(Brussels) HRW.org - Othawa kwawo ochokera Ukraine, makamaka amayi ndi atsikana, akukumana ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha nkhanza za pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kugulitsidwa, ndi nkhanza zina chifukwa chosowa njira zodzitetezera ndi chitetezo. Poland.
"Kuvomereza kwa Poland omwe akuthawa nkhondo ku Ukraine ndikusintha kwabwino kuchoka ku zovuta zina, koma kusowa kwa njira zodzitetezera kumayika pachiwopsezo othawa kwawo kuzunzidwa kwambiri," adatero. Hillary Margolis, wofufuza wamkulu wa bungwe la Human Rights Watch. "Kusiya udindowu kwa anthu odzipereka komanso omenyera ufulu wawo kumapangitsa chitetezo cha othawa kwawo kukhala ndi zolinga zabwino koma makamaka osaphunzitsidwa popanda machitidwe kapena chithandizo chofunikira."
Kuyambira pa February 24, 2022, othawa kwawo oposa 2.9 miliyoni omwe akuthawa nkhondo ku Ukraine anafika ku Poland. kwambiri ndi amayi ndi ana, makamaka chifukwa cha lamulo lankhondo loti amuna azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi 60 akhalebe mdzikolo kuti athe kulowa usilikali.
Human Rights Watch idachita kafukufuku pakati pa Marichi 22-29 pamalire a Medyka, malo okwerera masitima apamtunda ku Przemyśl, Kraków, ndi Warsaw, komanso malo olandirira alendo kuphatikiza malo olandirira alendo a Tesco ku Przemyśl, Ptak Expo Center ku Nadarzyn kunja kwa Warsaw, Cinema. Malo a mzinda ku Kraków, ndi tsamba la Rszeszow Full Market. Ochita kafukufuku anafunsa amayi ndi atsikana 20 othawa kwawo, antchito 5 ndi antchito odzifunira 10 pa malo olandirira alendo, oimira 7 a mabungwe omwe si a boma, oimira mabungwe 3 othandiza anthu, ndi wachiŵiri kwa mkulu wa apolisi ku Podkarpackie.
Bungwe la Human Rights Watch linapeza njira zotetezera zosagwirizana ndi kusowa kwa mgwirizano wa boma, kukulitsa chiopsezo cha nkhanza, makamaka kwa amayi ndi atsikana. Odzipereka, oimira mabungwe omwe si a boma ndi mabungwe a United Nations, ndi wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa apolisi adadandaula za kusowa kwa njira zotetezera kapena njira zodziwira, kupewa, kapena kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhanza za amuna ndi akazi, kuphatikizapo kuzembetsa, kugwiriridwa, ndi kugwiriridwa. Bungwe la Human Rights Watch lidalembera boma la Poland pa Marichi 31 kuti lipereke zomwe zapeza ndikufunsa zambiri koma silinayankhe.
Wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa apolisi ku voivodship (chigawo) kuphatikizapo Medyka, Przemyśl, ndi Korczowa adati alibe milandu yokhudzana ndi nkhanza za amuna kapena akazi, kuphatikizapo kuzembetsa kapena kuchitirana masuku pamutu anthu othawa kwawo ku Ukraine. Anthu ena omwe adafunsidwa adati milandu ingapo idanenedwapo ndipo kuzindikira zowopseza ndikwambiri, koma zoopsa zikadalipo.
Wodzipereka wodziyimira pawokha pamalo olandirira alendo ku Korczowa pafupi ndi malire a Krakovets adati chipwirikiti pakati pawo chimayambitsa zoopsa, kufotokoza kuti vutoli ndi "kubwereketsa" ku nkhanza za amuna kapena akazi kapena nkhanza zina: "Njira [yachitetezo] ikusintha tsiku lililonse. Masiku ena apolisi amakhala pano akuyang'ana yemwe amalowa ndi kutuluka, nthawi zina anthu amatha kulowa. ”
Anthu ena othawa kwawo azunzidwapo kapena kuchitiridwa zinthu zoipa. Mayi wina wazaka 29 wa ku Kyiv ananena kuti mamenejala a kalabu ina imene anavomera ntchito yovina kum’mawa kwa dziko la Poland anayesa kumukakamiza kuchita zachiwerewere ndipo anamupatsa malipiro ake atakana.
Anthu omwe anafunsidwa adatsimikizira kuti ogwira ntchito kumalo olandirira anthu othawa kwawo, ambiri a iwo odzipereka, sanaphunzitsidwe kuwona zizindikiro za chiopsezo cha chitetezo cha amayi ndi atsikana, kuphatikizapo kuzembetsa kapena kuchitira zinthu zina. Kuperewera kwa njira zopewera kapena kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhanza zochitiridwa nkhanza pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kuphatikizapo kugwiriridwa, kumasiya izi kuti anthu ambiri osadziwa aziganiza.
Palibe njira zokhazikika zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mkati kapena m'malo onse kuti awone zoyendera za anthu kapena nyumba kapena kuwonetsetsa kuti othawa kwawo afika kotetezeka, ndipo palibe njira zomveka bwino zofotokozera nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chitetezo. Vuto lopeza ndi kulipirira malo ogona a nthawi yayitali likuyamba kusiya othawa kwawo ena pamtunda.
Malangizo apadziko lonse lapansi kuyitanitsa kuchepetsa ziwopsezo za nkhanza za amayi kuyambira chiyambi cha kuyankha pamavuto, kuphatikizapo kupewa, kupereka malipoti, ndi ntchito za anthu opulumuka nkhanza, kuphatikizapo kuzembetsa anthu ndi nkhanza zina.
Boma liyenera kupanga ndikukhazikitsa ndondomeko zokhazikika zomwe zimatsimikizira chitetezo kumalo olandirira alendo komanso mayendedwe onse othawa kwawo ndi nyumba, inatero Human Rights Watch. Onse othawa kwawo ayenera kulandira zidziwitso zomveka bwino za momwe angachepetsere ngozi zachitetezo, kupempha thandizo, ndikuwonetsa zomwe zachitika.
Boma liyenera kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi mabungwe odziwa bwino ntchito yothandiza anthu komanso mabungwe omwe si aboma kuti achepetse kuopsa kwa nkhanza zochitiridwa nkhanza pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kwa anthu othawa kwawo, kupha anthu othawa kwawo, kuzembetsa ndi nkhanza zina, komanso kuti awonetsetse kuti anthu okhudzidwawo akuzindikiridwa moyenerera komanso kupereka chithandizo kwa opulumuka. Ntchito kuphatikizapo chisamaliro chokwanira pambuyo pa kugwiriridwa chiyenera kupezeka kwa onse opulumuka chiwawa ku Poland, kuphatikizapo kupeza njira zolerera mwadzidzidzi ndi kuchotsa mimba.
European Union iyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ndalama zoperekedwa ku Poland zothandizira anthu othawa kwawo ku Ukraine zikufika kwa omwe akugwirizanitsa ndi kupereka chithandizo chofunikira, kuphatikizapo odziwa zambiri, mabungwe omwe si aboma.
"Othawa kwawo otalikirapo ochokera ku Ukraine amakhalabe ku Poland ndi zinthu zomwe zikucheperachepera, makamaka azimayi ndi atsikana, m'pamenenso amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chomwe angakakamizidwe kuchita nkhanza kapena nkhanza," adatero Margolis. "Boma la Poland liyenera kuvomereza udindo wake woteteza ndi chitetezo cha anthu omwe akuthawa nkhondo ku Ukraine, ndikuchitapo kanthu tsopano kuti nyumba, mayendedwe, ndi ntchito zikhale zotetezeka momwe zingathere."
Kuti mudziwe zambiri, chonde onani pansipa.
Kuopsa kwa Amayi ndi Atsikana
Pa Marichi 4, Council of the European Union idayambitsa 2001 Directive Temporary Protection Directive (TPD) kwa nthawi yoyamba, kupatsa nzika ndi okhala nthawi yaitali ku Ukraine zilolezo zogona osakhalitsa mu European Union kwa chaka chimodzi, ndi zotheka kuwonjezera awiri ena. Nzika zaku Ukraine zitha kuyenda momasuka mkati mwa EU ndikufunsira chitetezo kwakanthawi m'dziko lomwe asankha.
Boma la Poland linapatsa nzika za Ukraine ufulu wochita zinthu Kukhalapo mwalamulo kwa miyezi 18, phindu la ndalama zokwana 300 złoty (US$70), maulendo apamtunda aulere, komanso njira zopezera nambala yozindikiritsa dziko (PESEL), zomwe zimafunika kuti munthu akhale nzika komanso zopindulitsa zina kuphatikiza chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi maphunziro.
Pophwanya Chigamulo cha Council, lamulo la ku Poland, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pa March 12, limapatula anthu omwe anali othawa kwawo ku Ukraine, anthu opanda malire, kapena mayiko ena a dziko lachitatu omwe anathawa ku Ukraine ndipo sangathe kubwerera ku mayiko awo.
Lamuloli limaperekanso makampani ndi anthu omwe amapereka chakudya ndi malo ogona kwa anthu othawa kwawo ochokera ku Ukraine chipukuta misozi cha 40 złoty ($9.28) munthu aliyense patsiku kwa masiku 60.
Boma la Poland linakhazikitsa 36 malo olandirira m’zigawo 16 kuti athandize anthu othawa kwawo, kuphatikizapo chakudya ndi nyumba zosakhalitsa. Zina zimayendetsedwa ndi anthu odzipereka, zina ndi antchito a boma.
Thandizo Losakwanira la Boma
Ngakhale kuti boma lalandira anthu othawa kwawo ku Ukraine, anthu omenyera ufulu wawo, ogwira ntchito mongodzipereka, ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma ali ndi udindo waukulu wogwirizanitsa ndi kupereka nyumba, mayendedwe, chakudya, ndi ntchito zofunika. Ena adanena kuti kusowa kwa mgwirizano wa boma kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chipwirikiti chomwe chimalepheretsa chitetezo, chitetezo, komanso luso lawo lothandizira.
Pa malire a Medyka, Human Rights Watch adawona izi, ndipo omwe adafunsidwa adatsimikizira kuti, odzipereka amapereka pafupifupi katundu ndi ntchito zonse, kuphatikizapo zakudya ndi ukhondo. Malo olandirira alendo ku Przemyśl ndi Korzczowa anali ongodzipereka kotheratu pamene malo a ku Rseszow, Kraków, ndi Warsaw ankayendetsedwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito m’boma, ogwira ntchito m’maboma, ndi anthu ongodzipereka.
Odzipereka komanso magulu omwe si a boma anagwirizanitsa ndi kupereka nyumba zina, zoyendera, chakudya, ndi zinthu zina ndi ntchito zina ku Warsaw, Kraków, ndi Przemyśl, kuphatikizapo m’masiteshoni a masitima apamtunda otumikira monga malo osungiramo othaŵa kwawo obwera ndi kupita kumadera ena a Poland kapena ku Ulaya.
Odzipereka ndi magulu omwe si aboma achitapo kanthu kuti athandize kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa kuzembetsa, kugwiriridwa, ndi nkhanza zina komanso kupereka chithandizo chaumoyo pakugonana ndi uchembere ndi chithandizo kwa opulumuka nkhanza zotengera jenda, kuphatikiza njira zothandizirana ndi akatswiri azamisala a ku Ukraine kapena azimayi.
Joanna Piotrowska, pulezidenti wa Feminoteka, yemwe amapereka chithandizo kwa amayi omwe akukumana ndi nkhanza, adati thandizo la boma lapakati likhoza kuthandizira kupereka ntchito zambiri, mofulumira. "Palibe chithandizo chochokera pamwamba - chiri pamlingo wapansi," adatero. "N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti mpaka pano, ngakhale tikukumana ndi nkhondo komanso kukula kwavuto ... palibe ... bungwe kapena mgwirizano ndi boma."
Pakati pa mwezi wa April, boma la Poland linalengeza ndalama kwa mabungwe am'deralo kuti athandize othawa kwawo ochokera ku Ukraine kutsatira njira yofulumira yomwe panalibe ma tender otseguka. Mabungwe adafunsira mwachindunji ku boma, lomwe lidavomereza olandira popanda ndondomeko yowonekera. Ambiri a iwo anasankha ndi ogwirizana ndi tchalitchi cha Katolika kapena mabungwe omwe amadziwika ndi boma.
Mwa anthu khumi omwe adalandira bwino kwambiri ndi National Guard Foundation, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi maulendo a Tsiku la Ufulu wa Ufulu wa dziko ndipo adathandizidwa kale ndi Boma la Patriotic Fund. Mtsogoleri wawo, Robert Bakiewicz, m'mbuyomu adatsutsa othawa kwawo mawu ponena za malire a Poland-Belarus. Magulu ena akugwira ntchito ndi anthu othawa kwawo ochokera ku Ukraine anatsutsa kusankha, pozindikira kuti adafunsira ndalama koma osapambana.
Chiwopsezo Chakuchuluka kwa Nkhanza za Amuna ndi Akazi
Kuopsa kwa chiwawa cha amayi, kuphatikizapo kugwiriridwa, kugwiriridwa, ndi malonda ndi nkhanza zina, zimachulukirachulukira panthawi ya mikangano ndi kusamuka ndipo zimakonda kusokoneza amayi ndi atsikana. The Ofesi ya United Nations Yogwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza bongo ndi Upandu, Bungwe la United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), UN omwe ali ndi maudindo apadera, ndi international mabungwe othandiza anthu ndi anachenjezedwa kuopsa kwa malonda ndi kuzunzidwa kwa omwe akuthawa nkhondo ku Ukraine, mwa zina chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa amayi ndi ana othawa kwawo komanso othawa kwawo.
Katswiri wina wa zachitetezo pabungwe lothandiza anthu othawa kwawo ananena kuti chiwerengero cha anthu othawa kwawo chikutanthauza kuti “mbiri yonse yofiira inakwera” mwamsanga. Ananenanso kuti kudziwitsa mwachangu kwa akuluakulu a boma ku Poland ndi mabungwe a anthu nkwabwino koma sikuchotsa nkhawa: "[Ine] ndi mkhalidwe wabwino kwambiri wa anthu ozunza ndi ozunza, koma ndikuganiza kuti [pali] kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa iwo. zoopsa kuposa momwe zilili m'malo ena. ”
Kuperewera kwa njira zodzitetezera m'malo awoloka malire ndi malo olandirira alendo ku Poland kumasiya mipata yomwe ingapangitse mwayi kwa omwe angachitire nkhanza. Bungwe la Human Rights Watch linalankhula ndi amayi anayi othawa kwawo omwe adanena kuti adafikiridwa ndi amuna osadziwika omwe amawakayikira kuti awapatse nyumba, ntchito, kapena mayendedwe, komanso wina yemwe adayesedwapo ndi kugwiriridwa. Odzipereka asanu kapena ogwira ntchito m'bungwe lothandizira omwe amagwira ntchito m'malire ndi malo olandirira alendo adanena kuti adakumanapo kapena adawonapo zochitika zomwe amuna osadziwika akuwoneka kuti aika chiopsezo kwa othawa kwawo.
Mayi wina wazaka 41 yemwe adayenda kuchokera ku Rivna ndi mnzake ndi mwana wawo wamkazi aliyense, adati amuna opanda mabaji kapena zovala zosonyeza kuti ndi odzipereka adawafikira pamalire akuwapatsa nyumba kapena ntchito. Iwo anati, 'Tiye nafe, tili ndi ntchito yako.' Koma sitinkaganiza kuti zinali zotetezeka,” adatero. Mofananamo, pa siteshoni ya sitima yapakati pa Warsaw, iye anati, amuna anali kugaŵira othaŵa ntchito ndi nyumba kwa tsiku limodzi kapena aŵiri. "Ankayandikira makamaka amayi kapena atsikana," adatero.
Kugonana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito kumakhalabe pachiwopsezo chachikulu chomwe chitha kukula pomwe othawa kwawo amakhala ku Poland ndikuvutikira kupeza nyumba zotsika mtengo komanso ntchito zotetezeka, omwe adafunsidwa adati. Mayi wazaka 29 wa ku Kyiv adati adagwirapo ntchito yovina m'kalabu yausiku ku Ukraine ndipo adavomera ntchito ku kilabu yomwe imamupatsa ntchito ndi nyumba ku Poland kudzera pa webusayiti. Atafika, mamenejala a timuyi anamukakamiza kuti azichita zachiwerewere.
Atakana, ananena kuti: “Manijala uja anakuwa kuti, ‘Ndiwe hule, sugwira ntchito yonse, ukuoneka wotopa.’” Patapita mlungu umodzi, anatolera malipiro ake n’kunyamuka. "Anandipatsa 700 złoty koma ndimayenera kubwezera 200 złoty ngati 'chilango," adatero. "Palibe nthabwala - izi zili ngati kuwopseza. Ndinachita mantha.” Kugonana sikuloledwa ku Poland, koma kuli Zoletsedwa kupindula pogulitsa zogonana kapena uhule wa munthu wina kapena kukakamiza kapena kukopa anthu kuti agulitse zogonana.
Irena Dawid-Olczyk, pulezidenti wa bungwe loletsa kuzembetsa anthu ku Poland la La Strada, ananena kuti nkhani ya mayiyo ndi yofanana ndi imeneyi. Anatinso olemba anzawo ntchito amalemba anthu ntchito mosavomerezeka kuti apewe kulipira antchito, kapena kungokana malipiro a anthu. Bungwe la Human Rights Watch linalankhula ndi amayi anayi othawa kwawo omwe adanena kuti olemba anzawo ntchito adayesa kuwalemba ntchito mosaloledwa kapena kukana kuwalipira ntchito.
Mavuto opeza nyumba zotsika mtengo kwa nthawi yayitali adayamba kusiya anthu ena othawa kwawo ali osimidwa ndipo amatha kuchitiridwa nkhanza kapena nkhanza zina. Mayi wazaka 41 wa ku Kryvyi Rih anati analibe ndalama zolipirira lendi ya 1,200 złoty ($282) pamwezi posachedwapa chifukwa cha chipinda chimodzi cha Warsaw chimene ankakhala ndi mwana wake wamkazi, 13, mlongo, 38, ndi mphwake. 11. "Ndalama zonse zomwe tinali nazo, tidasintha ndikugwiritsa ntchito pazakudya ndi zinthu zomwe timafunikira," adatero.
Kupanda Kuletsa Kuzembetsa ndi Kupewa Chiwawa kapena Njira Zothetsera
Odzipereka ndi ogwira nawo ntchito pamalo awoloka malire ndi malo olandirira alendo adatsimikizira kuti palibe njira zodziwira anthu omwe akuzunzidwa kapena omwe ali pachiwopsezo chozembetsa, nkhanza zina, nkhanza za amuna kapena akazi kapena kuchepetsa ziwopsezo zachitetezo.
Kusowa Kuwunika
Pamene Human Rights Watch idayendera malire a Medyka pa Marichi 21 ndi 22, palibe njira zomwe zidawoneka kuti zitha kuzindikira anthu omwe amalowa ku Poland omwe angakhale ozunzidwa kapena omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kuzembetsa, nkhanza zina, nkhanza za amuna kapena akazi, kapena nkhanza zina. Wopereka chithandizo chothandizira anthu adatsimikizira izi ndipo adati alibe zothandizira kuti apereke izi. "Kwa nkhanza zotengera jenda [milandu], vuto ndilakuti mukufunika malo achinsinsi ndipo mukufunika oteteza omwe amalankhula Chiyukireniya," adatero.
Palibe aliyense mwa malo asanu olandirira alendo omwe adayendera omwe anali ndi njira zowunikira anthu kuopsa kwachitetezo kapena kuzindikira omwe akufunika chithandizo chapadera, kuphatikiza kugwiriridwa kapena nkhanza zina zapakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Namwino yemwe amagwira ntchito m'malire angapo adati kusowa kwachinsinsi komanso malo odzipereka kumalepheretsa anthu omwe akhudzidwa. "Ndizovuta kudziwa za [omwe angathe kuchitiridwa nkhanza] kumalo olandirira alendo chifukwa ndizovuta kupeza malo olankhulirana," adatero.
Kulephera kuzindikira anthu omwe akuzunzidwa komanso omwe angakhale ozunzidwa kumalepheretsa zoyesayesa zochepetsera ziwopsezo za nkhanza zochitiridwa nkhanza pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kuphatikizira kuzembetsa ndi nkhanza zina, ndikulepheretsa kutumiza kwanthawi yayitali kwa ozunzidwawo kupita kuchipatala, malingaliro, pogona, zamalamulo ndi zina.
Kusowa Chitetezo
Anthu omwe adafunsidwa adati njira zachitetezo palibe kapena sizikwanira pamawoloka a Medyka komanso kumalo olandirira alendo.
"Apolisi ali pano kuti awonetsere, mocheperapo," adatero wogwira ntchito ku Medyka, ponena za malo omwe ali pafupi ndi malire omwe ali ndi mahema, omwe ambiri amakhala ndi odzipereka odziimira okha ochokera kumayiko ena, omwe amapereka chakudya, zakumwa, zinthu zaukhondo, ndi zinthu zina ndi mautumiki.
Wodzipereka yemwe amagwira ntchito pamalo okwerera masitima apamtunda a Przemyśl adati, "Vuto lalikulu ndilakuti palibe chitetezo chokwanira." Anthu ongodzipereka pa malo olandirira alendo ku Korczowa komanso pamalo okwerera masitima apamtunda a Przemyśl ananena kuti kusintha kosalekeza njira zachitetezo kumachititsa ngozi za kuzembetsa anthu, kudyeredwa masuku pamutu, ndi nkhanza zina.
Masamba ena anali ndi njira zachitetezo zolowera, kuphatikiza malo olandirira alendo a Tesco, Ptak Expo Center, Cinema City Center ku Kraków, ndi Rszeszow Center. Komabe, machitidwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zonse kapena pa malo olandirira alendo. Woyang'anira malo a Tesco adati cheke chachitetezo pakhomo la malowa ndi chosagwirizana komanso kuti odzipereka adayimitsa anthu angapo mkati mwamalo omwe alibe zikalata zolembetsa.
Kupanda Njira Zopewera ndi Kuyankha
Ogwira ntchito ndi odzipereka pamalo olandirira alendo adati palibe njira zopewera kapena kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhanza zotengera jenda.
“Kugwiriridwa ndi vuto lalikulu,” anatero wodzipereka wina ponena za ngozi zomwe zili m’malo olandirira anthu ku Korczowa. Wodzipereka wina adati akuda nkhawa ndi nkhanza zomwe zingachitike m'malo akutali, osayang'aniridwa monga makonde opita kuzimbudzi.
Ogwirizanitsa a Tesco Center ku Przemyśl ndi Ptak Expo Center adawonetsa kuti amadalira anthu othawa kwawo omwe amadziwitsa anthu odzipereka kapena ogwira nawo ntchito zazochitika. "Palibe ndondomeko .... [Othawa kwawo] amabwera kwa ife ngati pali vuto, "adatero wogwirizanitsa malo a Tesco.
Masamba analibe njira zodzitetezera monga nyumba zosiyana za amayi paokha kapena okha ndi ana. Ngakhale kuti othaŵa kwawo ambiri ndi akazi ndi ana, malo olandirira alendo amasungiranso amuna ndi anyamata amene amaloledwa kuchoka ku Ukraine, kuphatikizapo anyamata azaka zosachepera 18, amuna azaka zapakati pa 60, amene ali ndi ana atatu kapena kupitirira apo, kapena amene saloledwa kuloŵa m’chipatala kapena m’njira zina.
Marta Pasternak, wogwira ntchito ku Ptak Expo komanso wogwirizira pamalowa, adatsimikizira kuti "aliyense asakanikirana." Anthu akuyenera kulembetsa ndikupeza zida zosiyanasiyana zolowera m'malo osungiramo zinthu, koma zimbudzi, shawa, ndi malo osinthira alibe zitseko zokhoma kapena njira zina zachitetezo ndipo aliyense atha kulowa m'malo osungiramo zinthu akakhala mkati mwa malowo.
Katswiri wina wa nkhanza za jenda ku bungwe lopereka chithandizo kwa anthu anati iwo akuthandizira njira zochepetsera chiopsezo kumalo olandirira anthu othawa kwawo komanso kusamalira milandu ndi chithandizo chamaganizo kwa opulumuka nkhanza za jenda. Anati malo monga Ptak Expo akukhazikitsa pang'onopang'ono njira zopewera ndi kuyankha.
Mfundo zapadziko lonse zokhuza nkhanza zochitiridwa nkhanza pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pamavuto zimafuna kuti pakhale njira zophatikizira kukhala padera, malo otetezedwa kwa amayi ndi ana opanda operekezedwa ndi zimbudzi ndi malo osambira okhala ndi maloko ogwirira ntchito komanso zinsinsi.
Kusowa Maphunziro
Awiri okha mwa anthu omwe anafunsidwa omwe amagwirizanitsa kapena kupereka chithandizo anali ndi ukadaulo wothandiza anthu kapena othawa kwawo, ndipo ambiri analibe luso kapena chidziwitso popereka chithandizo chachindunji.
Ogwira ntchito ndi anthu odzipereka adati kusowa kwa maphunziro ozindikira kapena kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhanza zochitiridwa nkhanza pakati pa amuna ndi akazi kumatanthauza kuti yankho lililonse lingadalire munthuyo. Wodzipereka pa chipatala cha Korczowa ananena kuti akadziwa za mlandu wogwiriridwa kapena nkhanza zina zochitiridwa nkhanza pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, “Ndimaimbira apolisi kapena [achipatala] kapena kupeza manambala oti ndimuimbire pa intaneti. Palibe amene anadza nati [kwa odzipereka], 'izi ndi zimene uyenera kuchita.’”
Kupatula antchito ochepa abungwe lothandizira anthu, palibe odzipereka kapena ogwira ntchito omwe adaphunzirapo chilichonse. Odzipereka ena anali ndi maphunziro odzikonzekeretsa okha pankhani ngati kupewa kuzembetsa anthu, koma izi zidachitika mwachisawawa. Purezidenti wa La Strada, Dawid-Olczyk, adati ayambitsa maphunziro aulere kwa omenyera ufulu wawo.
Akatswiri oteteza chitetezo ku bungwe lothandizira anthu adati kuchuluka kwa anthu odzipereka kumabweretsa zovuta pakuwonetsetsa kuti nkhanza za amuna ndi akazi zimayankhidwa mogwirizana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Pofotokoza za mfundo zofunika kwambiri zothandiza anthu, katswiri wina anati: “[Tiyenera] kudziwa bwino lomwe kuti tikamanena za nkhanza za pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, mfundo yakuti ‘musavulaze’ komanso kuchitira anthu nkhanza zimene tonsefe sitingachite. ziyenera kukhala m’maganizo mwa [odzipereka].” UNHCR idachita maphunziro ochepetsa chiopsezo ndikupewa kugwiriridwa komanso kuzunzidwa m'malire.
Kulephera Kuonetsetsa Chisamaliro Chokwanira Pambuyo pa Kugwiriridwa
Ogwira ntchito kumalo olandirira alendo adati palibe ndondomeko yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti iwonetsetse chisamaliro chokwanira pambuyo pa kugwiriridwa, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kupereka mankhwala osakhalitsa kuti ateteze mimba ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi chithandizo china chamankhwala ndi maganizo kuchokera kwa ophunzitsidwa bwino. Miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza kuchokera ku Humanitarian Charter ndi Minimum Standards pansi pa Sphere Handbook, ndi Komiti Yoyimira Bungwe la Inter-AgencyNdipo Gulu la Inter-Agency Working Group for Reproductive Health in Crisis, kuitana kasamalidwe kachipatala ka kugwiriridwa pazadzidzidzi.
Malamulo ku Poland amaletsa kwambiri mwayi wopeza chithandizo chofunikira pakugonana komanso uchembele, kuphatikiza zithandizo zoyambira kugwiriridwa. Njira zakulera zadzidzidzi, zomwe zingalepheretse kutenga pakati mpaka masiku asanu mutagonana mosadziteteza, Kumafuna a dokotala mankhwala ngakhale EU idavomereza malonda ogulitsa. Kupeza wothandizira ndi kugula mankhwala okhudza chisamaliro chanthawi yake kungakhale koletsedwa makamaka kwa othawa kwawo omwe samalankhula Chipolishi ndipo sadziwa bwino zomwe zikuchitika.
Chigamulo cha Constitutional Tribunal cha 2020 pafupifupi oletsedwa kuchotsa mimba. Ngakhale kuchotsa mimba pa milandu yogwiriridwa kumakhalabe kovomerezeka, woimira boma pa milandu ayenera anatsimikiza kutsimikizika koyenera kuti mimbayo idabwera chifukwa cha mlandu woti madokotala achotse mwalamulo pazifukwa izi.
Mkulu wa bungwe la Federation for Women and Family Planning (Federa), Krystyna Kacpura, adati bungweli silikudziwa za amayi kapena atsikana ochokera ku Ukraine omwe amawakaniza chisamaliro pambuyo poti agwiriridwa ku Poland, koma kuti athandiza atsikana awiri a ku Ukraine kupeza mwayi wochotsa mimba. kutsatira kugwiriridwa. Kacpura adati foni yawo yothandizidwa ndi dokotala wachikazi waku Ukraine adalandiranso mafoni okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso uchembere wabwino monga matenda achikazi, kulera, komanso chisamaliro chapakati.
Gulu la mabungwe omwe amapereka chidziŵitso ndi chithandizo kwa anthu a ku Poland ofuna kuchotsa mimba, linanena kuti lathandiza anthu 267 othawa kwawo ku Poland kuti achotse mimba pakati pa March 1 ndi April 19. Iwo samasonkhanitsa zidziwitso za zifukwa zomwe anthu amafunikira kuchotsa mimba kapena ngati achotsa mimbayo. anakafuna chisamaliro kwina.
Kacpura ananena kuti, monganso ena ku Poland, amayi kapena atsikana ambiri ochokera ku Ukraine omwe ali mkati mwa nthawi yololedwa amasankha kuchotsa mimba pogwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi, omwe World Health Organisation idatero ndi njira yochotsa mimba yotetezeka, yosasokoneza yomwe ingathe kudzisamalira yokha mpaka sabata lakhumi ndi chiwiri la mimba. Ngakhale malamulo aku Poland amatsutsa opereka mimba osati omwe achotsa mimba, Kacpura adati kusamvetsetsana komanso kuopa malamulo aku Poland kumatha kulepheretsa othawa kwawo kufunafuna chisamaliro.
Namwino yemwe amagwira ntchito m'malo ambiri olandirira anthu m'malire adati chisamaliro chogwiriridwa sichikupezeka pamalowo "chifukwa mulibe malo, palibe chinsinsi. Tiyenera kutumiza amayi ku chipatala. " Ananenanso kuti ali ndi nkhawa ngati ogwira ntchito m'zipatala zakomweko angapereke chithandizo chokwanira pambuyo pa kugwiriridwa, kuphatikiza mwayi wochotsa mimba ngati pakufunika, ndipo akuyesera kudziwa yekha momwe angathandizire opulumuka.
A 2021 lipoti ku Poland kuchokera ku bungwe loyang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) idawona kusakhazikika kwa apolisi ndi zipatala ndi kusaphunzitsidwa mokwanira kwa ogwira ntchito zachipatala kuti apereke chisamaliro choyenera kwa ozunzidwa. opulumuka.
Othandizira ndi mabungwe amadalira maukonde osagwirizana ndi azachipatala kuti apereke chithandizo chofunikira, kuphatikiza kuchotsa mimba. Gulu lothandiza anthu lomwe likugwira ntchito yolimbana ndi nkhanza za amuna ndi akazi lidazindikira izi ngati kusiyana ndipo likuyembekeza kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ndi boma kuti liwonetsetse kuti chithandizo chachipatala cha kugwiriridwa chikhale choyenera. M'mwezi wa Marichi, magulu opitilira 60 omenyera ufulu wamayiko ndi akumaloko akuyitanidwa atsogoleri a mayiko kuti awonetsetse mwamsanga ufulu wogonana ndi kubereka kwa omwe akhudzidwa ndi nkhondo ku Ukraine, kuphatikizapo chisamaliro chathunthu pambuyo pa kugwiriridwa.
Kusowa Chidziwitso
Njira zambiri zodziwitsa anthu othawa kwawo za ngozi zomwe zingatetezedwe ndizosakwanira kuwonetsetsa kuti akumvetsetsa kuopsa kwake, njira zopewera, komanso momwe anganenere zovuta.
Zaku Poland Unduna wa Zam'kati ndi Ulamuliro ili ndi Gawo Lapadera Lothana ndi Kuzembetsa Anthu ndi National Consulting and Intervention Center for Victims of Trafficking lomwe lili ndi udindo wozindikira ndi kuthandiza ozunzidwa. Za Utumiki webusaiti kwa anthu othawa kwawo ku Ukraine sapereka tsatanetsatane wa ngozi zamalonda kapena njira zoperekera malipoti.
Mabungwe ndi mabungwe kuphatikiza The Strada mogwirizana ndi Unduna wa Zam'kati ndi Meya wa Warsaw, a Ofesi ya Border Guard, ndipo UNHCR yakonza timapepala toti tizigawira kumalire ndi malo olandirira alendo odziwitsa anthu othawa kwawo ku ngozi zachitetezo komanso kupereka manambala a foni. A Piotr Zalewsky, wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa apolisi ku Podkarpackie voivodship, yomwe ikuphatikiza Medyka, Korczowa, Przemyśl, ndi Rzeszów, adati adapanga mapepala achingerezi ndi Chiyukireniya odziwitsa anthu othawa kwawo momwe angachepetsere ngozi. Iwo amalangiza anthu kuti akalembetse pamalo olandirira alendo omwe ali pafupi komanso kuti asapereke mafoni kapena zikalata zawo kwa wina aliyense komanso kupereka manambala amafoni kwa apolisi ndi ntchito zina zomwe zimachitika maola 24. Bungwe la Human Rights Watch linawona timapepala ndi zikwangwani pamalo ena olandirira alendo zosonyeza kuopsa kwa kuzembetsa anthu komanso kulemba manambala a nambala yafoni.
Komabe, ena odzipereka ndi ogwira ntchito pamalowa adati zoyesayesa zotere sizinali zokwanira. "Palibe chidziwitso chomwe chaperekedwa pano - zikwangwani zingapo chabe [za] amayi ndi ana," adatero wodzipereka wodzipereka pasiteshoni ya sitima ya Przemyśl.
Wogwira ntchito m'gulu lina la ku Warsaw lomwe likupeza nyumba za anthu othawa kwawo adanena kuti samapereka chidziwitso kwa anthu othawa kwawo za kuchepetsa chiopsezo komanso kuti bungwe lake limadalira kwambiri maubwenzi ndi anthu othawa kwawo kuti atetezedwe. "Tilibe njira yodziwikiratu yoperekera zidziwitso pagawo loyamba la zoopsa ndi zophwanya malamulo," adatero. "Tikudziwa kuti tiyenera kuchita izi, koma ndi vuto la kusowa kwa nthawi ndi zinthu."
Palibe zambiri zomwe zidapezeka m'malo olandirira alendo za momwe angapewere kapena komwe anganene nkhanza zotengera jenda. Pasternak, ku Ptak Expo Center, adanena kuti sakudziwa ngati othawa kwawo amalandira chidziwitso cha zomwe angachite pazochitika zoterezi, "koma othawa kwawo amafunsa mafunso, kuti adziwe" omwe angapite kuti akathandizidwe.
Kusowa Veting, Chitetezo Pamayendedwe Payekha, Nyumba
Njira zosakwanira komanso zosagwirizana zowonera mayendedwe achinsinsi ndi nyumba zimakulitsanso chiwopsezo cha kuzembetsa, kuchitira nkhanza, komanso nkhanza za amuna othawa kwawo.
Zoyendetsa payekha
Bungwe la Human Rights Watch lidalemba njira zosiyanasiyana zowonera mayendedwe achinsinsi kuchokera kumalo olandirira alendo kupita kumizinda ina ku Poland kapena mayiko aku Europe.
Dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu odzipereka ku likulu la Korczowa limafuna kuti madalaivala apereke nambala yawo ya laisensi ndi zidziwitso zaumwini apolisi atawafufuza. Apolisi pamalopo sanafotokoze tsatanetsatane wa ndondomekoyi ku bungwe la Human Rights Watch. Odzipereka nthawi zambiri amadalira kutumizirana mameseji kapena mauthenga a WhatsApp ndi othawa kwawo kuti awone chitetezo chawo paulendo. Koma, monga wodzipereka wina ananenera, "ndi ufulu kwa onse" ndipo palibe njira zomveka zoyankhira ngati atazindikira mavuto.
Wodzipereka pamalo okwerera masitima apamtunda ku Kraków adati malo osungiramo madalaivala ovomerezeka mumzinda wa Kraków awonjezera chitetezo, koma kutsimikizira pang'onopang'ono kumabweretsa mipata. Pazoyendera kunja kwa Kraków, adati anthu ena odzipereka amajambula zidziwitso za oyendetsa, amasunga mindandanda ya omwe akuthawa kwawo, komanso kukhala ndi "mawu owopsa" omwe othawa kwawo amatha kutumiza kudzera pa foni pakagwa ngozi. "Koma izi siziyenera kuchitidwa ndi anthu odzipereka," adatero. "Izi ziyenera kuchitidwa ndi ndondomeko." Ngakhale adati akuyesera kuchotsa zikwangwani zopatsa anthu mayendedwe apaokha, Human Rights Watch idawona zikwangwani zolembedwa pamanja zikukwera panja pazidziwitso za othawa kwawo pamalo okwerera masitima apamtunda.
Wogwirizanitsa pa Tesco Center ku Przemyśl sanatsimikizire njira iliyonse yotsimikizira madalaivala koma adati ayamba kuletsa madalaivala achinsinsi masiku awiri m'mbuyomu. Ananenanso kuti adachotsa mayi wina wothawa kwawo ndi ana ake awiri m'galimoto m'masiku 10 apitawa. “[Dalaivala] anali kukokera mayiyo ndi anawo kuwatulutsa [pakati pakatikati] ndi kuwalowetsa m’galimoto,” iye anatero.
Adanenanso dalaivalayo kupolisi, yemwe adati adalankhula ndi bamboyo ndikumuthamangitsa, koma adamuwonanso kawiri pamalopo. Apolisi anamuchotsanso kachitatu, koma sanadziwe zomwe anachita.
Wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa apolisi a Zalewsky adati anthu odzipereka akuyenera kulembetsa zizindikiritso za madalaivala odziyimira pawokha, ziphaso zamalaisensi, komanso kalembera wa madalaivala, ndipo atha kuyang'ana izi ndi apolisi omwe ali pamalopo omwe ali ndi mwayi wofikira ku polisi.
Wogwirizanitsa ntchito zodzipereka pa siteshoni ya sitima ya Warsaw adati sayang'ana madalaivala achinsinsi omwe amafanana ndi othawa kwawo omwe akufuna mayendedwe. "Anthu amabwera kuno kapena kuyimba kapena kulemba pa Facebook ngati ali ndi nthawi yaulere ndi galimoto, [ndipo] amatha kupita kukanyamula anthu kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kwina," adatero. "Kuthekera kwathu kuwunika [madalaivala] kuli ndi malire. Ife sife apolisi.” Iye adati amalangiza anthu othawa kwawo kuti awone chiphaso cha dalaivala komanso kuti azipereka chidziwitso kwa anthu odzipereka kuti adziwe amene akuyenda ndi ndani.
Magulu opitilira 40 omwe si aboma adatumiza pempho ku Unduna wa Zam'kati ndi Ulamuliro, apolisi, ndi akuluakulu akumatauni, kuphatikiza ku Przemyśl ndi Rzeszów, kuyitanitsa njira zofananirako kuti pakhale chitetezo kwa othawa kwawo omwe ali kumalire ndi malo olandirira alendo. Iwo adapempha kuti pakhale njira zophatikizirapo malipoti omveka bwino ndi njira za anthu othawa kwawo omwe akhudzidwa ndi umbanda, kuwongolera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu. Piotrowska wa Feminoteka adati sanalandire yankho.
Nyumba Zapanja
Ofunsidwa adawonetsanso nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi nyumba zothawa kwawo. Pankhani ina yodziwika kwambiri, mwamuna wina anali anamangidwa chifukwa chogwiririra mayi wazaka 19 waku Ukraine yemwe adalandira nyumba kuchokera kwa iye kudzera pa intaneti. Ngakhale omwe adafunsidwa adanena kuti zoyesayesa za anthu odzipereka komanso boma kuti apereke malo ogona okonzedwa zachepetsa zoopsa, kuwunika sikudziwika bwino komanso kusagwirizana. Wachiwiri kwa Chief Police Zalewsky adati, "Kunena zoona, ndizosatheka kuyang'ana aliyense, koma kufuna kulipo."
Wodzipereka wapasiteshoni ya sitima ya Kraków ananena kuti kuphunzitsa anthu odzipereka za kuopsa kophatikizana ndi nkhokwe ya chigawo cha nyumba zotsimikizirika kwathandiza kuti chitetezo chitetezeke pamalo okwerera sitima, koma kuchedwa kukhazikitsa malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi kutsimikizira kumabweretsa zovuta: nthawi yayitali, ndipo anthu amatopa ndipo amafunafuna njira zina zothandizira. ”
Wogwira ntchito pagulu lomwe limapereka chithandizo kwa anthu ochokera ku Ukraine ku Warsaw adati mabungwe aboma la mzindawo akutsimikizira nyumba zawo payekha, koma sangakwanitse. Ananenanso kuti kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa Marichi, amatsimikizira nyumba pafupifupi 20 patsiku pomwe gulu lake losungiramo zinthu zakale lili ndi nyumba zopitilira 8,000 ndipo zakhala anthu pafupifupi 5,000. "Pamlingo woterewu [malo owonetserako] zinali zosatheka," adatero. Palibe njira yapakati yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti iwonetsetse chitetezo cha othawa kwawo ndikukwaniritsa zosowa zachangu, adatero, ndipo bungwe lake linalibe nthawi ndi kuthekera kochita izi palokha.
Ananenanso kuti bungweli lakhala ndi malipoti pafupifupi 10 ochokera kwa othawa kwawo akuzunzidwa ndi omwe adawalandira, monga kuyesa kuwatsekereza ufulu wawo potenga mapasipoti awo kapena kuumirira kuti agwire ntchito zapakhomo. Nthawi zina, othawa kwawo adanena za nkhanza zamaganizo kapena ntchito zopanda malipiro. Nthawi zonse, bungweli linasamutsa anthu othawa kwawo n’kuwachotsa m’nkhokwe zawo.
Monga m'mayiko ena, boma la Poland limapereka chipukuta misozi, chomwe chimayikidwa pa złoty 40 pa munthu patsiku kwa masiku 60, kwa anthu omwe amapereka nyumba za anthu othawa kwawo. The lamulo akuti ma municipalities atha kupereka chipukuta misozi "pakutsimikizira momwe malo ogona ndi chakudya" sichiyenera kuperekedwa ngati "mikhalidwe ikuika pachiwopsezo moyo kapena thanzi la munthu," koma osaphatikiza zoperekedwa kapena chitsogozo chotsimikizira kapena zomwe zili zovomerezeka.
Ngakhale kuti anthu omwe akuthandiza anthu othawa kwawo angafunikire thandizo la ndalama, njira zowunikira ndi kuyang'anira ziyenera kukhalapo kuti zitsimikizire kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lomwe angawathandize kupeza ndalama kapena zinthu zina, bungwe la Human Rights Watch linati. Magulu odana ndi kuzembetsa komanso oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito anthu ali ndi anakulira nkhawa za pulogalamu yofananira ku United Kingdom, yomwe imapereka ndalama zokwana £350 ($458) pamwezi, kwa miyeso yosakwanira kuthana ndi ziwopsezo zogwiriridwa ndi kugwiriridwa.
(Source: HRW )
