Makilomita zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu za zomera zobiriwira kuchokera ku gombe la Atlantic ku Senegal kupita ku gombe la Nyanja Yofiira ku Djibouti - kubzala chotchinga choyimitsa Sahara, kunapangitsa andale ndi amalonda kukweza nsidze.
Izi sizilinso choncho. Pambuyo pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu zoyesayesa zopanda phindu zopezera ndalama zofunikira, polojekiti yobwezeretsa zachilengedwe, kuchepa kwa chipululu ndikupereka chakudya ndi moyo kwa mamiliyoni a anthu omwe akulimbana ndi umphawi ndi kusatetezeka mwadzidzidzi wakhala chidwi padziko lapansi.
Chiyembekezo chikhoza kukhala chisanachitike, koma mu 2021, zizindikiro zachokera ku maboma, mabizinesi ndi madera ena am'deralo omwe akhala akuyembekezeredwa kwa zaka zambiri: othandizira mayiko alonjeza zoposa theka la mabiliyoni makumi ambiri ofunikira; mpaka pano awiri okha ndi omwe asonkhanitsidwa. “Chilengedwe chachikulu koposa pa Dziko Lapansi,” monga momwe UN chimachitchera, sichikuwonekanso chosatheka kotheratu.
Zomwe zinachitikira osachepera dziko limodzi zimasonyeza kuti ngati "khoma" limangidwa molimba, kubwezeretsa chilengedwe kudzapatsa mamiliyoni a anthu a ku Africa chinachake chimene mikangano, ndale ndi nyengo zawachotsera kwa zaka zambiri: chitetezo ndi chiyembekezo. Ndipo adzachokera ku ntchito yayikulu yotereyi, yopangidwa ndi anthu aku Africa kwa Afirika.
Ndizovuta bwanji kupanga mpanda wamitengo wamakilomita 8,000? N'chifukwa chiyani sulinso mpanda wa mitengo, koma chithunzi cha zomera? Kodi, pamodzi ndi nthaka, zidzathandiza bwanji nyengo, chitetezo ndi chuma? Ndipo kodi zingatheke konse, ngakhale - mosiyana ndi zoyembekeza zina - zidakhala zothandiza pazachuma?
Pamene chilengedwe chifa pamaso panu
Sahel (kuchokera ku gombe la Arabia) ndi dera lalikulu mu Africa kuchokera ku Atlantic kupita ku Nyanja Yofiira ndi dera la 3.05 miliyoni lalikulu kilomita - laling'ono pang'ono kuposa India. Kumpoto ndi Sahara, kumwera - ku Sudanese savannah. M’zigwa zazikuluzikulu, chipululuchi chimapezeka, mwa zina chifukwa cha mphepo yamchenga ya nyengo. Ndicho chifukwa chake maiko khumi ndi limodzi mwa mayiko 14 omwe ali m'dera louma (Senegal, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea ndi Djibouti) adadzipereka ku Great Green Wall.
Njira padenga. Ngati ntchitoyi ikwaniritsidwa, idzakhala nyumba yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, kuwirikiza katatu kukula kwa Great Barrier Reef. Ngakhale kuti pamapeto pake sichiyenera kutanthauzira tanthauzo ili (lomwe linaperekedwa ndi UN) chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndondomeko yoyambirira ya khola la mitengo, "khoma" likhoza kusintha zambiri za kontinenti, kwa nthawi yoyamba mothandizidwa ndi International Initiative Africa.
Apa, "othawa kwawo panyengo" ndi "jihad yanyengo" sizongoganiza zamtsogolo. Makumi makumi asanu ndi atatu pa XNUMX alionse a nthaka akhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka. Kutentha, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu komanso kusasamalira bwino minda ndi malo odyetserako ziweto komanso kusowa thandizo kwa boma zikuchititsa kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri asowe chitetezo. Uwu ndi chifukwa chachonde cha mikangano ndi zigawenga, odzilekanitsa ndi zigawenga zomwe zimapha anthu masauzande ambiri, nthawi zina ngakhale panjira zapadziko lonse lapansi.
"Khoma", lomwe linaperekedwa koyamba mu 2005, lidathandizidwa ndi bungwe la African Union mu 2007 kuti lisinthe malowa pang'ono, ndi zolinga zazikulu:
Pambuyo pa zaka zina za 4, bungwe la pan-Africa linakhazikitsidwa kuti lithane ndi kusamvetsetsana kwa amalonda ("Kodi ntchitoyi idzathandiza bwanji Africa?"). Zaka zoposa khumi ndi theka zadutsa kuyambira pempho loyamba, ndipo osachepera asanu mwa mahekitala 100 miliyoni (makilomita 1 miliyoni) adabzalidwa - mwa kuyankhula kwina, osachepera 5% ya lamba wobiriwira wonse womwe unakonzedwa. Chifukwa cha kuchedwa, Pan-African Great Wall Agency (APGMV) yachepetsa chikhumbo chake: kukhala ndi kotala la polojekitiyi (25 miliyoni) yokonzeka pofika 2030.
"Maiko ambiri sanagwiritse ntchito ntchitoyi," adatero Chikaodili Orakue wa Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution ku Abuja, Nigeria. M'nkhani ya mbuye wake ku Netherlands, amaphunzira makamaka za kudziko lakwawo; akufotokoza kuti akuluakulu a kumeneko akhala “akugwedeza miyendo” kwa zaka zambiri. Mosiyana ndi mayiko ena, dziko la Nigeria lakhazikitsa bungwe (Nigerian Agency for the Great Green Wall) kuti ligwirizanitse zoyesayesa za polojekiti yaku Africa ndikuwonetsa zotsatira zina.
Ngakhale pamene cholinga chachikulu chinali kuletsa mchenga wa ku Sahara, ntchitoyi inathandiza anthu oposa 135 miliyoni a m’dera la Sahel amene amadalira malo odulidwa nkhalango amenewa.
Mwachitsanzo, Senegal, yomwe ili m’gulu la mayiko ochita bwino kwambiri, ikhoza kutaya theka lake m’zaka khumi zikubwerazi. Mu France 24 filimu za ntchitoyi, olankhulana ochokera ku Nigeria ndi Senegal amakumbukira nthawi yomwe malowo anali obiriwira. Ku Burkina Faso, madera omwe kale anali ndi nkhalango zakuthengo tsopano ali bwinja. Anthu am'deralo akukakamizika kusintha moyo wawo komanso moyo wawo. Chitsanzo china chodziwika bwino ndi tsoka lachilengedwe la kuuma kwa nyanja ya Chad, lomwe likucheperachepera pamaso pa alimi, asodzi ndi alimi akumaloko:
Nkhani yachitetezo
Ntchitoyi ikukumana ndi zovuta zingapo ndipo mikangano imabwera poyamba. Mayiko asanu (Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger ndi Chad) ali mbali ya gulu lotchedwa G5 Sahel gulu, lomwe likulimbana ndi magulu ankhondo ndi France. Gawo lina la malo a Great Green Wall silikupezekanso ndi mabungwe aboma.
Ku Nigeria, Khoma Lalikulu Lobiriwira limadutsa makamaka kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa, kumene akuluakulu a boma akulimbana ndi Boko Haram. "Chitetezo ndi vuto lalikulu ku Nigeria ndi mayiko ena ambiri," adatero Orakue. Vuto silili pa nyengo yokha: pamene nthaka ikuwonongeka, nthaka yaulimi ikuwonjezeka, koma chifukwa cha msipu - vuto la mamiliyoni a alimi osamukira (ndipo ku Sahel yonse kuli anthu 50 miliyoni).
Kusamukira kumadera aulimi kunali kwanyengo. Lero, malinga ndi woyankhulana wina ndi mzake yemwe adafunsidwa ndi Chikaodili pa ndemanga ya mbuye wake, ndi "yokhazikika". Pa nkhondo ina yofanana ndi imeneyi yomwe inachitika m’chigawo chimodzi ku Nigeria kokha, anthu 6,000 aphedwa ndipo 62,000 akusowa pokhala m’zaka zaposachedwapa. Cholinga cha Great Green Wall sichidzangokhalira kubzala mitengo pano: thandizo lidzafunika kuti mupeze madzi, ulimi wothirira ndi kudyetsa - njira zomwe zatengedwa mpaka pano sizokwanira kuti alimi asungidwe m'madera omwe akukhalamo.
“Kuno ku Nigeria, malo ndi opatulika kwa anthu ena. Simungathe kungotenga malo. Magulu ambiri amaona nthaka kukhala yofunika kwambiri kuposa china chilichonse. Tilibe malo okwanira, ndipo malo ena odyetserako ziweto asanduka malo olimapo.” Chicaodili Orakue, Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution
Bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) likuti mwayi wofikira pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi awiri a madera onse omwe adayikidwa kuti achite nawo ntchitoyi akutayika m'madera omwe akukhudzidwa ndi mikangano.
“Anthu ambiri anachoka m’nyumba zawo chifukwa cha kusoŵa chitetezo. Ku Borno, midzi yambiri inasiyidwa, anthu omwe ndinakumana nawo anali m'misasa ya IDP. Ena anandifotokozera kuti anali asanabwerere kumudzi kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri. Ena mwa ana awo sangapite. Kumidzi kulibe wina koma asilikali chifukwa cha Boko Haram. idzalola kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa mbali zina sizikupezeka. ” Chikaodili Orakue, Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution
Ku Nigeria, akuluakulu a boma ali ndi vuto. Momwe mungathanirane ndi anthu amdera lanu pothetsa kusamvana?
Maboma ambiri mpaka pano aika ndalama zawo m’minda yaulimi kuti awonjezere chakudya. Izi zadzetsa mikangano pakati pa alimi ndi abusa, osati chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kokha, komanso chifukwa cha nkhondo yakusowa kwazinthu zomwe akuluakulu aboma akusokoneza. Izi zikuwonjezera mikangano kumadera aku Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Mali ndi mayiko ena.
Ndi pati kumene kuli kwanzeru kusabzala mitengo, koma mbewu kapena udzu uku ndikukulitsa nthaka, ndi zomwe mungasankhe kuti zisawonjezere mikangano ya anthu amderalo?
Ndalama iliyonse ndiyofunika
Ngakhale kumene kunali chitetezo, kunalibe ndalama kwa zaka zambiri. Komabe, chithunzi chachuma chikusintha pang'onopang'ono. Zoposa 20 biliyoni zidalonjezedwa chaka chatha ndi opereka ndalama, mayiko ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi: 1 biliyoni ndi Jeff Bezos ndi ena 14.3 biliyoni pamsonkhano wamitundu yosiyanasiyana ku Paris mu Januwale. Bungwe la African Development Bank likudzipereka kuti lipeze 6.5 biliyoni pofika 2025. Izi ndizoposa theka la 43 biliyoni zomwe zikufunika.
Poyerekeza, pakati pa 2010 ndi 2018, ndalama zogulira zikuyembekezeka kukhala $ 1.8 biliyoni. Malinga ndi UN Commission to Combat Desertification, 870 miliyoni okha ndi omwe adasonkhanitsidwa pofika 2020.
Ndipo ndalama zilizonse mu polojekitiyi zidzakhala zoyenera. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu November pa Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) wa United Nations, komwe Dnevnik adapeza mwayi, amasonyeza kuti pa dola iliyonse yomwe idayikidwapo, kubwereranso ndi pafupifupi $ 1.2. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zochitikazi: mtengo wake ukhoza kusiyana pakati pa 1.1 ndi 4.4 madola kutengera zinthu monga msika ndi zosagulitsa (monga zachilengedwe mwachindunji) phindu, njira yokonzekera ndalama m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi ena.
Komabe, ndalamazi sizingatheke popanda kuthandizidwa ndi mabungwe apadera - mwinamwake zingakhale "zovuta" komanso zosakhazikika, lipotilo likupitirirabe.
Kusanthula kokonzekera kwa Food and Agriculture Organisation kukuwonetsa kuti kuwonongeka kwachuma kwapakati pachaka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nthaka pakati pa 2001 ndi 2018 ndi $ 3 biliyoni m'derali, ndipo zolembedwa zapachaka zopindulitsa zoyesa kubwezeretsa zimafika 4.2 biliyoni. M’zaka zinayi zokha, chiwonongeko chimene chimabwera chifukwa cha kunyonyotsoka chaposa phindu limene limapezeka pobweza njirayo. Komabe, deta imasiyana malinga ndi mayiko. Ndi dera lalikulu la 2 miliyoni masikweya kilomita (12% ya Russia) komanso anthu 320 miliyoni, Nigeria ndi Ethiopia ndizomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kudula mitengo mwachangu.
Moyo ndi dera
Pamene ndalamazo zinkapezeka, mayiko ena anali atazindikira kuti kubzala mitengo sikuthetsa mavuto a ku Sahel. Anthu am'deralo adzayenera kulandirapo kanthu.
M’mayiko ambiri, “khoma”li lili kale ndi mbewu monga tirigu, msipu, minda ya zipatso ndi minda ya ndiwo zamasamba. Chifukwa: palibe njira ina yophatikizira anthu m'maderawa, chifukwa kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa nthaka zikuwononga moyo wawo. Ndipo popanda iwo, ntchitoyi idzalephera.
Kodi kuyimitsa chipululu kukhala kokwanira, Orakue akudabwa pamene akuyamba chiphunzitso cha mbuye wake. Kambiranani nkhaniyi ndi anthu amderali. Atsogoleri ena a m’maderawa adzudzula boma chifukwa chosathandiza ntchitoyi. Ena samawaona nkomwe ogwira ntchito m’munda, koma safuna kuti akuluakulu a boma “abwere kudzabzala mitengo” pamalo awo; kupititsa patsogolo mwayi wopeza madzi ndi malo odyetserako ziweto.
“Simungabzale mitengo basi. Kodi mudzatani ndi moyo wa anthu? Ndinaphunzira kuchokera ku zokambirana kuti m'madera omwe akhudzidwa amangobzala mitengo. Anthu XNUMX pa XNUMX alionse m’derali ndi alimi. Ngati mutabzala mitengo ina iliyonse, simuwathandiza. Chipululu chikukokolola madera achonde omwe amadyerako. Ena amalima mbewu, ena nyama. Malo odyetserako ziweto amayenera kumangidwanso kuti apewe mikangano. ” Chicaodili Orakue, Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution
Anthu a m’derali amayembekezera kuti akuluakulu a boma akwaniritse zosowa zawo zenizeni. Mbewu monga mapira zimakula bwino kumpoto chakumadzulo, koma osati kumpoto chakum’mawa. M'mafunso ake, Orakue adamva kuti anthu akumadera akumalire amapita ku dziko loyandikana nalo la Niger kuti akapeze mbewu zosamva chilala. Amamva mawu opita kwa ogwira ntchito pa pulogalamu ya Great Green Wall: "Anthuwa sitikuwadziwa." Kumapeto kwa chiphunzitso cha mbuye wake analimbikitsa kusintha njira imeneyi.
Komabe, njira za "anthu" zitha kukhala mathero mwa iwo okha. M'dera lina la polojekitiyi ku Nigeria, akuluakulu a boma akuyesera kukonza miyoyo ya anthu am'deralo makamaka amayi pamodzi ndi masitepe odula mitengo, kuwapatsa mbaula 2,300 za nkhuni, zomwe kutentha kwake kudzabwera tsiku lina kuchokera ku nkhalango zobwezeretsedwa. Chitsanzo chodabwitsa ndi cha Chikaodili Orakue, yemwe akufotokoza izi mu ndemanga ya mbuye wake.
Komabe, pali zitsanzo zabwino ku Nigeria, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti malingaliro a Orakue - chisamaliro chochulukirapo pazosowa zakomweko - akubala zipatso. Mufilimu yogwidwa mawu ya "France 24" Muktar Magaji, mtsogoleri wa m'deralo m'chigawo cha Kano, akuwonetsa malo ouma kumene minda yake inali, nthawi ina inadyetsa anthu oposa 30. Mudzi wake ukugwira ntchito kale ndi ogwira nawo ntchito:
“Tinaphunzira zambiri kuchokera ku Great Green Wall. Choyamba, anatiphunzitsa mmene tingasamalire zomera zomwe zimamera zokha. Kenako anatiphunzitsa kubzala mitengo ya zipatso. Ukawabzala ndi kuwasamalira, adzamera m'kugwa ndi kubwezera chuma ku nthaka pano ndi yolemera, ndikukhulupirira. Ndinadziwa kufunika kwake kuyambira ndili mwana. Ngati tisiya kusamalira nthaka, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi alendo adzabwera kuno ndipo ana athu sadzachoka. ” Muktar Magaji, mtsogoleri wa anthu amdera la Kano, kutsogolo kwa “France 24”
Mayiko ndi osiyana kwambiri
Vuto lina: aliyense wabzala pang'ono, koma ena akuchita bwino, monga malipoti atolankhani komanso lipoti la 2017 la Pan-African Agency likuwonetsa.
Malinga ndi lipoti lomwe latchulidwa ku Djibouti, kuwongolera kwaulimi ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, mwachitsanzo, kwapereka chitetezo cha chakudya kwa mabanja 100 okha, 120 athandizidwa kusintha moyo woyendayenda kupita ku moyo wongokhala, ndipo asodzi khumi ndi awiri aphunzitsidwa. kugwira shrimp. Eritrea sinanenepo ngati ikukwaniritsa zolinga zake zazikulu. Niger ikupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono. Ethiopia yadzudzulidwa chifukwa chosowa malingaliro okhudzana ndi anthu akumeneko.
Ku Burkina Faso, mitengo 14 miliyoni yabzalidwa, ntchito zoposa 45,000 zapangidwa nthawi yomweyo (ndipo pofika chaka cha 2019 - ena 2 miliyoni mothandizidwa ndi Tree Aid). Njirayi imadutsa m'zigawo zomwe zili ndi anthu 6 miliyoni. Tikugwira ntchito za anthu ammudzi (amayi, malinga ndi lipoti) kuti apange sopo ndi mafuta a desert desert. Ndipo apa ndalama sizokwanira, koma pali chiyembekezo. Batala wa shea, wotengedwa ku mtedza wa mtengowo ndi wofunika pakuphika, pang'onopang'ono umakhala chomera chamtengo wapatali. Anthu am'deralo amathandizira kumanga zomangamanga zamadzi, mitengo ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali paulimi.
Zopambana mu 2020
Nkhani yopambana mpaka pano ikutchedwa Senegal. Minda yolumikizidwa ndi chuma cham'deralo idagwirizana mwachangu ndi lingaliro la lamba wamitengo - kuyambira masiku achipululu mpaka mitundu ya mtengo wa mthethe, madzi ake omwe amapanga chingamu cha arabica (utomoni womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani azakudya, nsalu, zaluso, kujambula ndi zina zambiri. ) kapena jujube wa ku Moor (omwe anthu ake okhala ndi mavitamini ochuluka amadya kapena kumwa mowa; ngamila, mbuzi ndi ena amadya masamba). Ku Senegal komwe magawo amitengo adakhala minda yambiri yogwira ntchito, yozungulira yothirira - mango, tangerines, jujube, magwava - kuti apereke chakudya ndi moyo kwa anthu amderalo.
Zomera zimabzalidwa kuti mizu yake isunge madzi. Magetsi othirira ena mwa iwo amachokera ku mphamvu ya dzuwa. Mizinda ikuluikulu ndi makumi awiri, yaing'ono ndi mazana.
Masiku ano, ogwira ntchito pawailesi yakanema padziko lonse akufunitsitsa kukaona minda yamaluwa m’matauni ndi midzi ya ku Senegal. Mandimu, magwava ndi mango amapita kuti akagwiritse ntchito payekha komanso m’misika ya m’matauni ndi m’midzi ndi kudyetsa chuma. Mmodzi mwa minda iyi ndi zotsatira zake mu lipotilo akuti:
"Kukhazikitsidwa kwa minda yamitundu yambiri ku Ferlo kwathandizira kwambiri kukonza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu omwe amapindula ndi malowa. Munda uliwonse umakhala phata la malo, chikhalidwe, chuma ndi ndale za mudzi umene wabzalidwa.”
Njirayi ikupitilira; masamba, mapapaya, mandimu, baobabs amabzalidwa mozungulira mosiyanasiyana.
Sikofunikira kuti ndi chachikulu, koma motalika, akuti mmodzi wa interlocutors TV5Monde.
Pankhani ya Senegal, masomphenya a munthu m'modzi amalimbikitsanso: Heydar al-Ali, nduna yakale ya ku Senegal yemwe adatsogolera ntchito ya bungwe la m'deralo pa ntchitoyi. Malingana ndi iye, nyama za m'chigawochi zimadyetsedwa ndi mbewu, zomwe zimagawidwa m'malo odyetserako ziweto zawo ndikuthandizira kubzala mesquite - chomera cha banja la legume, chofunikira kwa anthu ammudzi. Anyamata amapatsidwa gulaye kuti afalitseko njere za mahogany.
Kodi mavuto onsewa adzathetsedwa? Yankho silinafike, koma mayiko asonyeza kuti akufuna kuthandiza.
Kuonjezera apo, patatha zaka 16 Pulezidenti wa ku Nigeria Olosegun Obasanjo apempha Khoma Lalikulu Lalikulu la Green, mpirawo ukubwerera kudziko lakwawo, lomwe lidzazungulira bajeti mpaka kumapeto kwa 2023. Patatha chaka chimodzi atadzudzula kusasunthika kwa polojekitiyi, Chikaodili Orakue akuwona. chiyembekezo. “Inde, ndili ndi chiyembekezo. Anthu ambiri akutsutsa ndondomekoyi. Ndikukhulupirira kuti mavoti ambiri akakhala ku Nigeria singowanyalanyaza.”
Chithunzi: Njira ya khoma © greatgreenwall.org
