Mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe akudzudzula Uganda ndi Tanzania chifukwa chothamangira kusaina pangano la East Africa Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) ndi TotalEnergies ndi CNOOC yaku China anthu amderali asanadziwitsidwe bwino zakuopsa kwa chilengedwe komanso thanzi.
Wolemba Patrick Njoroge
Maguluwa akuti nzika, zomwe zataya malo a makolo awo ndi katundu wina wapagulu ku polojekitiyi, sanadziwitsidwe mokwanira za kuopsa kwa polojekitiyo kapena momwe zoopsa zilizonse "zingapewedwe, kuchepetsedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa".
Omenyera ufuluwo, kuphatikiza Diana Nabiruma wa Africa Institute for Energy Governance, gulu lofufuza za mfundo za anthu ku Uganda komanso olimbikitsa anthu, achenjeza kuti Uganda ikadasangalale ndi mabonanza amafuta omwe amawoneka pafupi pomwe mafuta amafuta adapezeka mu 2006.
"Total ndi CNOOC akufunikabe kupeza inshuwaransi ndikukweza $2.5bn pangongole kuti bungwe la EACOP lipite patsogolo ndipo avutika kwambiri kuti apeze mabanki okwanira ndi mabungwe a inshuwaransi omwe akufuna kuyanjana nawo polojekitiyi," adatero.
Total yanena mobwerezabwereza kuti idayesa "kuwunika" kwachiwopsezo cha chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso njira zochepetsera zokhudzana ndi ntchitozo.
Kuyambira pomwe Uganda idapeza ma depositi a petroleum mu 2006 mdera la Albertine Graben pafupi ndi malire ndi DR Congo, Kampala yayamba kukhazikitsa njira zoyendetsera bwino zolimbikitsa kukula ndi chitukuko.
Kutulukiraku kudapangidwa ndi chimphona cha Tullow Oil ku Britain.
Mu Epulo 2020, kampaniyo idagulitsa chidwi chake pantchitoyi ku TotalEnergies koma kampaniyo sinapezebe osunga ndalama kuti achotse.
Paipi ya Mafuta Opanda Mafuta ku East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) ndiye payipi yopangidwa ndi mtunda wa makilomita 1,443 yomwe idzanyamula mafuta kuchokera ku Hoima, Uganda kupita ku doko la Tanga ku Tanzania.
Ntchito ya EACOP iyambira ku Hoima, kufupi ndi Nyanja ya Albert, ndikuwoloka malire a Uganda - Tanzania pakati pa Masaka ndi Bukoba, kudutsa Nyanja ya Victoria, kutsata malire ake akumadzulo, kudutsa Tanzania, kudutsa kufupi ndi Kahama, Singida, Kondoa, kupita ku Tanga.
Pulojekiti ya Tilenga ikuphatikizapo kufufuza kwa mafuta, malo opangira mafuta, mapaipi apansi panthaka, ndi zomangamanga m'maboma a Buliisa ndi Nwoya ku Uganda.
Malo oyeretserako adzamangidwa pamalo okwana masikweya kilomita 29 m’tauni ya Kabaale, katauni ya Buseruka, m’boma la Hoima, kumadzulo kwa malire a dziko la DR Congo, m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Albert.
Izi zidzakhala pafupi ndi minda yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta ku Uganda kudera la Kaiso-Tonya, pafupifupi makilomita 60 pamsewu, kumadzulo kwa Hoima.
Kaiso ndi pafupifupi 260 km ndi msewu, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Kampala, likulu la Uganda komanso mzinda waukulu kwambiri.
uganda watsimikizira kuti nkhokwe zamafuta osakanizika za migolo 6.5 biliyoni, pafupifupi 2.2 biliyoni zomwe zimatha kubwezedwa.
IMF idanenedwa mu 2013 ikunena kuti nkhokwezo ndi zachinayi pakukula kwa sub Sahara Africa kumbuyo kwa Nigeria, Angola ndi South Sudan.
Pafupifupi migolo ya 1.7 biliyoni yamafuta obwezeretsedwa idapezeka mu 2006. Kubowola kudzachitika m'minda iwiri yamafuta ya Kingfisher field, yoyendetsedwa ndi China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd (CNOOC Ltd), ndi gawo la Tilenga loyendetsedwa ndi French multinational Total Energies.
Eni ake akupezeka kwamafuta akuphatikiza TotalEnergies 56.67%, China CNOOC Gulu 28.33 pc ndi boma la Uganda kutenga 15 peresenti yotsalayo.
Madipoziti amafuta ochotsedwa adzayengedwa pang'ono ku Uganda kuti apereke msika wakunja koma gawo la mikango lidzatumizidwa kumsika wapadziko lonse lapansi kudzera ku East Africa Crude Oil Pipeline.
Akamaliza, malowa adzakhala mapaipi aatali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Koma magulu apadziko lonse lapansi ndi amderali akuchenjezabe za ngozi zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha malo osungiramo zinthu komanso EACOP ku chilengedwe komanso zoopsa zamagulu otetezedwa kumadera otetezedwa a nyama zakuthengo, magwero amadzi ndi madera ku Uganda, Tanzania ndi DR Congo.
Maguluwa atsutsa kwambiri ntchitoyi.
Ndipo ngakhale chigamulo chomaliza cha ndalama chomwe chidasainidwa pa February 1, chokhudza US $ 10 biliyoni, kutsutsa kwakukulu ndi zolepheretsa kupeza ndalama zitha kuthetseratu imodzi mwantchito zazikulu kwambiri zamafuta aku Africa.
Ku Lake Albert kumadzulo kwa Uganda, polojekiti okonza adzamanga zitsime za mafuta, malo opangira mafuta, mapaipi apansi panthaka, ndi zomangamanga m'maboma a Buliisa ndi Nwoya kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba.
Malo amafuta a Tilenga kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Albert, aphatikiza ntchito mkati mwa Murchison Falls National Park, ndipo amayendetsedwa ndi 56.67% ndi TotalEnergies.
Mikangano
Madivelopa akutsindika kuti ntchitozi zisintha chuma cha Uganda ndi Tanzania. Koma anthu ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana akukumana ndi kutsutsidwa kwakukulu kwa anthu am’deralo komanso magulu a anthu.
Magulu okwana 260 ochokera ku Uganda, Tanzania ndi maiko ena aku Africa, pamodzi ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, agwirizana kukankhira kampeni ya #StopEACOP, gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limayang'ana kwambiri kulimbikitsa anthu, kuchitapo kanthu pazamalamulo, kafukufuku, kulimbikitsa omwe ali ndi masheya komanso kufalitsa nkhani.
Maguluwa akulimbikira kutulutsa mafuta ambiri komanso mapaipi otumiza mafuta osakanizidwa kumabweretsa ngozi zoopsa zachilengedwe komanso zachikhalidwe kumadera otetezedwa a nyama zakuthengo, nyanja ndi mitsinje, nkhalango, madambo, mapaki adziko lonse komanso madera aku Uganda ndi Tanzania.
Iwo ati paipiyi itulutsa migolo 250,000 ya mafuta tsiku lililonse panthawi yomwe mayiko ambiri akuthamanga kuti achepetse utsi komanso kudalira mafuta.
Zowerengera za ofufuza a Stockholm Environment Institute zikuwonetsa kuti mpweya wotulutsa mpweya womwe umalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwamafuta a EACOP m'minda yamafuta ya Lake Albert ungafanane ndi matani opitilira 33 miliyoni pachaka, kuwirikiza ka 30 komwe kumatulutsa mpweya wapachaka ku Uganda ndi Tanzania.
Omar Elmawi, loya waku Kenya yemwe ali ndi gulu lachilengedwe la 350.org, lomwe ndi gawo la kampeniyi, akuti mgwirizanowu udapangitsa mabanki 11 kuti achotse ndalama zothandizira paipiyi.
Bungwe la NGO likuti lasonkhanitsa anthu miliyoni miliyoni kuti asayine pempho lopempha CEO wa TotalEnergies a Patrick Pouyanné ndi ena azachuma kuti ayimitse ntchitoyo potsutsa ndalamazo kukhothi komanso kuchita ziwonetsero zapagulu.
Coleen Scott, wothandizana ndi zamalamulo ndi malamulo a Inclusive Development International (IDI), omwe akuchita nawo kampeni ya #StopEACOP, akuti ntchitoyi iwononga zachilengedwe zambiri zomwe zimathandizira ntchito zokhazikika monga zokopa alendo ndi usodzi.
Bungwe la British NGO, Oxfam, likuti anthu oposa 100,000 adzatsogoleredwa ndi ntchitoyi ku Uganda ndi Tanzania.
Anthu ena opitilira 14,000 ali pachiwopsezo chotaya malo awo mahekitala 5,300 kuti apereke ntchito yomanga.
Stockholm Environment Institute pakuwunika kwake kwa 2021 akuti kutulutsa mafuta ndi mapaipi kudzasokoneza malo okwana 2,000 masikweya kilomita a malo otetezedwa a nyama zakuthengo.
Izi zikuphatikizapo nkhalango ya Bugoma yomwe imakhala ndi 12% ya zimpanzi za Uganda, Wambabya ndi nkhalango za Taala ku Uganda, ndi Minziro Nature Forest Reserve ndi Burigi-Biharamulo Game Reserve ku Tanzania.
Malo osungira mafuta a Tilenga akuphatikiza ntchito mkati mwa Murchison Falls National Park, malo osungira zachilengedwe akale kwambiri ku Uganda omwe amadalira anthu opitilira miliyoni imodzi pausodzi ndi madzi.
Malo amafuta a Tilenga adzagwira ntchito mkati mwa Tilenga National Park, gwero lokha la chakudya ndi madzi kwa anthu opitilira miliyoni imodzi osauka, okhala kumidzi.
A Nabiruma ati ngakhale malamulo aku Uganda saletsa kufufuza mafuta m’malo otetezedwa, monga membala wa International Union for Conservation of Nature, dzikolo lalonjeza kuti lipewa ntchito za mafakitale m’malo otetezedwa.
Iye ati mapaipiwa amabweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa madzi opanda mchere, makamaka ku nyanja ya Victoria, komwe anthu 40 miliyoni amadalira madzi, kupanga chakudya komanso kupanga mafakitale.
TotalEnergies ndi othandizana nawo akuti pulojekitiyi ipanga ntchito zachindunji 12,000 komanso mwayi wogwira ntchito mosalunjika wa 50,000 panthawi yomanga ndi kupanga.
Koma Simon Nicholas, katswiri wa zachuma wa bungwe la Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, akuchenjeza kuti mbiri yoipa ya ntchito zina zamafuta oyaka mu Africa sizipereka chiyembekezo cha chiyembekezo.
Osunga ndalama ku EACOP akuti makontrakitala ayika ndalama zokwana US $ 1.7 biliyoni kuti apeze mwayi wabizinesi womwe udzapangitse ntchito ndikukweza Uganda ndi Tanzania ndalama zakunja ndi 60%.
Akuyembekezekanso kupanga ndalama zokwana madola 2 biliyoni pachaka kuchokera kumayiko omwe amatumiza mafuta kupita kumayiko, kuphatikiza China ndi India, atero a Stephanie Platat, mkulu wa atolankhani wa TotalEnergies.
Iye akuti mwa mabanja 18,800 omwe akhudzidwa ku Uganda ndi Tanzania, 723 okha ndi omwe asowa pokhala ndi ntchito za Tilenga ndi EACOP.
"Ntchitozi nthawi zambiri zimabwera ndi malonjezo a ntchito ndi chitukuko koma zimakhumudwitsa nthawi zonse," Nicholas akuchenjeza. "Maiko aku Africa omwe amadalira kupanga zinthu zakale akuwona chitukuko chapang'onopang'ono kuposa mayiko omwe kulibe."
Elmawi wa kampeni ya #StopEACOP akuchenjeza TotalEnergies ndipo CNOOC ali ndi 70% eni ake a pipeline, Uganda ndi Tanzania zatsala kugawana 30% yotsalayo. "Izi sizikumveka ngati chuma cha Uganda ndi Tanzania, koma Total ndi CNOOC," adatero China Dialogue.
Elmawi ndi Simon Nicholas akuchenjeza kuti m'malo mochotsa mafuta ambiri ndi gasi, zomwe zingatumize mafuta otsalira kuchokera ku Africa, Tanzania ndi Uganda ayenera kuyang'ana zowonjezera, zokopa alendo, ulimi wokhazikika ndi usodzi.
Posachedwapa, ma inshuwaransi atatu ndi mabanki 15 apadziko lonse adathetsa maulalo awo ndi polojekitiyi ndikuyika ndalama zake kukhala zosatsimikizika.
"Tikukayikira kuti Total ndi CNOOC akuvutika kuti apeze mabanki omwe ali okonzeka kupirira mbiri yabwino yomwe idzabwere ndi ndalama zothandizira polojekitiyi," adatero Coleen Scott wa IDI.
"Chaka chatha, tidawona mtengo wa pulojekitiyi ukukwera kwambiri, pafupifupi 30% ...
Tsogolo la polojekiti
Ntchito ya EACOP yakhala ikufuna ngongole ya US $ 3 biliyoni. Koma pamene opereka ndalama padziko lonse lapansi akusiya ndalama zowunikira mafuta ndi gasi kuti athane ndi kusintha kwanyengo, mafunso amangoyang'ana tsogolo la polojekitiyi komanso kupambana kwake.
"Ndalama za polojekiti ya EACOP ndi ngongole kubanki zikukonzedwabe ndi mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi," adatero Platat. China Dialogue.
Iye wati ntchitoyi idavomerezedwa ndi eni ake omwe adadzipereka kuti apereke ndalama, komabe mapanganowo akusiya kuperewera kwa US $ 3 biliyoni komwe kumafunikira ngongole kubanki.
Scott wachenjeza kuti ntchito yochotsa mafuta pa EACOP sikelo ingathe kutsekereza dziko la Uganda kuti liyambe kudalira mafuta oyaka mafuta komanso kusokoneza mwayi wa dzikolo wosintha zinthu zobiriwira komanso kuyika anthu a ku Uganda pa umphawi wochuluka.
Otsutsa, kuphatikizapo Kale, akutsutsa kuti ndalama za Uganda zokopa alendo, mphamvu zoyera, agroforestry ndi magawo ena azachuma obiriwira angapangitse ntchito pafupifupi 4 miliyoni, kuonjezera GDP ndi 10%. Kusunthaku kutha kupulumutsa dziko matani 30.4 miliyoni a mpweya wa kaboni pofika 2031.
"Ntchito zamafuta zimawononga kwambiri chilengedwe. Zida, zina zomwe zimagawidwa ndi maiko monga DRC, Tanzania ndi Kenya, kuphatikiza nyanja ya Albert, Nyanja ya Victoria ndi mitsinje, zili pachiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa mafuta,” adatero.
Vanessa Nakate, yemwe anayambitsa bungwe la Rise Up Climate Movement ku Uganda, anati: “Palibe chifukwa choti Total ichite nawo ntchito yofufuza mafuta ndi kumanga EACOP chifukwa izi zikutanthauza kutenthetsa dziko lapansi komanso kukulitsa masoka anyengo omwe alipo kale m’madera omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri.
"Palibe tsogolo mumakampani opanga mafuta opangira mafuta ndipo sitingathe kumwa mafuta. Tikufuna kuti Total ithandize anthu ndi dziko lapansi, "akutero.
Lucie Pinson, wa Reclaim Finance, yemwe amagwira ntchito kuti achepetse ndalama, anawonjezera: "Tikupempha mabanki kuti adzipereke poyera kuti asatengeke ndi ntchitoyi komanso osunga ndalama kuti avote motsutsana ndi njira yanyengo ya Total komanso kukonzanso kwa CEO wawo a Patrick Pouyanné pa AGM ya gululi mu Meyi."
David Pred wa Inclusive Development International, yemwe amathandiza madera kuteteza ufulu wawo ku ntchito zovulaza zamakampani, anati: "Makampani opangira mafuta akuyesera kuvala mwambo wosainira chisankho cha ndalama, koma mwamwayi ntchito yowononga nyengoyi ili kutali ndi mgwirizano.
Koma mkulu wa bungwe la TotalEnergies a Patrick Pouyanné ati onse ogwira nawo ntchito akudzipereka kukwaniritsa pulojekitiyi mwachitsanzo chabwino ndikuganizira kwambiri zamitundumitundu komanso kukhudzidwa kwachilengedwe komanso ufulu wa anthu amderali.
"Ntchito yachitukuko ya Tilenga ndi EACOP ndi ntchito zazikulu za Total ndipo zikugwirizana ndi njira yathu yoyang'ana kwambiri ntchito zamafuta ochepa pomwe tikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa gululi. Mapulojekitiwa apanga phindu lalikulu mdziko muno ku Uganda ndi Tanzania.
"Total ikuganiziranso kwambiri za momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzidwira komanso momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi. Kudzipereka kwathu ndikukhazikitsa mapulojekitiwa mwachitsanzo komanso momveka bwino, akutero.
A Pouyane athandizidwa ndi Robert Kasande, mlembi wanthawi zonse ku Unduna wa zamphamvu ndi chitukuko cha minerals ku Uganda. "Timasamala za chilengedwe chomwe timagwira ntchito. Ndi chilengedwe chovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chake tayika zonse zomwe tikuyenera kuchita. ”
Koma katswiri wazachilengedwe wa ku United States Bill McKibben akuchenjeza zimenezo Kum'mawa kwa Africa Crude Mafuta Paipi ikuwopseza dera lomwe lili ndi zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana komanso zolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Akuti mapaipi pafupifupi 1,445 km amadutsa m'malo ambiri osungira zachilengedwe omwe amakhala ndi nyama zodziwika bwino komanso zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, monga mikango, elands, kudu, njati, impalas, mvuu, giraffes, antelopes, sitatunga, sables, mbidzi, aardvark. , ndi nyani wofiira.
Iye akuchenjeza kuti “njira imene akufuna kutsata ikuoneka ngati ikukokedwa kuti iwononge nyama zambiri.”
Pochoka ku Uganda kupita ku gombe la Tanzania, mapaipiwo adzasokoneza malo otetezedwa a nyama zakuthengo pafupifupi masikweya kilomita 2,000, kuphatikizapo malo okongola a Murchison Falls National Park, Taala Forest Reserve, Bugoma Forest, ndi Biharamulo Game Reserve.
Malowa ali ndi malo ambiri osungiramo nyama omwe ali pachiwopsezo monga Eastern Chimpanzee ndi African Elephant.
The Njovu zaku Africa, nyama yaikulu kwambiri yomwe ikuyenda Padziko Lapansi, ili ndi magulu akuyenda m'mayiko 37 padziko lonse lapansi.
Zolengedwazo sizokongola zokha zokha, koma zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri posunga malo abwino a nyama zina zambiri.
McKibben anati: “Ngati timasamala za nyama ndi kusunga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zimene zatsala, tiyenera kuchita zonse zomwe tingathe kuti tiyimitse Paipi ya Mafuta Opanda Mafuta ku East Africa.”
Ndipo ngakhale kuti EACOP imabweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu cha nyengo ndipo imayang'anizana ndi kutsutsidwa kofala, mamembala a mabungwe aboma komanso atolankhani omwe awonetsa kuopsa kwake, akupitilizabe kuchita mantha ndikumangidwa.
Pa 22 Okutobala 2021, antchito asanu ndi mmodzi a mu Africa Institute of Energy Governance, kuphatikiza mkulu wa Dickens Kamugisha, adamangidwa mu Kampala. AFIEGO ndi amodzi mwa magulu anayi aku Uganda omwe adasuma milandu yotsutsana ndi ntchitoyi, kuphatikiza imodzi yotsutsana ndi TotalEnergies ku France komanso ku Khothi Lachilungamo la East Africa.
Izi zapangitsa kuti polojekitiyi iunikenso ndi a UN Special Rapporteurs.
Anthu okhala m'mbali mwa polojekitiyi akukhalanso mwamantha. Malo opitilira mahekitala a 5,300 akufunika kuti amange ndikugwiritsa ntchito payipi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mabanja pafupifupi 14,000 atayima kuti ataya malo ang'onoang'ono a anthu wamba, a makolo.
Mwa ziwerengero zonse, mabanja 200 ku Uganda pomwe 330 ku Tanzania akuyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Mabanja ena 3,500 ku Uganda ndi 9,513 ku Tanzania asowa pokhala
Kusintha kwanyengo
Ryan Brightwell wa BankTrack akuchenjeza kuti ndi payipi ya EACOP yomwe ikuyembekezeka kunyamula migolo 216,000 yamafuta osakanizidwa patsiku pakupanga 'plateau Production', mafutawa akuyenera kupangitsa kuti mpweya wa CO2 utuluke kuposa 33 miliyoni matani chaka chilichonse.
Izi zikhala zokulirapo kuposa zomwe zikuchitika pano ku Uganda ndi Tanzania. Kupereka ndalama zothandizira ntchitoyi kudzasokoneza ntchito zina za osunga ndalama, olamulira, ndi ena mwa mabanki omwewo kuti athetse vuto la nyengo.
