The Interfaith Peacebuilding Guide yolembedwa ndi United Religions Initiative

Upangiri pa Nkhani Yomanga Mtendere

Kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi mawu atsopano. Anapangidwa pafupifupi zaka khumi zapitazo ndi Mlembi Wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations panthawiyo, Boutrous Boutrous-Ghali, kuti atchule gulu la ntchito zolimbikitsa mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa zipani zosemphana maganizo, makamaka pambuyo poti pangano la mtendere lasainidwa. Akatswiri ambiri ndi akatswiri tsopano amagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa kutanthauza zochitika zomwe zimachitika nthawi iliyonse yamtendere. Timatengera malingaliro okulirapo okhudza kukhazikitsa mtendere mu bukhuli, ndikuligwiritsa ntchito ngati ambulera yomwe imatengera njira yopanda chiwawa ndipo imatanthawuza malingaliro ndi zochitika zonse zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza anthu kuthetsa mikangano ndikumanga maubale okhazikika.

Ndi lingaliro lake lalikulu, kukhazikitsa mtendere ndikumanga madera amtendere, okhazikika, ndi madera.¹ Kukhazikitsa mtendere kumazindikira kuti mtendere ndi “njira yogwira ntchito imene anthu, nthaŵi zina, angalimbikitse mikangano [kudzera m’zochita zopanda chiwawa] pofuna kuwongolera mikhalidwe ndi maunansi a ena kapena iwo eni.”² Pamapeto pake, kukhazikitsa mtendere kumafuna kuletsa chiwawa chowonjezereka ndi mikangano yowononga; kuchiza anthu ndi magulu ku zotsatira za chiwawa; ndikuyanjanitsa anthu ndi madera, "kuti tsogolo logawana litheke."³

Kukhazikitsa mtendere kumayang'ana pakusintha dongosolo lonse, osati magawo ake okha. Zimakhudzana ndi munthu payekha, gulu, anthu, komanso machitidwe apadziko lonse lapansi. Zimakhudzanso malingaliro, zikhalidwe, malingaliro, nkhani, ndi maubale. Kukhazikitsa mtendere kumapangidwa ndi zinthu zing'onozing'ono ndi zazikulu zosawerengeka, zina zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zosowa zaposachedwa monga mpumulo wamavuto kapena kuchepetsa mikangano ndi zina zomwe zimapangidwira nthawi yayitali. Njira zina zokhazikitsira mtendere zingafunikire kuchitapo kanthu kwazaka zambiri kuti pakhale zotsatira, makamaka zomwe zapangidwa kuti zibweretse kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, ndale, zachuma ndi machitidwe.

Kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi gawo lazochita komanso maphunziro aukadaulo. Imamanga pazaka makumi angapo za kafukufuku wamtendere ndikukhazikitsa malingaliro ndi machitidwe othana ndi mikangano, kusachita zachiwawa, ndikugwira ntchito m'magawo ofananirako monga ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ndi gawo losinthika lomwe cholinga chake chakulitsidwa kuchoka ku kupewa ndi kuthetsa mikangano yachiwawa pakati pa anthu kupita ku maphunziro a machitidwe ndi zina zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano kupita ku phunziro la ndondomeko za pambuyo pa nkhondo zobwezeretsa ndi kumanganso. Imakhudza magawo osiyanasiyana monga mbiri yakale, psychology, chikhalidwe cha anthu, anthropology, biology, sayansi yandale, maphunziro, kulumikizana, mfundo zapagulu, pakati pa ena.

Udindo wa nzika wamba pakukhazikitsa mtendere sungathe kuchepetsedwa. Monga momwe katswiri wankhondo wakale waku America Louise Diamond ananenera, "mphamvu zokhazikitsa mtendere zili ndi anthu ambiri osati ochepa okha."⁴ Kuti tikhale ndi mtendere wokhazikika komanso wokhazikika tiyenera kukhala ndi utsogoleri ndi kutenga nawo mbali pamagulu onse a anthu, kuchokera kwa nzika zomwe zikugwira ntchito kumaloko "kumidzi" kuti tikhazikitse maziko okhulupirirana pakati pa anthu kumbali zosiyanasiyana za mikangano, mpaka anthu omwe akugwira nawo ntchito. zambiri zosiyanasiyana m'mayiko, zigawo, ndi mayiko.

Kuthandizira kwa Zipembedzo Zophatikizana Pakumanga Mtendere

Magulu ndi anthu omwe akugwira ntchito yomvetsetsa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana amakhala ndi makiyi amphamvu otsegulira mikangano, kulikonse komwe ingapezeke. Mwachibadwa, zipembedzo zambiri zimafuna kubweretsa mtendere kwa otsatira awo komanso anthu. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, kusiyana kwa zipembedzo nthawi zambiri kumasinthidwa mosavuta ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa anthu ndi anthu paokha chiwawa. Motero, kuphunzira kumvetsa tanthauzo la kusiyana kwa zipembedzo—ndikukhala omasuka ndi “mawu” osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana a mawu achipembedzo ndi auzimu—kumachepetsa kuthekera kwa kutengeka maganizo kwachipembedzo ndi kusalolera, chidani, ndi chiwawa zimene nthaŵi zambiri zimatsagana nazo. Zingathenso kulimbikitsa anthu kuti achitepo kanthu pomanga mayanjano ndi maubwenzi pakati pa magawano achipembedzo ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti athetse chisalungamo.

Gulu lililonse lachipembedzo lomwe lakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali limakhala ndi matanthauzo a mbiri yakale omwe amapereka mawonekedwe odziwika. Ali ndi zizindikiro zamphamvu ndi miyambo yomwe imasonyeza zosowa ndi zofuna za gulu. Amakhalanso ndi mfundo zambiri, makhalidwe, ndi zochita zomwe zingalimbikitse mtendere ndi mgwirizano pakati pa adani.

Kukhazikitsa mtendere pazipembedzo - komwe kumaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa mtendere pakati pa zipembedzo - tsopano ndi gawo lodziwika bwino la machitidwe ndi maphunziro m'munda waukulu wamtendere. Zimabweretsa matanthauzo ndi matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana, zolimbikitsa, zoyambitsa ndi zotsatira zake, ndi njira. Zopereka zake zikuphatikizapo maulosi ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi ulamuliro wa chikhulupiriro, zipangizo zamagulu achipembedzo ndi magulu ambiri achipembedzo, maudindo apakati ndi olimbikitsa omwe nthawi zambiri amachitidwa ndi okhulupirira achipembedzo ndi auzimu, komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri pa kubwezeretsa ubale ndi anthu.

Chilango ndi mphamvu yosintha ya ziphunzitso ndi machitidwe achipembedzo ndi auzimu ndi chinthu chapadera chomwe magulu a zipembedzo amabweretsa kuti pakhale mtendere wonse. Izi zikuphatikizapo mikhalidwe yofunika kwambiri ya chifundo ndi chifundo, kulimba mtima ndi kudzimana, kudziletsa ndi kudziletsa; chikhulupiliro mu mphamvu yosintha ya chikondi ndi kuganizira zabwino; chikhulupiriro poyang’anizana ndi zopinga zooneka ngati zosatheka; ndi chiyembekezo cha machiritso ndi kuyanjanitsa.

Kukhazikitsa mtendere pakati pa zipembedzo ndi njira yopezera matanthauzo ndi machitidwewa kuti apindule ndi onse. Ndi njira yophatikizira gulu la anthu lomwe nthawi zambiri limachotsedwa mu ndale zamphamvu ndi njira zamtendere.

Kukhazikitsa mtendere pakati pa zipembedzo kumaphatikizapo njira zambiri ndi zochitika zomwe cholinga chake ndi kupanga kumvetsetsa, ulemu, ndi kuchitapo kanthu pamodzi pakati pa anthu okhulupirira. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo kukambirana pakati pa zipembedzo ndi kugawana miyambo ndi machitidwe a chikhulupiriro; zochita za zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana pazaubwino wa anthu ndi chitukuko cha chuma; ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere kokhazikika komwe kumapangitsa kuti magulu omwe akulimbana pamodzi, kutchula magulu ochepa chabe a zochita.

Popeza kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali m'magulu a zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana ndi nzika zapayekha zopanda maphunziro apadera koma omwe amakhudzidwa ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'madera awo ndi dziko lawo ndipo ali ndi kudzipereka kwakukulu kuti agwire ntchito zamtendere, zochitika zapansi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyenera kwambiri.

Ntchito zolimbikitsa mtendere zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuphatikizika kwa zipembedzo zoyambira ndi zomwe zimathandiza kumvetsetsana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa magawano pakati pa anthu, ndikupanga njira zatsopano zothanirana ndi kusamvana mwamtendere komanso mopindulitsa. Magulu a zipembedzo amapanga mipata yotetezedwa, kuvomereza, kumvetsetsa, kuzindikira, ndi kusintha. Kungosonkhana pamodzi kuti tigwire ntchito mogwirizana mu chikhalidwe cha zipembedzo ndi ntchito yokhazikitsa mtendere. Imakulitsa zikhalidwe zamtendere

Olimbikitsa mtendere a Grassroots interfaith amapanga kusiyana ndi:

Kubweretsa magulu osiyanasiyana pamodzi

kumvetsera momasuka kwa ena

kuphunzitsa ndi kuthetsa maganizo omwe anthu amawakonda

Chiyembekezo cholimbikitsa

Kukulitsa chidaliro pothana ndi zovuta

Kukhazikitsa malingaliro ophatikizana pagulu omwe amaphatikiza omwe ali "ena"

Kukhala zitsanzo za njira zomangira zothanirana ndi kusiyana

Kuthandizira kufunitsitsa kusintha machitidwe ndi machitidwe osalungama omwe amapweteketsa ena

¹ Kumanga Mtendere: Buku Lophunzitsira la Caritas (Vatican City: Caritas Internationalis, 2002), 4.

² Susan L. Carpenter, Mbiri ya Maluso Opanga Mtendere (Consortium on Peace Research, Education, and Development, 1977), 4.

³ Paula Green, "Lumikizanani: Kuphunzitsa Mbadwo Watsopano wa Omanga Mtendere," Mtendere ndi Kusintha 27:1 (Januware 2002), 101.

⁴ "Kumanga Mtendere: Ndani Ali ndi Udindo?" Pathways Journal (Kugwa kwa 1996), https://www.pathwaysmag.com/9-96diamond.html.

United Religions Initiative ~ Interfaith Peacebuilding Guide, August 2004 Mawu Oyamba, pp. 12-15.

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