Nkhani Yamdima: Kodi Kusintha Kukubwera ku Fizikisi?

Kodi mdima ndi chiyani? Sizinachitikepo, komabe asayansi amayerekezera kuti zimapanga 85% ya zinthu za m’chilengedwe. Yankho lalifupi ndiloti palibe amene akudziwa kuti mdima ndi chiyani. Zaka zoposa 1960 zapitazo, Lord Kelvin anapereka kalatayi monga mafotokozedwe a mmene nyenyezi zilili mumlalang’amba wathu womwewo. Patapita zaka zambiri, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Sweden, Knut Lundmark, ananena kuti m’chilengedwe muli zinthu zambirimbiri zimene sitingathe kuziona. Asayansi kuyambira zaka za m'ma 70 ndi XNUMX akhala akuyesera kuti adziwe kuti chinthu chodabwitsachi ndi chiyani, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wovuta kwambiri. Komabe, ochuluka ochuluka a akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amakayikira kuti yankho lingakhale lakuti palibe chinthu choterocho nkhani yakuda nkomwe.

Mbiri Yakale

Asayansi amatha kuona zinthu zakutali m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Zida monga makina oonera zakuthambo a Hubble amayezera kuwala koonekera pomwe ukadaulo wina, monga ma telescope a wailesi, amayesa zochitika zosawoneka. Asayansi nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka zambiri akusonkhanitsa deta kenako n'kupitiriza kusanthula kuti amvetse bwino zomwe akuwona.


Chimene chinaonekera bwino kwambiri pamene deta yowonjezereka ikuwonjezereka inali yakuti milalang'amba sinali kuchita monga momwe amayembekezera. Nyenyezi zimene zili m’mbali zakunja za milalang’amba ina zinali kuyenda mofulumira kwambiri. Milalang'amba imagwiridwa pamodzi ndi mphamvu yokoka, yomwe ili yamphamvu kwambiri pakati pomwe pali misa yambiri. Nyenyezi zimene zinali m’mbali zakunja za milalang’amba ya m’mwambazi zinkayenda mofulumira kwambiri moti mphamvu yokoka yopangidwa ndi zinthu zooneka kumeneko sizikanatha kuzilepheretsa kuwulukira m’mlengalenga mozama.

Asayansi ankaganiza kuti payenera kukhala zinthu zambiri zimene zili m’milalang’amba imeneyi kuposa zimene tingaone panopa. chinachake ziyenera kukhala zikuteteza nyenyezi kuti zisawulukire kutali, ndipo iwo ankachitcha icho chinachake nkhani yakuda. Sakanatha kunena kwenikweni zomwe zingakhale nazo kupatula kuti ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yokoka, ndipo payenera kukhala pang'ono chabe. M'malo mwake, zambiri zakuthambo (85%) ziyenera kukhala zakuda. Kupanda kutero, milalang’amba sikanatha kumamatira kwa utali wonse monga momwe ikuwonekera. Akanasweka chifukwa sipakanakhala mphamvu yokoka yokwanira kusunga mathililiyoni a nyenyezi m’malo mwake.

Pankhani ya sayansi, vuto ndi chinthu chomwe simungathe kuchiwona ndi chovuta kunena zambiri za icho. Chifukwa zinthu zakuda sizimalumikizana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi - yomwe imayang'anira kuwala kowoneka, mafunde a wailesi, ndi ma x-ray - umboni wathu wonse ndi wosalunjika. Asayansi akhala akuyesera kupeza njira zowonera zinthu zakuda ndi kulosera motengera malingaliro ake koma osapambana.

Njira Yothetsera Vutoli

Newton's Theory of Gravity imalongosola zochitika zazikulu kwambiri bwino. Chilichonse kuyambira kuponya koyamba pamasewera a Yankees mpaka mayendedwe a magulu a nyenyezi zitha kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha Newton. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho sichiri chotsimikizirika. Malingaliro a Einstein okhudzana ndi ubale wapadera ndi wapadera, mwachitsanzo, adalongosola deta yomwe chiphunzitso cha Newton sichikanatha. Asayansi amagwiritsabe ntchito chiphunzitso cha Newton chifukwa chimagwira ntchito nthawi zambiri ndipo chimakhala ndi ma equation osavuta.

Zinthu zamdima zinaperekedwa ngati njira yogwirizanitsa sayansi ya Newtonian ndi deta. Koma bwanji ngati, m’malo mwa chiyanjanitso, chiphunzitso chosinthidwa chikufunika. Apa ndipamene katswiri wa sayansi ya zaku Israeli wotchedwa Mordehai Milgrom amalowera. Anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu yokoka (yotchedwa Modified Newtonian Dynamics kapena “mwezi” mwachidule) mu 1982 zomwe zimasonyeza kuti mphamvu yokoka imagwira ntchito mosiyana pamene imakhala yofooka kwambiri, monga m'mphepete mwa milalang'amba ya disk.

Chiphunzitso chake sichiri chophweka fotokozani makhalidwe a milalang'amba; izo limaneneratu iwo. Vuto la ziphunzitso zake n'lakuti akhoza kufotokoza chilichonse. Ngati mutalowa m'chipinda ndikuwona kuti magetsi akuyaka, mukhoza kukhala ndi chiphunzitso chakuti kuwala kwa cosmic kuchokera kudzuwa kumagunda magalasi obisika m'njira yoyenera yowunikira chipindacho. Chiphunzitso china chingakhale chakuti winawake anayatsa chosinthira magetsi. Njira imodzi yolekanitsira nthanthi zabwino ndi zoipa ndiyo kuona kuti ndi chiphunzitso chiti chomwe chimaneneratu bwino.

Kusanthula kwaposachedwa kwa Mond kukuwonetsa kuti imaneneratu bwino kwambiri kuposa mitundu yofananira yakuda. Zomwe zikutanthauza ndikuti, ngakhale kuti zinthu zakuda zimatha kufotokoza bwino momwe milalang'amba zimakhalira, ilibe mphamvu zolosera pang'ono ndipo, kutsogoloku, ndi lingaliro lotsika.


Zambiri zokha ndi mkangano womwe ungathe kuthetsa chiwongola dzanja pa nkhani yakuda ndi Mond. Komabe, kuvomerezedwa kwa Mond kukhala malongosoledwe abwino koposa kungawononge zaka makumi ambiri za mgwirizano wasayansi ndi kupanga chimodzi cha zinthu zosamvetsetseka za chilengedwe chonse kukhala chachilendo. Lingaliro losinthidwa silingakhale lachigololo ngati mphamvu zakuda, zosawoneka, koma lingakhale ndi mwayi wokhala sayansi yabwinoko.