M’zaka za pambuyo pa nkhondo, panali Ayuda ambiri m’makampani osindikizira mabuku a ku America kotero kuti olemba ena anayamba kupanga mawu ofotokoza iwo: “Mafia olemba mabuku.”
Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti gulu la mafia limeneli linaonetsetsa mobisa kuti mabuku achiyuda ndi olemba azisindikizidwa ndi mabungwe akuluakulu osindikizira mabuku, omwe amasindikizidwa m'manyuzipepala ndi kuthandizidwa ndi mabungwe akuluakulu a maphunziro - mopanda ndalama za olemba ena omwe sanali Ayuda, kapena " zolakwika” mitundu ya olemba achiyuda.
Chikhulupiriro choterocho, nthawi zina choyendetsedwa ndi kudana ndi Ayuda ndipo nthawi zina ndikumverera kwachisawawa ndi kukhumudwa kwa ntchito, chinagawidwa ndi ziwerengero kuphatikizapo. Kapepala ka Truman ndi Flannery O'Connor kuti afotokoze momwe amamvera poyang'ana anzawo achiyuda monga Philip Roth, Saul Bellow ndi Cynthia Ozick. M'zolemba za nthawiyo, iwo ndi olemba ena odziwika ankakhulupirira kuti mafakitale amphamvu Ayuda ndi omwe amachititsa kuti ntchito zawo zonse zisokonezeke.
Mawuwa anagwiritsidwanso ntchito, modzidzimutsa, ndi Ayuda ambiri otchuka omwe ankagwira ntchito yolemba mabuku, kuchokera ku nyumba zosindikizira mpaka magazini olembedwa mpaka ku maphunziro apamwamba. Ayudawa nthawi zina ankachita nthabwala za kuchuluka kwa Ayuda omwe adakumana nawo pamwamba pa mafakitale awo, kapena kuwonetsa kukhumudwa kuti sanali m'gulu lawo.
Josh Lambert, mkulu wa pulogalamu ya Jewish Studies ku Wellesley College, akufufuza zodabwitsa za "mafia olemba" m'buku lake latsopano: "The Literary Mafia: Jewish, Publishing, And Postwar American Literature," yotulutsidwa sabata ino ndi Yale University Press. . Kuchokera m'makalata a olemba otchuka achiyuda, akonzi, osindikiza ndi akatswiri ophunzira kuyambira nthawiyo, kuphatikiza mkonzi wa Knopf Harold Strauss, mkonzi wa Esquire Gordon Lish, pulofesa wa Yunivesite ya Columbia Lionel Trilling ndi wolemba Ann Birstein, bukuli limachotsa nthano za "mafia odziwika bwino." .” Koma Lambert akutsutsanso kuti Ayuda omwe ali ndi maudindo angakhale okonda kuthandiza Ayuda ena, chifukwa maukonde awo aumwini ndi akatswiri amapangidwa ndi Ayuda.
M'bukuli, Lambert akutsegula maubwenzi a akatswiri ndi aumwini omwe adadziwitsa nthawiyi zomwe amachitcha "kulembera zolemba zachiyuda" - ndi njira zomwe maukonde otere amapitilira mpaka masiku ano.
Kuyankhulana uku kwafupikitsidwa ndikusinthidwa.
JTA: Tiyeni tiyambe ndi funso lalikulu kwambiri: Kodi panali "mafia olemba achiyuda"? Ndipo ngati panali, chinali chiyani icho?
Lambert: Ndikuganiza kuti njira yabwino yomwe ndingayankhire funsoli ndikuti, ayi, panalibe, koma sizosangalatsa kuyankhula za izo. Panalibe gulu lankhondo lachiyuda lomwe Truman Capote ankaganiza kuti ndi pamene anati, "O, anthu awa akukonza chiwembu." Ndipo panalibe ngakhale gulu lankhondo lachiyuda limene mlembi wachiyuda Meyer Levin ankaganiza kuti linalipo, kumene [iye ankaganiza kuti] anthu ankasonkhana pa mapwando n’kunena kuti, “Sitidzalankhula za buku lake.” Izo sizinachitike.
Funso lomwe ndikuganiza kuti ndi losangalatsa kwambiri ndilakuti: chifukwa chiyani anthu okhwima amalankhula za izi? Chifukwa chiyani lingaliro ili, meme kapena trope, lidakhala kwa zaka 20 kapena 30? Ndipo yankho ndilosavuta kwenikweni, ndikuganiza, kwa aliyense amene amagwira ntchito mu utolankhani, kapena makampani azikhalidwe. Ngati munagwirapo ntchito mumakampani aliwonse ngati amenewo kwa mphindi zisanu, mutha kunena kuti pali anthu ena omwe anali osavuta, omwe anali ndi njira yosalala. Anathandizidwa, anali ndi ubwino, malo awo adalandiridwa mwamsanga. Ngakhale pambali pa izo, muli ndi maubwenzi ndi anthu, ndipo amabwera kudzadalira amene amakupatsani mwayi wochita zinthu kapena amene amakuthandizani.
Ndipo n’zosavuta kuganiza kuti n’chifukwa chiyani munthu amene ali kumbali yolakwika ya zimenezi, nthawi zina, amaona ngati sibwino, amaona ngati chinachake chikulakwika, akuona ngati pali vuto. Kotero trope iyi ya "mafia olemba," ndi malo omwe anthu amaika maganizo awo pa zosayenera kapena mosayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu - pa nkhani ya bukhu langa, mu makampani osindikizira.
Kodi panali zochitika pamene anthu anagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo mosayenera? Zowona. Ndimalankhula za iwo m'buku. Komanso, ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kuyankhula mozama za, mphamvu imeneyo ndi chiyani, chikokacho, luso lopanga zomwe zimawerengedwa kapena kusindikizidwa? Ndipo ndani ali nayo ndipo amaigwiritsa ntchito bwanji mphamvuzo?
Ndinu katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha Chiyuda ndi zolemba zachiyuda zomwe mukukamba za chikoka cha Ayuda mu makampani osindikizira. Pali gawo mu bukhu lanu pamene mukungotchula Ayuda omwe pakali pano kapena ankagwira ntchito yosindikiza. Kodi nchifukwa ninji tcherani khutu ku izi pamene izi zingalimbikitse kuŵerenga motsutsa mbiri ya mbiri imene mukupereka?
Ine ndikuganiza kuti ngati pali kugwirizana pakati pa bukhu ili ndi bukhu langa lotsiriza [“Milomo Yodetsedwa: Zonyansa, Ayuda, ndi Chikhalidwe cha Chimereka”], ziri chimodzimodzi. Sindikufuna kupereka zokambiranazo kwa antisemites, ngakhale ali amphamvu bwanji kapena ndi owopsa bwanji. Sayenera kukhala iwo amene amasankha momwe timalankhulira za mitundu iyi.
M'buku langa lomaliza lonena za zonyansa, antisemites adazigwiritsa ntchito moyipa, mosayenera, mwankhanza. [David Duke tweeted mosilira za "Milomo Yodetsedwa," ndipo adatchulidwa m'mabuku ena otsutsa "umboni" kuti Ayuda ndi ogona.] Ndinkadziwa kuti adzachita zimenezo. Ndipo iwo akhoza kuchita ndi bukhu ili. Ndipo vuto ndiloti, ndikuganiza kuti David Duke achita zomwe akuchita, mosasamala kanthu za zomwe ndikuchita, ndiye kuti sindidandaula nazo.
Koma ndikuganiza omvera omwe ndikufuna kulankhula nawo, omwe ndi Ayuda aku America ndi osakhala Ayuda omwe amasamala za dongosolo lamalemba omwe sali antisemites - ndikuganiza lingaliro loti sitingathe kuyankhula za kupambana kwachiyuda, chikoka cha Ayuda, Mphamvu zachiyuda zimangosokoneza ndi kutilepheretsa kumvetsetsa zinthu zofunika komanso zatanthauzo.
Kotero, mndandanda umenewo: Kulemba mndandanda wa mtundu uliwonse wa Ayuda kumakhala kwachilendo pang'ono. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, kukana kapena kunamizira kuti palibepo kumakhala kovuta.
Mumatcha nthawi ya nkhondo yapambuyo pankhondo m'mabuku kuti ndi nthawi ya "kuvomerezeka kwa zolemba zachiyuda." Kodi nchiyani chinasonkhezera zimenezo, ndipo nchiyani chinali chabwino ndi kuipa kwa kukwezedwa kwadzidzidzi kumeneku kwa Ayuda ku malo aulamuliro m’kusindikiza, magazini ndi masukulu?
Ndinkafuna nthawi, ndipo "kuloledwa" ndidakonda chifukwa sikukuuzani zomwe munthu ati achite. Amangonena kuti ali ndi mwayi watsopano komanso njira yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito. Ndipo zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulekanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwina kwachuma komwe kumachitika kwa Ayuda. Tikudziwa kuti pambuyo pa nkhondo, Ayuda akuchita bwino pazachuma. Pali chithandizo chochulukirapo pazandale kwa Ayuda m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo kupambana mumakampani osindikizira kumakhudzana ndi zonsezo, komanso kumangokhudzana ndi kukula kwa makampani awa omwe Ayuda adakhazikitsa mu 1910s ndi 1920s omwe akuyenda bwino, ndipo samangosankha antchito achiyuda.
Ndizovuta kwenikweni kukulunga mutu wanu mozungulira zomwe diskupatsidwa ufulu kunkawoneka ngati, zomwe sizikutanthauza kuti palibe Myuda mmodzi yemwe akanatha kufalitsa chirichonse, kapena kuti palibe Myuda yemwe angakhoze kuchita chinachake, koma kwenikweni zikutanthauza kuti monga chinthu wamba, Ayuda sanali m'malo opangira zisankho. Pamene kuli kwakuti m’nyengo ya pambuyo pa nkhondo zimakhala zosadabwitsa kwenikweni, m’lingaliro lenileni, kuti Ayuda anali ndi ntchito iriyonse m’munda.
Mumadziganizira nokha: Ndikusintha kotani pamene sipanakhalepo munthu wa gulu laling'ono lomwe [tsopano] ali ndi ntchito yoyang'anira zipata pamakampani awa? Kwa mkonzi ku [nyumba yosindikizira ya Ayuda] Knopf, Harold Strauss, yankho nlakuti, anthu a kagulu kakang’ono kameneko akakhala m’malo amenewo, akupanga malingaliro awoawo ponena za chimene gululi liri, chimene liyenera kukhala. , posankha zochita. Gulu lonse la akonzi achiyuda amapeza mwayi wopanga pulogalamu yosindikiza ndikuti, awa ndi mitundu ya mabuku omwe ndikuganiza kuti anthu angafune kuwerenga. Ndipo ine ndikuganiza kuti mwamtheradi thumba losakaniza.
[Knopf] anachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri yosindikiza Chiyidishi m’kumasulira. N’chifukwa chiyani chinatha kuchita zimenezi? Chifukwa ankakonda kwambiri mabuku apamwamba a ku Ulaya, ndipo amatha kupereka mabuku ena a Yiddish osati ngati ndakatulo za thukuta, koma monga Dostoyevsky ndi Tolstoy. Nthawi yomweyo, gawo la zomwe Knopf anali nazo bwino kuposa ofalitsa ena, chifukwa inali nyumba yachiyuda, inali zinthu zomwe ndikuganiza kuti ambiri aife titha kuziwona ndikunena kuti zinali zotsutsana ndi Ayuda. Zinthu ngati HL Mencken akulemba ndime zingapo za Ayuda ngati gulu loipitsitsa la anthu padziko lapansi.
Zinali ngati, chifukwa ankadziona ngati Ayuda, moti ankaona ngati akanatha kufalitsa zina mwa zolembedwa zotsutsana ndi semitic ngati njira yochotsera milandu yoti iwo anali mbali ya gulu lankhondo lolemba mabuku.
Muli ndi mitu yonena za kudana kwa akazi kozika mizu ndi zochitika zachipongwe za kukondera pakati pa Ayuda m’nyumba zosindikizira mabuku. Kodi ndi maphunziro otani kwa Ayuda oti atengepo m’nkhani za zolephera za atsogoleri olemba a m’nthaŵiyo?
Ndilankhula ndi gawo la nepotism chifukwa ndikuganiza kuti ndi gawo la malo omwe ndi omveka bwino. Nepotism ndiye mphamvu yayikulu mdera lathu. Mukaganizira za anzanu, anthu omwe mumawadziwa, anthu omwe mudakulira nawo, zimapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu m'miyoyo ya anthu kaya ali ndi makolo olemera ndi agogo kapena ayi. Izi ndi zoona makamaka pa chikhalidwe cha Azungu. Chinthu chosiyana ndi chakuti, mibadwo itatu kapena inayi yapitayo, Ayuda ambiri Achimereka sakanayembekezera cholowa cha mtundu woterowo. Ndipo m'zaka 20, 30, 40 zapitazi, izi zakhala zofala kwambiri.
Sizipezeka paliponse. Sikuti aliyense mu gulu lachiyuda la ku America, koma zimasintha kumene Ayuda amakhala, motsutsana ndi anthu ena ku America, malinga ndi ubwino wawo. Kodi mukufuna kuchita chiyani ndi zabwino ndi mwayi ndi mphamvu zomwe mwapatsidwa? Ngati titha kuvomereza kuti ndizosavuta kwa wachinyamata wachiyuda yemwe amakhala wokonda mabuku kuti apeze ntchito yosindikiza, kuti apambane pantchitoyo, ndipo timasamala za nkhani zazikuluzikulu zachilungamo, ndikuganiza kuti zimatikakamiza kufuna kutero. funsani mafunso ngati, titani?
Monga kholo ndekha, ndikudziwa: Ndimakonda ana anga. Sikuti ndimafuna kuti ana anga asapambane. Koma ndikufuna kupanga machitidwe omwe sakunena kuti ana a anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi waukulu apitirize kukhala anthu olemekezeka kwambiri nthawi zonse.
Wopambana wa chaka chino Pulitzer wazopeka, "The Netanyahus" ya Joshua Cohen, ndi kumasulira kwachindunji kwa moyo wachiyuda waku America ndi ndale zapakati pa Ayuda. Sizofanana ndi zomwe mukuwonetsa m'buku la Philip Roth ndi Saul Bellow ndi Ayuda ena onsewa omwe adapambana mphotho zazikulu zamabuku mu '50s. Kodi lingaliro la "mafia olemba achiyuda" akadali ndi ife?
Palibe kukayikira konse kuti Ayuda akadali otchuka komanso opambana komanso otukuka. Ndipo ngati mutandipatsa ana atatu aku koleji omwe akufuna kugwira ntchito yosindikiza ndipo m'modzi anali mwana wachiyuda, ndalama zanga zikadakhala pa iwo kuti akhale ndi mwayi wopambana - chifukwa azikhala ndi kulumikizana kwambiri, ndi zina zambiri.
Chisankho cha Pulitzer chimenecho, mphotho ngati imeneyo ikachitika, imakhala ngati ikukuwuzani zina zanthawi yachikhalidwe. Bungwe la Pulitzer limalengeza poyera mayina a oweruza a gulu limene linapereka mphoto m’buku la Josh Cohen. Chofunika kwambiri ndikuti musaganize ngati Pulitzer, koma ngati zokambirana zomwe zidachitika pakati pa anthu atatu kapena anayi. Kodi tikudziwa chiyani za iwo komanso zomwe amakonda? [Mamembala a 2022 Fiction Pulitzers anali director a Whiting Foundation Courtney Hodell, Kirkus Reviews Editor-in-Chief Tom Beer, wolemba nkhani wa Wall Street Journal Sam Sacks, pulofesa waku Northwestern University Chris Abani ndi Deborah Heard, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa Hurston / Wright. Foundation yothandizira olemba akuda.]
Mphotho sikhala cholinga kapena chifaniziro chenicheni cha buku. Nthawi zonse imakhala nkhani ya gulu la anthu komanso zomwe amasangalala nazo panthawi inayake.
Ili ndi funso la meta: Mumalankhula za maubale omwe munatha kudzitengera nokha, monga wophunzira wachiyuda yemwe ali pamalo osindikizira, kuti musindikize bukuli, ndipo chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe ndikukufunsani ndichakuti timadziwa chilichonse. zina kudzera m'mipata yofanana: munali mphunzitsi wanga wa grad, ndipo pambuyo pake ndidachita nawo chiyanjano chachiyuda cholemba chomwe mudathamanga. Kodi mukuganiza bwanji za maubwenzi amtunduwu pamene mukuyenda padziko lapansi ndi ntchito yanu?
Ndimayamika funsoli chifukwa ndimangoganiza, pamlingo wina waukulu, ndi zomwe ndikufuna kuti bukuli liziganizira. Chimodzi, kumveka bwino pa izi ndikwabwino. Ndi bwino kunena kuti tikudziwana. Sindikuganiza kuti zipangitsa mfundo yoti musindikize chidutswa chokhudza bukhu langa kukhala cholakwika, kapena chizindikiro cha cholakwika chachikulu. Koma ndi zabwino kunena kuti ine ndikanakuchitirani inu chisomo ngati ine ndingakhoze, ndipo ine mwinamwake ndatero, ndipo ine ndikanayamikira izo ngati inu mungandichitire ine chifundo.
Ndikumva ngati mukamamvetsera kwambiri izi, ziyenera kukhala ndi zotsatira pa momwe mumachitira komanso momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zilizonse zomwe mwapeza. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe Wellesley ali nazo ndi intaneti yodabwitsa ya alumni, pomwe ma alums ochokera kusukulu amakakamizika ndi lingaliro lothandizira wophunzira wamakono. Ndipo ndikunena kwa iwo, ndikofunikira kulingalira zomwe zili zofanana komanso zosiyana mu netiweki ya alumni ku netiweki ya Harvard alumni. Chifukwa ngati zomwe alumni network yanu imachita ndikutenga anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi ndipo ali ndi mwayi wambiri wopeza mphamvu ndikuwapatsa mphamvu zowonjezera, mungafune kuganiza kuti sichinthu chabwino kwambiri chothandizira. Koma ngati mukuganiza za mafakitale omwe amayi ndi anthu omwe siabizinesi akhala akuimiridwa mosalekeza ndikusalidwa, ndipo maukonde a Wellesley alumni angathandize kukankhira chilungamo ndi chilungamo m'magawo amenewo, ndiye kuti ndichinthu chodabwitsa.
Kufikira pamene ndili ndi udindo monga mlangizi ndi wochirikiza ana asukulu, ndikuyesera kuganizira za: Kodi ndi ophunzira ati amene sangapeze thandizo? Sizingakhale chibadwa changa kuwathandiza chifukwa angawoneke ngati osafanana ndi ine kapena zolinga zawo sizikugwirizana ndi ine. Koma ndikhoza kuyesa kupeza njira yogwiritsira ntchito ubwino uliwonse umene ndili nawo kuti ndiwathandize - kubweretsa chisamaliro chamtundu wina kwa omwe ndimawathandiza ndi makalata ondiyamikira, omwe ndimayesetsa kukhazikitsa ndi mwayi, chinthu choterocho.
Mumatsutsa kuti "tikufuna mafia ambiri olemba," ndipo mumafotokoza momwe izi zingawonekere mu 20, zaka 30 ngati mwadzidzidzi padzakhala kuchuluka kwa anthu akuda m'malo awa amphamvu yofalitsa, kapena magulu ena oponderezedwa, ndi momwe izo zingakhudzire. Ayuda nawonso. Kodi mungasinthe zimenezo?
Ngati tonse titha kuvomereza kuti Ayuda adachitapo gawo lalikulu kwambiri ndipo, mpaka pano, adasewera kuti mumakampani osindikizira, chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe mungachotsere ndikuti, zili bwino ngati gulu liri losagwirizana kwambiri. mphamvu.
Pali lingaliro la kusiyanasiyana kuti zikutanthauza kuti gawo lanu mumakampaniwa liyenera kugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwanu kwa anthu. Ndipo sindikuganiza kuti mafakitale amagwira ntchito choncho, ndipo mphamvu sizigwira ntchito monga choncho. Chimene mungafune kuwona si njira yowonetsera kusiyanasiyana yomwe imatenga anthu angapo ndikuwayika m'malo aulamuliro, koma kusintha kwenikweni, komwe pangakhale lingaliro kuti sipakhala ochuluka kwambiri.
Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti zikuchitika pofalitsa pompano mwamphamvu komanso yosangalatsa. Chiyambireni kuphedwa kwa George Floyd, pali gulu, chidwi chenicheni cha ukulu wa azungu mu chikhalidwe cha America. Makampani osindikizira alemba ganyu akonzi ena aku Africa America m'malo otchuka kwambiri. Ndipo ine ndikuganiza izo nzabwino. Ndipo chimene ndikuyembekezera, chimene ndikukhulupirira kuti mbiri ya Ayuda ikusonyeza, n’chakuti atalemba ganyu anthu otchukawo paudindo wapamwambawo, ayenera kulemba ena 400.
