Palibe mtsogoleri m'modzi yekha kapena gulu la ndale m'mbiri lomwe limakonda anthu ambiri, koma nthawi zina zosowa kwambiri, malinga ngati izi ndizochitika zomwe zimatha kuchitika kamodzi pazaka 100 zilizonse, timakumana ndi anthu ngati Mustafa. Kemal Ataturk. Masiku ano akuonedwa kuti ndi woyera ku Turkey, dzina lake limaphunziridwa m'mbiri ya dziko, koma chifukwa cha iye, maganizo oipa a Ufumu wa Ottoman akusintha, ndipo vutoli limatenga moyo wonse.
Ottoman anayamba kukula m’zaka za m’ma 16 ndipo anafutukula dera lawo mofulumira kumayiko a ku Balkan mpaka ku Central Europe. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, ufumu wa Ottoman unalibenso ulamuliro uliwonse ku Ulaya, ndipo malire anali kutsekedwa mofulumira kwambiri. Pambuyo pa kutha kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, madera onse akunja adadulidwa ndikuperekedwa ku Great Britain ndi France. Panthawi imeneyo, boma silinathe ngakhale kuchitapo kanthu - chifukwa chake chinali chakuti a British adachotsa kale kwambiri, ndipo mu chikhumbo chawo chachikulu chotaya gawo lakutali ili. Chitonzo chatha, koma tisaiwale kuti anthu a ku Turkey si okhawo omwe amazunzidwa, misala yamisala ya opambana pa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse idzayala mizu kwa omwe adapangidwa ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse.
Ndili muvuto la ndale ndi dziko lomwe anthu adzatulukira omwe sangabwererenso ndikudzudzula olamulira omwe sali oyenerera, komanso amakonda kuyamba kumanga zatsopano. Ndipo apa ndipamene "Nkhondo Imene Idzathetsa Nkhondo Zonse" ikuwonekera powonekera. Panthawiyi, Kumadzulo kunali ataganiza kale kugwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe onse ndi kutsogolo kwa Turkey kuti alole ulendo wopita ku Turkey.
Panthaŵiyo, Churchill anali mkulu wa asilikali apamadzi ndipo anadzipereka kuti agwiritse ntchito zombozo kuti ateteze mtsinjewo, komanso kutsitsa asilikali, pokhulupirira kuti "Munthu Wodwala wa ku Ulaya" sakanatha kutsutsa. Nkhondo ya Galipoli inakhala cholakwika china chachikulu chomwe Churchill angachite, ndipo anthu a ku Turkey, mothandizidwa ndi akuluakulu a ku Austria, sanathe kulanga a British chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwawo, komanso kupeza mtsogoleri wapadera pankhaniyi - Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Pambuyo pa nkhondoyi, Ataturk adzanena chinthu chimodzi chokha:
"Ngozi izi zidakhetsa magazi ndikutaya miyoyo yawo."
Amagona pansi pambali paubwenzi. Ndikhulupilira apumula mumtendere. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa a Djonovs ndi a Mehmedov, omwe amagona moyandikana ndipo ndi ngwazi zadziko lathu ...
Inu Amayi amene munatumiza ana anu aamuna kumaiko akutali, pukutani misozi yanu, ana anu agone pazifuwa pathu ndipo ali pamtendere, atataya miyoyo yawo m’gawo lathu, tsopano ndi ana athu.
Ngakhale kuti nkhondo zinayenda bwino, Ufumu wa Ottoman unagonja pankhondoyo, ndipo asilikali a Britain atalanda mzinda wa Istanbul, zolinga za ogonjetsawo zinali zoti agawane chigawocho. Apa ndipamene Mustafa Kemal azitenga nawo mbali pazandale zadziko. Iye anakana kuchotsa magulu ankhondo omwe anali nawo ndipo analamula boma kuti litsatire zofuna za British, koma anapitiriza kugwira ntchito mobisa ndikuthandizira kutsutsa. Mu 1920, adaperekedwa ndi kumangidwa pamene akuthawa, ndipo adalandira chilango cha imfa, kotero kulephera kudzalipidwa ndi moyo wake. Dziko la Britain linapitirizabe kusokoneza ufumuwo mpaka linathetsa boma. Nkhondo ikuyembekezeka, Kemal akutsogolera kutsutsa. Nkhondo zimachitika m'mbali zingapo.
Ngakhale kuti nkhondo inatha, anthu a ku Turks sanagwirizane ndi wina aliyense amene ankawalamulira, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi anthu ovulala mbali zonse anali ankhanza kwambiri. Kwa ambiri, nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse ikuwoneka kuti ikupitirirabe. Pofika mu October 1922, otsutsawo anali atakwanitsa kubwezera dziko lawo, ndipo inali nthawi, osati yobwezera, koma yokonzanso zinthu zomwe anthu ankalakalaka kwambiri, zomwe zikanathetsa mitundu yonse ya zinthu zing’onozing’ono zomwe zinali kukankhira dzikoli kuphompho. . Mustafa Kemal ali ndi malingaliro abwino ndipo akuyang'ana Greece mu Januwale chaka chamawa kuti asankhe kusamutsa anthu.
Kupanga madera okhala ndi oimira maphwando aliwonse ndi njira yokhayo yosungira mikanganoyo ndipo kenako - kuchepetsa kwake. Turkey, monga dziko lina lililonse la ku Balkan, liyenera kuthetsa mavuto ake ndi anthu ambiri. Mu 1923, Republic of Turkey inakhazikitsidwa. Mu 1934 adadza dzina lakutchulidwa la Mustafa - Ataturk - bambo wa anthu aku Turkey. Anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti ndipo adzatumikira nthawi imodzi yokha, chifukwa chosavuta kuti nkhondo zake zatha kuchepetsa moyo wake kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi atsogoleri ambiri atsopano masiku ano, iye ndi wokonda kwambiri zachipembedzo, koma sayesa kusonyeza maganizo ake kapena kukakamiza chipembedzo chake kukhala chitsogozo.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti adachotsa caliph, kuletsa atsogoleri achipembedzo kukakamiza ndi kulamulira malamulo a anthu - adatsindika kuti payenera kukhala chisankho. Analetsa mitala ndipo anayamba kukamba za ufulu wa amayi. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, adzayamba kuwonekera m'chilamulo. Maonedwe ena osangalatsa kumbali iyi ndikuti kudzoza kwamakono kunabwera mothandizidwa ndi Kumadzulo.
Malamulo onse a sharia ndi ena omwe amatsutsana ndi malamulo ovomerezeka amaletsedwa ndipo amasinthidwa ndi malamulo aku Europe. Chilankhulochi chimakhala chokhazikika ndipo Chilatini chimatenga malo a zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana. Kusintha kwa maphunziro kumatsatira, komwe kudzapereka antchito ophunzitsidwa bwino m'tsogolomu, m'malo mokhala chopinga kwa okhalamo.
Komabe, mavuto azachuma akadali vuto. Pambuyo pa nkhondo, tidzapeza kuti Atatürk adzalandira ngongole yaikulu ndipo ntchito yake yaikulu kwa zaka zinayi ndikuyesera kulipira. Kusintha kwachuma kunayamba, banki yadziko idatsegulidwa, ndalama zidapangidwa m'makampani, ndiyeno njanji zidayamba kukonzedwa bwino. Zonsezi zikuchitika mkati mwa zaka zinayi, ndipo pamene tikuwerenga zotsatira zake, tisaiwale kuti Atatürk anayenera kumenyana ndi magulu osiyanasiyana tsiku ndi tsiku, kulandira mbali pambali ya kugwa, magawano ndi despotism. Zonsezi zimachitika m’dzina la anthu, m’dzina la m’maŵa wabwinoko, ndipo m’malo mobwerera ku miyambo yakale kwambiri, cholinga chake chili kwina.
Turkey imakwanitsa kumanga ndikufika pamlingo womwe tikudziwa lero. Chuma masiku ano ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi chitukuko, koma tisaiwalenso kuti mothandizidwa ndi masomphenya amtsogolo, mayiko ena ayambanso kutsatira chitsanzo ichi. Pano sitiyenera kuiwala tsatanetsatane wina, Mustafa Kemal adakwanitsa kumanga boma pamene ena ambiri adasweka ndi nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Pachifukwa ichi, Bulgaria ikukumana ndi mavuto ambiri ndipo chikoka chochokera kunja chayamba kukhudza kwambiri. Atatürk akutsimikizira kuti ngakhale pavuto lalikulu kwambiri, kupita patsogolo ndi kotheka ndipo kumatha kuchitika.
Palinso chinthu china chofunika kuti pakhale kusintha koteroko - kudalira kwa anthu kuti munthu mmodzi akhoza kuwasintha, kuloza njira yopita patsogolo, kutsimikizira mawa abwino, pamene iyenso ayenera kuganizira za aliyense, osati kwa munthu. kusankha ochepa, monga taonera kale zikuchitika nthawi zambiri m'mbiri ya dziko. Ataturk anamwalira pa November 10, 1938, akusiya dziko lake ndikuwona bwino lomwe liyenera kukhala komanso momwe liyenera kukhalira.
