Mu zikopa zomwe zinalembedwa ntchito ya wolemba wakale wakale, asayansi adapeza malongosoledwe a meteoroscope - chida chapadera cha zakuthambo wakale, chomwe mpaka pano chimadziwika kokha kuchokera kuzinthu zosalunjika.
Nkhani yasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala Archive of History of Exact Sciences, olemba omwe amafufuza zolembedwa pamanja zazaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu zomwe zinapezedwa ku Abbey of Bobbio kumpoto kwa Italy. Mpukutuwu uli ndi zolemba zachilatini za "Etymologies" za katswiri wakale wakale komanso m'modzi mwa Abambo a Tchalitchi - Isidore waku Seville.
Mipukutuyi idapezeka kale m'zaka za zana la 19, pofufuza za scriptorium ya abbey. Mabaibulo mazana angapo a m'zaka za m'ma 8 mpaka XNUMX apezeka kumeneko. Amakhulupirira kuti scriptorium iyi ikufotokozedwa mu buku la Umberto Eco Dzina la Rose. Zoperekazo tsopano zikusungidwa mu laibulale ya Ambrosian ku Milan. Zolemba pamanja za zaka za m'ma XNUMX, ndithudi, ndi chipilala chamtengo wapatali kwambiri cha mbiri yakale. Koma olemba ntchito yatsopanoyi akuti bukuli ndilakale kwambiri komanso lamtengo wapatali. Kuyang'ana kwa masambawa kwawonetsa kuti ena mwa iwo ndi aposachedwa. Izi n’zimene amazitchula kuti mipukutu yolembedwa pazikopa zimene zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kale. M'Nyengo Yamdima, zikopa zinali zodula kwambiri ndipo amonke omwe amagwira ntchito ku scriptorium adapanga njira zosiyanasiyana zolola kuti zigwiritsidwenso ntchito.
Zolemba khumi ndi zisanu zinapezedwa pansi pa zolemba za Isidore wa ku Seville, zomwe m'mbuyomu zidagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba zolemba zitatu zasayansi zachi Greek: lemba lokhala ndi wolemba wosadziwika wa makina a masamu ndi catoptric (gawo la optics) lotchedwa Fragmentum Mathematicum Bobiense (masamba atatu), Nkhani ya Ptolemy yakuti “Analema” (masamba asanu ndi limodzi) ndi nkhani ya zakuthambo imene kufikira tsopano inali yosadziŵika ndi pafupifupi yosaŵerengeka konse (masamba asanu ndi limodzi). Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zojambulira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, asayansi adatha kuvumbulutsa inki yobisikayo ndikuwunika mawuwo, limodzi ndi mafanizo angapo. Iwo amanena kuti malembo apamanja amenewa ndi a katswiri wa zakuthambo wachiroma dzina lake Claudius Ptolemy. Kuphatikiza apo, zolembedwa pamanja ndi zapadera, palibe makope ena.
Ptolemy, yemwe amakhala m'zaka za zana lachiwiri ku Egypt ku Roma (makamaka ku Alexandria), anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino a Hellenism ndi Roma. Monga katswiri wa zakuthambo analibe wofanana naye m’moyo wake kapena zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pake. Mbiri yake ya Almagest (yomwe poyamba inkatchedwa Syntaxis Mathematica) ndi mndandanda wathunthu wa chidziwitso cha zakuthambo za Greece ndi Near East.
Katswiri wina wachiroma, Papa waku Alexandria (zaka za moyo wake sizikudziwika, mwina zaka za III-IV), adalemba ndemanga zatsatanetsatane za Almagest, pomwe zikuwonekeratu kuti ntchito ya Ptolemy sinatifikire kwathunthu. Mwachitsanzo, Papp anatchula za meteoroscope, chida chakale chimene chinapangidwa kuti chidziŵikire mtunda wopita ku zinthu zakuthambo, mtundu wina wa mbali ya zida zankhondo. Olemba kafukufuku watsopano amati apeza palimpsest ndendende gawo la zolemba pamanja za Ptolemy momwe amafotokozera chipangizo cha meteoroscope. Chipangizochi chinali chophatikizira chovuta cha mphete zisanu ndi zinayi zachitsulo zolumikizidwa mwapadera.
Malinga ndi asayansi, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana, monga kudziwa latitude mu madigiri kuchokera ku Equator, tsiku lenileni la solstice kapena equinox, kapena malo oonekera a dziko lapansi. M’mimba mwake munali pafupifupi theka la mita. Chipangizo cha meteoroscope, kafukufukuyo akuti, akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kotero kuti mukhoza kupita ndi malembawa kwa wogwira ntchito bwino wazitsulo ndipo adzasonkhanitsa chidacho. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, palibe malingaliro okhudza momwe mungayang'anire zakuthambo. Yotsirizirayi ndi yachilendo kwambiri kwa Ptolemy - zina zonse za ntchito zake zimasonyeza kuyenda kwa wasayansi wakale.
Koma ofufuza sakayikira za amene analemba: Ptolemy anali ndi kalembedwe kodziwika bwino komanso katchulidwe ka mawu. Olemba ntchitoyo akuyembekeza kupeza kupitiriza kwa zolembazo muzolemba zomwe zingatheke m'mipukutu ina yochokera ku zolemba za Bobbio Abbey scriptorium. N’kutheka kuti chikopa chakalechi chinagawidwa m’masamba ndipo alembi angapo ankalemba pamanja zosiyanasiyana.
Chithunzi: Zolemba zakale kwambiri Alexander Jones et al zabisika pansi pa buku la Isidore waku Seville.
