o ke kaua, ua make ka pelekikena o DR Congo, ʻo Laurent-Désiré Kabila, a ua pani ʻia e Joseph Kabila. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomāinoino a me ka luku ʻana, hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ke kaua no ka luku ʻia ʻana o 60,000 pygmy civilians (!), A me 10,000 pygmy koa. Ua hoʻopau ke kaua me kahi ʻaelike i ʻike i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻia ʻana o nā pūʻali koa ʻē aʻe mai DR Congo, ke koho ʻia ʻana o Joseph Kabila i pelekikena manawa, a me ka hoʻohiki ʻana i nā hope pelekikena ʻehā i ʻaelike mua ʻia, e pili ana i ka pono o nā ʻaoʻao kaua a pau. I ka makahiki 2006, ua mālama ʻia nā koho balota nui, no ka mea, hiki ke mālama ʻia ma kahi ʻāina ʻo ʻApelika Waena i loaʻa i ʻelua mau kaua ma waena o ka honua i loko o ʻeono makahiki.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o nā kaua ʻelua ma Congo hiki ke hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi manaʻo koʻikoʻi o ka mea e hiki ke hana inā hoʻā ʻia ke kaua ma ka Sahel e pili ana i ka 30 miliona poʻe Fulani. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke kānalua ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona like ma nā ʻāina o ka ʻāina, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma Moscow, kahi paha lākou e manaʻo ai me ka hana ʻana o PMC "Wagner" ma Mali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, CAR a me ʻO Cameroon (a me DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Mozambique a me Madagascar), "hoʻopaʻa lākou i ko lākou lima ma luna o ke kuʻekuʻe" o kahi hakakā nui i hiki ke hoʻonāukiukiʻia no ka pono.
ʻAʻole i nehinei ka manaʻo o Moscow e lilo i kumu ma Africa. Ma ka USSR, aia kahi kula mākaukau o nā luna naʻauao, nā diplomats a, ma luna o nā mea āpau, nā loea koa i mākaukau e komo i loko o kekahi a i ʻole nā wahi o ka ʻāina inā pono. ʻO kahi hapa nui o nā ʻāina ma ʻApelika i palapala ʻia e ka Soviet General Administration of Geodesy and Cartography (hoʻi i 1879 - 1928) a hiki i nā "Wagners" ke hilinaʻi i ke kākoʻo ʻike maikaʻi loa.
Aia nā hōʻailona ikaika o ka mana Lūkini ikaika i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kipi ma Mali a me Burkina Faso. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i ke komo ʻana o Rūsia i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Niger, me ke Kakauolelo o ka Mokuʻāina ʻo Blinken ʻo ʻAmelika e hoʻokuʻu pono ana i kēlā ʻano hiki. ʻO ka mea hope, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo i kona wā e ola ana ʻaʻole i hoʻokipa ʻo Prigozhin i ka poʻe kipi a ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i nā lawelawe o kāna hui pūʻali koa "kūʻokoʻa".
Ma ka ʻuhane o nā kuʻuna Marxist mua, eia hoʻi ʻo Rūsia e hana me kahi papahana haʻahaʻa a me kahi papahana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka mea liʻiliʻi loa ka "hoʻokau wāwae" i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, hopu i nā "outposts", hana i ka mana ma waena o nā elite kūloko, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma waena o ka pūʻali koa, a hoʻohana i nā minerala kūloko e like me ka hiki. Ua loaʻa i ka PMC "Wagner" nā hopena ma kēia ʻano.
ʻO ka papahana kiʻekiʻe loa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mana ma luna o ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa ʻo Sahel a e hoʻoholo ʻo Moscow i ka mea e hiki mai ma laila - ka maluhia a i ʻole ke kaua. E ʻōlelo kūpono kekahi: "ʻae, ʻoiaʻiʻo - he mea kūpono ke hōʻiliʻili i ke kālā o nā aupuni kipi a ʻeli i nā kumu waiwai mineral e like me ka hiki. Akā he aha ka pō e pono ai nā Lūkini e hoʻomalu i ka noho ʻana o nā ʻāina Sahel?
ʻO ka pane i kēia nīnau kūpono aia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo inā he hakakā pūʻali koa ma Sahel, e holo wikiwiki ana ka poʻe mahuka i ʻEulopa. ʻO kēia ka lehulehu o nā kānaka ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā mākaʻi wale nō. E ʻike mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻino me ka uku hoʻolaha nui. ʻO ka mea nui loa, e hoʻāʻo nā ʻāina ʻEulopa e ʻae i kahi ʻāpana o ka poʻe mahuka, me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma ʻApelika, ka mea e kākoʻo ʻia e ka EU ma muli o ko lākou pale ʻole.
No Moscow, ʻo kēia mau mea a pau he ʻano paradisiacal ʻaʻole e kānalua ʻo Moscow e hoʻonohonoho i kahi manawa i hāʻawi ʻia, inā hāʻawi ʻia ka manawa. Ua maopopo ka manaʻo o Farani e hoʻokani i ke kuleana o kahi pūʻali mālama maluhia nui, a ke nīnau ʻia nei hoʻi ka makemake o Farani e hoʻomau i ka hana ʻana i ia mau hana, ʻoi loa ma hope o ka hihia ma Mali a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka misionari UN. ma laila. Ma Moscou, ʻaʻole lākou hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka blackmail nuklea, akā ʻo ka mea i koe no ka hoʻopau ʻana i kahi "migration bomb", kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai ka radiation radioactive, akā hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka hopena.
Ma muli o kēia mau kumu, pono e hahai ʻia nā kaʻina hana ma nā ʻāina Sahel a aʻo ʻia i ka hohonu, me ka poʻe ʻepekema Bulgaria a me nā loea. Aia ʻo Bulgaria ma mua o ka pilikia o ka neʻe ʻana a ua koi ʻia nā luna o ko mākou ʻāina e hoʻokō i ka mana kūpono i ke kulekele o EU i mea e mākaukau ai no ia mau "contingencies".
Mahele ʻelua
Nā Kumuwaiwai i hoʻohana ʻia:
[1] Detchev, Teodor Danailov, ʻO ke ala ʻana o nā hui hoʻoweliweli honua. ʻO ka Franchising Terrorist a me ka rebranding o nā hui hoʻoweliweli, ka hōʻiliʻili Jubilee no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka makahiki 90th o Prof. DIN Toncho Trandafilov, VUSI Publishing House, pp. 192 - 201 (ma Bulgarian).
[2] Detchev, Teodor Danailov, "Double bottom" a i ʻole "schizophrenic bifurcation"? ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā manaʻo ethno-nationalist a me ka hoʻomana-extremist i nā hana a kekahi mau pūʻulu hoʻoweliweli, Sp. Ka politika a me ka palekana; Makahiki I; ʻAʻole. 2; 2017; pp. 34 – 51, ISSN 2535-0358 (ma Bulgarian).
[3] ʻO Detchev, Teodor Danailov, nā "franchise" o ka Islamic State i hopu i nā alahaka ma Philippines. ʻO ke kaiapuni o ka mokupuni ʻo Mindanao e hāʻawi i nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻoikaika a me ka ulu ʻana o nā pūʻulu hoʻoweliweli me ka "palua lalo", Nā Pepa Noʻonoʻo o ke Kula Nui o ka palekana a me ka ʻoihana waiwai; Volume III; 2017; pp. 7 – 31, ISSN 2367-8526 (ma Bulgarian).
[4] Fleck, Anna, He nalu hou o nā hoʻokahuli aupuni ma ʻApelika?, 03/08/2023, blacksea-caspia (ma Bulgarian).
[5] Ajala, Olayinka, ʻO nā mea hoʻokele hou o ka hakakā ma Nigeria: ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā hakakā ma waena o nā mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai, Third World Quarterly, Volume 41, 2020, Issue 12, (paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele 09 September 2020), pp. 2048-2066
[6] Benjaminsen, Tor A. a me Boubacar Ba, ʻO Fulani-Dogon pepehi kanaka ma Mali: Nā Kū'ē Mahiʻai-Herder e like me ka Insurgency and Counterinsurgency, African Security, Vol. 14, 2021, Puka 1, (Paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele: 13 Mei 2021)
[7] ʻO Boukhars, Anouar lāua ʻo Carl Pilgrim, In Disorder, Thrive lākou: Pehea e hoʻoulu ai ka pilikia o ka ʻāina i ka pūʻali koa a me ka banditry ma ka Sahel Waena, Malaki 20, 2023, Middle East Institute
[8] Brottem, Leif a me Andrew McDonnell, Pastoralism a me ka hakakā ma ka Sudano-Sahel: He Manaʻo o ka Moʻolelo, 2020, Huli no ka ʻĀina Kūʻai
[9] ʻO ke kipi a me ke kūlana politika o Burkina Faso: ʻO nā mea āpau e pono ai ʻoe e ʻike, ʻOkakopa 5, 2022, Al Jazeera
[listen] 10 Kerbiba, Hamza, Jihadism ma ka Sahel: Hoʻohana i nā pilikia kūloko, IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook 2018, European Institute of the Mediterranean (IEMed)
[11] Cissé, Modibo Ghaly, Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā manaʻo Fulani e pili ana i ka pilikia ʻo Sahel, ʻApelila 22, 2020, Africa Center for Strategic Studies
[12] Clarkson, Alexander, ʻO Scapegoating the Fulani is Fueling the Sahel’s Cycle of Violance, Iulai 19, 2023, World Political Review (WPR)
[13] Pepa ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke aniau, ka maluhia a me ka palekana: Sahel, ʻApelila 1, 2021, JSTOR, Norewai Institute of International Affairs (NUPI)
[14] Cline, Lawrence E., Nā Neʻe Jihadist ma ka Sahel: Rise of the Fulani?, Malaki 2021, Terrorism and Political Violence, 35 (1), pp. 1-17
[15] ʻO Cold-Raynkilde, Signe Marie a me Boubacar Ba, Wehe i nā "kaua hou": Nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻokele o ka hakakā ma Sahel, DIIS - Keʻena Denemaka no ka International Studies, DIIS REPORT 2022: 04
[16] ʻO ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, ʻo James, ʻo ka pepehi kanaka ʻana e nā pūʻali koa o ʻApelika Komohana ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa nei i ka palekana kūloko. Ma ka hui pū ʻana me nā pūʻali koa e kuhikuhi ana i nā makaʻāinana Fulani, hiki i nā pūʻali mokuʻāina ke hoʻāla i kahi hakakā ākea, Malaki 7, 2023, Kulekele haole
17 ʻO Durmaza, ʻo Mucahid, Pehea i lilo ai ʻo Burkina Faso i mea epicenter o ka hakakā ma ka Sahel. ʻO nā mea pōʻino ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo West Africa e uhi ana i ka poʻe i kona hoa noho mali, kahi hānau o ka hakakā, 11 Malaki 2022, Al Jazeera
[18] Equizi, Massimo, ʻO ke kuleana maoli o ka lāhui i nā hakakā herder-mahiai Sahelian, Ianuali 20, 2023, PASRES – Pastoralism, Uncertinity, Resilience
[19] Ezenwa, Olumba E. a me Thomas Stubbs, Pono ka hakakā Herder-mahiai ma ka Sahel i kahi wehewehe hou: no ke aha i kūpono ai ka "eco-violance", Iulai 12, 2022, Ka Kūkākūkā
[20] ʻEzenwa, ʻOlumba, He aha ka inoa? Ke hana nei i ka hihia no ka hakakā ʻo Sahel ma ke ʻano he "Eco-violance, Lulai 15, 2022
[21] Ezenwa, Olumba E., Ke piʻi nei ka hakakā ʻana o Nigeria ma luna o ka wai a me ka ʻai ʻai - eia ke kumu, Mākaʻikaʻi Water Magazine, Nowemapa 4, 2022
[22] Pepa Oiaio: Kipi koa ma Niger, 3 ʻAukake 2023, ACLED
[23] ʻO ka hakakā ʻo Farmer-Herder ma waena o Fulani a me Zarma ma Niger, Diplomacy Climate. 2014
[24] Ua hoʻopiʻi ke Aliʻi Farani iā Wagner no ka "Preying" ma Mali, Mea kākau - Mea kākau limahana me ka AFP, The Defense Post, Iulai 22, 2022
[25] Gaye, Sergine-Bamba, ʻO nā paio ma waena o ka poʻe mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai e kūʻē i ke ʻano o nā hoʻoweliweli asymmetric ma Mali a me Burkina Faso, 2018, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Peace and Security Center of Competence Sub-Saharan Africa, ISBN: 978-2-490093-07-6
[26] Higazy, Adamu a me Shidiki Abubakar Ali, Pastoralism a me ka palekana ma West Africa a me ka Sahel. No ka noho maluhia ʻana, ʻAukake 2018, UNOWAS Study
[27] ʻO Hunter, Ben a me Eric Humphery-Smith, ʻO Sahel i lalo i hoʻoulu ʻia e ke aupuni nāwaliwali, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, 3 Nowemapa 2022, Verisk Maplecroft
[28] Jones, Melinda, The Sahel Faces 3 Issues: ʻO ke aniau, ka paio a me ka lehulehu, 2021, ʻIke o ke Kanaka, IEP
[29] Kindzeka, Moki Edwin, Hoʻokipa ʻo Cameroon i ka Sahel Cross-Boundary Pastoralists Forum Proposes Peacekeeping, Iulai 12, 2023, VOA – ʻApelika
[30] ʻO McGregor, ʻO Andrew, ʻO ka pilikia Fulani: ʻO ka hana ʻino a me ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i ka Sahel, CTC Sentinel, Pepeluali 2017, Vol. 10, Helu 2, Ke Kikowaena Hooweliweli ma West Point
[31] Ka uwao o na paio kūloko ma ka Sahel. Butkina Faso, Mali a me Niger, Center for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD), 2022
[32] ʻO Moderan, ʻo Ornella lāua ʻo Fahiraman Rodrigue Koné, ʻO wai ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ma Burkina Faso, Pepeluali 03, 2022, Institute for Security Studies
[33] Moritz, Mark a me Mamediarra Mbake, ʻO ka pilikia o kahi moʻolelo hoʻokahi e pili ana i nā kahu hānai Fulani, Pastoralism, Vol. 12, Helu ʻatikala: 14, 2022 (Paʻi ʻia: 23 Malaki 2022)
[34] Ke neʻe nei i waho o nā aka: Nā hoʻololi i nā hana o ka hui Wagner a puni ka honua, 2 ʻAukake 2023, ACLED
[35] Olumba, Ezenwa, Pono mākou i kahi ala hou e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka hana ʻino ma ka Sahel, Pepeluali 28th, 2023, London School of Economics Blogs
[36] Ka heluna kanaka i pilikia: Sahel Waena (Burkina Faso, Mali a me Niger), 31 Mei 2023, Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect
[37] Sahel 2021: ʻO nā Kaua Kūkākūkā, nā ʻoki ahi a me nā palena palena, 17 Iune 2021, ACLED
[38] Sangare, Boukary, ʻO ka poʻe Fulani a me ka Jihadism ma Sahel a me nā ʻāina o West Africa, Pepeluali 8, 2019, Observatoire o Arab-Muslim World a me Sahel, The Fondation pour la recherche stratégique (FRS)
[39] ʻO ka Soufan Center Special Report, ʻO Wagner Group: ʻO ka ulu ʻana o kahi pūʻali koa pilikino, Jason Blazakis, Colin P. Clarke, Naureen Chowdhury Fink, Sean Steinberg, The Soufan Center, Iune 2023
[40] Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka Coup Hou o Burkina Faso, Na ka Africa Center for Strategic Studies, ʻOkakopa 28, 2022
[41] ʻO ka hoʻomāinoino ʻino ma ka Sahel, ʻAukake 10, 2023, na ka Center for Preventive Action, Global Conflict Tracker
[42] Waicanjo, Charles, Nā Kū'ē Herder-Farmer Transnational a me ka Paʻa Pilikanaka ma ka Sahel, Mei 21, 2020, ʻApelika Kūʻokoʻa
[43] Wilkins, Henry, Na Lake Chad, Hana nā Wahine Fulani i nā palapala ʻāina e hōʻemi ai i ka mahiʻai - Nā Kū'ē Herder; Iulai 07, 2023, VOA – ʻApelika
No ka mea kākau:
ʻO Teodor Detchev he kumu aʻoaʻo piha manawa ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ka palekana a me ka waiwai (VUSI) - Plovdiv (Bulgaria) mai 2016.
Ua aʻo ʻo ia ma New Bulgarian University - Sofia a ma VTU "St. St. Cyril and Methodius”. Ke aʻo nei ʻo ia ma VUSI, a ma UNSS pū kekahi. ʻO kāna mau papa aʻo nui: ʻO ka pilina ʻoihana a me ka palekana, nā pilina ʻoihana ʻEulopa, ʻO ka sociology waiwai (ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania a me Bulgarian), Ethnosociology, Ethno-political a me nā hakakā aupuni, Terrorism a me nā pepehi kanaka politika - nā pilikia politika a me ka sociological, Hoʻomohala kūpono o nā hui.
ʻO ia ka mea kākau o nā hana ʻepekema ʻoi aku ma mua o 35 e pili ana i ke kūpaʻa ahi o nā hale kūkulu hale a me ke kūʻē ʻana o nā pūpū kila cylindrical. ʻO ia ka mea kākau ma luna o 40 mau hana e pili ana i ka sociology, ka ʻepekema politika a me nā pilina ʻoihana, me nā monographs: Nā pilina ʻoihana a me ka palekana - ʻāpana 1. Nā ʻae ʻana i ka lehulehu i ka hui ʻana (2015); ʻO ka pilina o ke kula a me ka pilina ʻoihana (2012); Kūkākūkā Kaiāulu ma ka Māhele Palekana (2006); "Nā ʻano hana maʻalahi" a me (Post) Nā Pili Hana ma Central a me ʻEulopa Hikina (2006).
Ua kākau pū ʻo ia i nā puke: Innovations in collective bargaining. Nā ʻano ʻEulopa a me Bulgaria; ʻO nā mea hana Bulgaria a me nā wahine ma ka hana; Kūkākūkā Kaiāulu a me ka hana ʻana o nā wahine ma ke kahua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka biomass ma Bulgaria. I kēia mau lā ua hana ʻo ia i nā pilikia o ka pilina ma waena o nā pilina ʻoihana a me ka palekana; ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hoʻomohala hoʻoweliweli honua; nā pilikia ethnosociological, nā hakakā lāhui a me nā lāhui-hoʻomana.
He lālā o ka International Labor and Employment Relations Association (ILERA), ka American Sociological Association (ASA) a me ka Bulgarian Association for Political Science (BAPN).
Social democrat e nā manaʻo politika. I ka manawa 1998 - 2001, he Hope Kuhina ʻo ia no ka Labour and Social Policy. Luna Hoʻoponopono o ka nūpepa "Svoboden Narod" mai 1993 a 1997. Luna Hoʻokele o ka nūpepa "Svoboden Narod" ma 2012 - 2013. Hope Lunahoomalu a me ka luna o SSI i ka manawa 2003 - 2011. Luna Hoʻokele o "Industrial Policies" ma AIKB mai 2014 .a hiki i keia la. He lālā o NSTS mai 2003 a i 2012.
