Nyob rau hauv ib tug parchment uas ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug medieval sau thaum ntxov, cov kws tshawb fawb pom ib tug piav qhia ntawm ib tug meteoroscope - ib tug tshwj xeeb ntsuas ntawm ib tug ancient astronomer, uas mus txog rau tam sim no tsuas yog paub los ntawm indirect qhov chaw.
Ib tsab xov xwm tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv journal Archive of History of Exact Sciences, cov kws sau ntawv uas tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv sau xyoo 8th pom hauv Abbey ntawm Bobbio nyob rau sab qaum teb Ltalis. Cov ntawv sau no muaj cov ntawv Latin ntawm "Etymologies" ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thaum ntxov medieval thiab ib tug ntawm Pawg Ntseeg Leej Txiv - Isidore ntawm Seville.
Cov ntawv sau tau tshawb pom thaum ntxov li xyoo 19th, thaum tshawb nrhiav cov ntawv sau ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Ntau pua cov ntawv sau hnub tim los ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog tau pom muaj nyob ntawd. Nws ntseeg tau tias cov ntawv sau no tau piav qhia hauv Umberto Eco tus tshiab Lub Npe Rose. Cov ntawv sau tam sim no nyob hauv Ambrosian Library hauv Milan. Cov ntawv sau nyob rau xyoo pua 8 yog, ntawm chav kawm, ib qho tseem ceeb heev keeb kwm monument. Tab sis cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm txoj haujlwm tshiab tau hais tias phau ntawv no yeej tseem laus dua thiab tseem ceeb dua. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm nplooj ntawv tau pom tias tsawg kawg yog qee qhov ntawm lawv yog palimpsests. Qhov no yog qhov lawv hu ua cov ntawv sau rau ntawm parchment uas twb tau siv lawm. Thaum lub sij hawm tsaus ntuj, parchment yog kim heev thiab cov hauj sam uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub scriptorium invented ntau yam kev tso cai rau nws rov qab siv dua.
Kaum tsib palimpsests tau pom nyob rau hauv Isidore ntawm Seville cov ntawv nyeem, uas yav dhau los tau siv rau peb phau ntawv Greek scientific: ib phau ntawv nrog tus sau tsis paub txog lej mechanics thiab catoptric (ib ntu ntawm optics) hu ua Fragmentum Mathematicum Bobiense (peb nplooj), Ptolemy's treatise "Analema" (rau nplooj) thiab cov ntawv sau hnub qub uas tsis muaj npe tam sim no thiab yuav luag tsis tau nyeem (rau nplooj). Siv cov qauv duab ntau yam, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem nthuav tawm cov cwj mem zais thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv nyeem, nrog rau ntau cov duab kos. Lawv hais tias phau ntawv no yog los ntawm Roman astronomer Claudius Ptolemy thaum ub. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntawv sau tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj lwm cov ntawv luam.
Ptolemy, uas nyob rau xyoo pua 2nd hauv Roman Egypt (tsuas yog hauv Alexandria), yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Hellenism thiab Rome. Raws li ib tug astronomer nws tsis muaj qhov sib npaug hauv nws lub neej lossis ntau pua xyoo tom qab ntawd. Nws monograph Almagest (thawj lub npe hu ua Syntaxis Mathematica) yog ib qho yuav luag tag nrho cov kev paub txog hnub qub txog tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj.
Lwm tus kws tshawb fawb Roman, Pope ntawm Alexandria (lub xyoo ntawm nws lub neej tsis paub, txawm tias III-IV xyoo pua), tau sau cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm Almagest, los ntawm qhov tseeb tias Ptolemy txoj haujlwm tsis tau mus txog peb tag nrho. Piv txwv li, Papp hais txog lub meteoroscope, ib qho cuab yeej qub tsim los txiav txim siab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub cev saum ntuj ceeb tsheej, ib qho txawv ntawm lub armillary kheej kheej. Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab tau thov kom pom nyob rau hauv lub palimpsest raws nraim qhov ib feem ntawm Ptolemy cov ntawv sau uas nws piav qhia txog cov cuab yeej ntawm lub hnub qub. Cov cuab yeej no yog ib qho kev sib dhos ntawm cuaj lub nplhaib hlau txuas nrog txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb.
Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nws tuaj yeem siv los daws ntau yam teeb meem, xws li kev txiav txim siab lub latitude hauv degrees los ntawm Equator, hnub tim ntawm lub solstice lossis equinox, lossis qhov pom tseeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob saum ntuj. Nws txoj kab uas hla yog li ib nrab ib 'meter'. Cov cuab yeej ntawm meteoroscope, kev tshawb fawb hais tias, tau piav qhia hauv cov ntsiab lus uas koj tuaj yeem mus nrog cov ntawv no mus rau ib tus neeg ua haujlwm hlau zoo thiab nws yuav sib sau ua ke. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj cov lus pom zoo yuav ua li cas ua kev soj ntsuam astronomical. Lub tom kawg yog qhov txawv heev rau Ptolemy - tag nrho ntawm nws tej hauj lwm qhia cov pedantry ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thaum ub.
Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tsis muaj kev tsis ntseeg txog kev sau ntawv: Ptolemy muaj tus cwj pwm zoo thiab cov lus. Cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm vam tias yuav pom qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm cov ntawv sau hauv qhov ua tau palimpsests hauv lwm cov ntawv sau los ntawm kev sau ntawm Bobbio Abbey scriptorium. Lub parchment thaum ub tau muab faib ua nplooj ntawv thiab siv los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv sau sib txawv.
Yees duab: Ib phau ntawv qub Alexander Jones li al tau muab zais rau hauv daim ntawv luam ntawm ib qho haujlwm los ntawm Isidore ntawm Seville.
