Ikunenedwa kukhala imodzi mwa nkhokwe zazikulu kwambiri zosungiramo zakale zachidziŵitso cha dziko lakale, inali ndi mabuku a nthaŵi zonse. Inamangidwa ndi anthu olankhula Chigriki a mzera wa Ptolemaic ku Egypt m'zaka za zana lachitatu BC. Laibulale ya ku Alexandria inali ndi mipukutu mazana masauzande (malinga ndi akatswiri ena, pafupifupi 3 a iwo) ndipo inali gawo la kuyesa kusonkhanitsa chidziwitso chonse padziko lapansi.
Malingaliro akulu omwe adasonkhana ndikuphunzitsa ku Alexandria - likulu lachilengedwe la Mediterranean, lokhazikitsidwa ndi Alexander the Great iyemwini, anali ndi ntchito yosunga chidziwitso kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Apa tidzapeza chidziwitso cha akatswiri a masamu ndi geographers, komanso zolemba za Aristarko - katswiri wa zakuthambo woyamba amene ankaganiza kuti mapulaneti amazungulira dzuwa. Iye ndi ena ambiri adawonedwa kuti ndi omwe adayambitsa Library ya Alexandria ndi othandizira ake okonda kwambiri. Apa ndi pamene anthu anzeru kwambiri a nthawiyo ankasangalala ndi chidziwitso cha dziko lapansi ndikuyika maziko a chitukuko chomwe tikuchidziwa lero.
Kenako Julius Caesar akubwera ndikulamula kuti malo osungiramo zakale olemerawo awotche. Zitangochitika zimenezo kunagwa Ufumu wa Roma, ndipo ichi chinalinso chiyambi cha mibadwo ya mdima yomwe inatsatira chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso cha chitukuko cha Kumadzulo.
Nkhani yachikondiyi ikuwoneka yokongola komanso yosangalatsa, koma imabwera ndi funso limodzi: kodi ndi zoona?
Nthano zonena za Library ya Alexandria ndizochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndipo zimapereka zodabwitsa zambiri kwa aliyense wosilira, koma pali mfundo imodzi yofunika kwambiri, kukula kwa laibulale yomwe imawonetsedwa imapangitsa kuti ikhale yaying'ono kuposa momwe imayamikiridwa. Ngati Library ya Alexandria inalipo, akutero pulofesa wa mbiri yakale ya malaibulale akale - Thomas Hedrickson, ndiye kuti zambiri zake ndizosowa kwambiri. Ngakhale nthano yake inatha kulimbikitsa dziko lonse lakale, choncho munthu ayenera kuyang'ana zambiri zowonjezera.
Nthano yonseyi imayamba cha m'zaka za zana la 3 BC ndipo akuti Library ya Alexandria inali ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri panthawiyo. Mwamuna wina dzina lake Aristeas anatumiza kalata kwa m’bale wake Philocrates n’kunena kuti ndi wonyamula katundu wa wolamulira wa Igupto, Ptolemy Wachiwiri. Kalata yake ikufotokoza bwino lomwe masomphenya ndi kukongola kwa chilengedwe cha sayansi.
Kalatayo ikufotokoza mmene Demetrius (woyang’anila wa laibulale) analipidwa kuti atenge mabuku onse amene akanatha kutenga. Aristeas anali ndi mwayi womufunsa ndendende kuchuluka kwa mabuku omwe analipo, ndipo wotsogolerayo anayankha kuti mwina anali oposa 200 zikwi. M'tsogolomu, iwo ankafuna kusonkhanitsa pafupifupi 500 zikwi. Malembo a nkhani imeneyi amapereka chidziŵitso chochuluka ponena za laibulale yeniyeniyo ndi kusonyeza kufunika kwake kwa chilengedwe chonse, kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha dziko lakale.
Kwa Hendrickson, komabe, uwu ndi mtundu weniweni wachinyengo. Akatswiri ambiri amawona kalatayo ngati zaka zana pambuyo pake, zaka za zana lachiwiri BC, ndipo amakayikira kwambiri mawuwo komanso umboni woyamba wolembedwa wa kukhalako kwa laibulaleyi. Malinga ndi ofufuza a m’nthaŵiyo, iyi ndi chilembo chabodza ndi nkhani zabodza za “Chiyuda,” zimene cholinga chake ndi kusonyeza tanthauzo la matembenuzidwe Achigiriki a Baibulo Lakale Lachihebri. Kalata ya wolembayo ikuyesera kuonjezera kukula ndi kufunika kwa laibulale momwe Ptolemy II anaumirira kuti bukhu lopatulika ili liphatikizidwe ndikukhala gwero la chidziwitso chonse cha dziko lapansi.
Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, ngakhale olemba ena akale ankakayikira zimene zinali mu Library ya ku Alexandria ndi kukula kwake. Seneca analemba mu AD 49 ndipo anayerekezera kuti pafupifupi mabuku 40,000 anawotchedwa Julius Caesar atalamula kuti awonongedwe. Wolemba mbiri wachiroma Ammianus Marcellinus adzalemba kuti pafupifupi 700 zikwi za gumbwa zinatenthedwa, zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa pamalo amodzi ndipo moto wawo unkawoneka kutali kwambiri. Katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Roma, dzina lake Galen, analemba kuti Ptolemy Wachiwiri anatha kusonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri chonchi chifukwa anachititsa kuti zombo zonse zamalonda zimene zinkafika zipereke mabuku awo n’kukawalemba m’botimo kuti zilembedwe ndiyeno makopewo anawabweza pamene zoyambazo zinatsala mu laibulale .
Katswiri wa mbiri yakale Roger Bagnall akuganiza kuti nambala ya 6 ndi yochititsa chidwi, koma pali vuto limodzi, ngati wolemba mabuku wachigiriki aliyense m'zaka za zana lachitatu BC adatha kulemba mipukutu 3, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tikadakhala ndi mabuku/mipukutu 50 okha. Kufika pa nambala ngati zikopa 31,250 kapena 200 zikwizikwi kumatanthauza kuti ku Greece Yakale pafupifupi 700% ya akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi akatswiri amayenera kupanga mazana a zolemba zofanana za malemba aliwonse kuti atumize ku laibulale.
Palibe amene akudziwa bwino kukula kwa malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, koma n’zoonekeratu kuti mbiri imeneyi ndi imene inalola kuti anthu ayambe kusonkhanitsa mabuku ndi kupanga malaibulale, kuphatikizapo amakono. Kaisara anabwerera ku Roma ali ndi lingaliro lakuti akamanga laibulale ya ukulu wofanana, wokulirapo kuposa wa Ptolemy, motero amakhoza kumkwiyitsa kwambiri. Octavian Augustus nayenso anayambitsa lingalirolo ndipo anayamba kumanga laibulale. Pambuyo pake, wolamulira wachiroma aliyense amayesa kupanga osachepera ochepa mwa awa, koma sizikudziwika bwino momwe iwo amagwirira ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chawo chomwe chatayika.
Buku lililonse m’nthawi yakale linali lamtengo wapatali, makamaka popeza linalembedwa ndi manja. Aroma ankaona kuti zonsezi ndi zofunika kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mabuku ngati ndalama. Akuti malaibulale a ku Roma Wakale ankagwira ntchito yosungiramo zinthu zosungiramo zinthu zakale zosungiramo zinthu zakale osati zosungiramo zakale. Ndipo komabe tipeza Egypt ikupambananso mumpikisano wamamyuziyamu. Zoyamba zoterezo zinamangidwanso ku Igupto. Dzina lake kwenikweni limatanthauza "Mpando wa Muses".
Akatswiri a mbiri yakale mpaka lero amanena kuti palibe laibulale ina imene idzawonongeke nthaŵi zambiri kuposa Laibulale ya ku Alexandria. Olemba akale ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale adapikisana kuti awonetse adani akunja omwe adaukira linga la chidziwitso. Nthawi zambiri, Julius Caesar ndiye muzu wamavuto onse, atalamula kuti aziwotcha. Chowonadi nchosiyana pang’ono, Kaisara akulamula kuti doko la mzindawo liwotchedwe, koma motowo ukhoza kufika ndi kukhudza laibulaleyo.
Sanali yekhayo amene analenga chiwonongeko, mafumu ena achiroma analinso ndi mbiri chifukwa cha chiwonongeko cha Alexandria. Ndipo tisaiwale kuti mu 391 amonke achikhristu anali ndi udindo wowononga Serapeum - laibulale ya alongo a Alexandria. Panthawi ina, pafupifupi mdani aliyense wa Ptolemy anatha kukanda mbiri ya dziko. Kuwotcha mabuku ndi ntchito yapadera yokopa chidwi, koma palibe amene akukhulupirira kapena kukayikira kuti zosungidwa zakale zawonongekadi. N'kutheka kuti inangowonongeka pakapita nthawi, monga momwe wolemba mbiri Bagnall akulembera.
Mipukutu ya gumbwa inali yosavuta kuwononga, ndipo palibe amene akanatha kupirira nyengo yachinyezi m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Mwachidziwikire, laibulale yokhayo ikadapulumuka kudziko la Egypt, komwe kumakhala kouma kwambiri. Kuti chidziŵitso chonsecho chisasungidwe, mipukutu ya gumbwayo inkafunika kukopera mobwerezabwereza, ndipo pankafunika kope latsopano pakapita zaka zingapo. Ptolemy sanasiye ndalama kuti apitirize kuchita zimenezi ngakhale atamwalira, choncho n’zotheka kuti chipilala cha chikhalidwechi chinasiya kukongola kwa nthawi. Pali olemba mbiri okwanira omwe amakhulupirira kuti Alexandria sanali ndi udindo pazaka zamdima zomwe zili mtsogolo, ndipo zomwe zidalembedwa sizingapereke chidziwitso chokwanira kuti zitheke. Chowonadi ndi chakuti olamulira a Kummawa ndi Kumadzulo analibe chifuno ndi chikhumbo chopitiriza kapena kusunga malaibulale awo.
Lingaliro ili lidzakulanso mu Renaissance, pamene anthu adatenga sitepe yatsopano ndikuyesera kukulitsa chidziwitso chake, ndikuyika maziko a nthawi yamakono. Ndipo tisaiwale kuti Alexandria anasiya mipukutu yakale pafupifupi 2,000 imene inasungidwa panthaŵiyo ndiyeno inasamutsidwa kumalo otetezeka. Kuphulika kwa phiri la Vesuvius kukanatha kuwawononga zaka 79 pambuyo pake. Zotsalirazo zinafufuzidwa ndi kuzindikiridwa pambuyo pake ndi asayansi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito luso la X-ray kuti adziwe zakale kwambiri zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi.
