Zaka 120 kuchokera pamene Camille Pissarro anamwalira mu 2023
M'dziko lofanana ndi lathu - lodzaza ndi zochitika zonyansa za nkhondo, nkhani zoipa zokhudza nyengo ndi tsogolo la dziko lapansi, zojambula zojambula za akatswiri a luso labwino, olemba zithunzi zogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, amachita ngati mankhwala a moyo wathu. Ndipo iye ndi m'modzi mwa iwo omwe adawona kukongola muzinthu wamba, ndipo adakwanitsa kufotokoza momveka bwino kuti tikuwoneka kuti tikukhala pakati pa anthu omwe ali m'zinsalu zake, ndipo tikufuna kuti titengedwe nawo.
Patha zaka 120 kumwalira kwa m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa chidwi - wojambula waku France Camille Jacob Pissarro.
Pissarro adapanga chilankhulo chatsopano chophiphiritsa muzojambula ndikutsegula njira ya malingaliro atsopano a dziko lapansi - kutanthauzira kwenikweni kwa zenizeni. Iye anali katswiri wa nthawi yake ndipo ali ndi otsatira ambiri - ojambula a mibadwo yotsatira.
Iye anabadwa pa July 10, 1830 pachilumba cha St. Thomas ku Charlotte Amalie, Danish West Indies (ba kuchokera 1917 - US Virgin Islands) - koloni ya Danish Empire, kwa makolo a Chipwitikizi Sephardic Myuda ndi mkazi wachi Dominican. . Anakhala ku Caribbean mpaka zaka zake zaunyamata.
Ali ndi zaka 12, anatumizidwa kukaphunzira pa Savary Lycée (sukulu yogonera) ku Passy, pafupi ndi Paris. Mphunzitsi wake woyamba - Auguste Savary, wojambula wolemekezeka, adathandizira chikhumbo chake chojambula. Patatha zaka zisanu, Pissarro adabwereranso pachilumbachi, ali ndi malingaliro osintha pa zaluso ndi magulu - adakhala wotsatira wa anarchism.
Ubwenzi wake ndi wojambula waku Danish Fritz Melby adamutengera ku Venezuela. Ena olemba mbiri ya wojambulayo amanena kuti anachita izi mobisa kuchokera kwa abambo ake. Iye ndi Melby anakhazikitsa studio ku Caracas, ndipo panthawiyo Pissarro anangobwerera mwachidule ku chilumba cha St. Thomas kuti akawone banja lake. Bambo ake adamukwiyira kwa zaka zitatu - mapulani a mwana wake ndi kuti apambane naye pamalonda, osati kukhala wojambula.
Ku Caracas, Pissarro adajambula mawonekedwe amzinda, msika, malo odyera, komanso moyo wakumidzi. Kukongola kozungulira kumamugonjetsa kotheratu. Bambo ake amayesanso kumubweretsa kunyumba, koma ngakhale pachilumba cha Pissarro nthawi zambiri sanakhale mu sitolo, koma anathamangira ku doko, kukajambula nyanja ndi zombo.
Mu October 1855, anapita ku Paris ku Chiwonetsero cha Dziko Lonse, kumene anadziŵa bwino zojambula za Eugene Delacroix, Camille Corot, Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres, ndi ena. Panthawi imeneyo anali wokonda kwambiri Corot ndipo anamutcha mphunzitsi wake. Anakonza malo odziyimira pawokha kunja kwa chiwonetserocho, chomwe adachitcha "Realism".
Pissarro adakhala ku Paris chifukwa makolo ake adakhazikika komweko. Amakhala m'nyumba zawo. Amayamba kukondana ndi mdzakazi wawo, Julie Vallee, ndipo amakwatirana. Banja laling'onoli linali ndi ana asanu ndi atatu. Mmodzi wa iwo anamwalira pa kubadwa, ndipo mmodzi wa ana awo aakazi sanakhale ndi moyo kwa 9. Ana a Pissarro anajambula kuyambira ali aang'ono. Iye mwini akupitiriza kusintha. Ali ndi zaka 26, adalembetsa maphunziro apadera ku Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
Mu 1859 anakumana ndi Cézanne. Chochitika china chofunikira chinachitika - kwa nthawi yoyamba kujambula kwake kunaperekedwa ku Art Salon yovomerezeka. Tikukamba za "Landscape pafupi ndi Montmorency", zomwe sizipanga chidwi chapadera pa ndemanga za akatswiri, koma ndikupambana kwakukulu kwa Pissarro mu bungwe.
Patangotha zaka ziwiri zokha, anali kale ndi mbiri yodziwika bwino monga katswiri waluso ndipo analembetsa ku Louvre monga wolemba mabuku. Komabe, oweruza a Salon adayamba kukana ntchito zake ndipo adakakamizika kuziwonetsa mu Salon ya Okanidwa. Ena amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha izi ndikuti Pissarro adadzisainira m'mabuku a 1864 ndi 1865 a Paris Salon monga wophunzira wa Corot, koma poyera anayamba kudzipatula kwa iye. Izi sizinawoneke ngati chikhumbo chofuna kumanga kalembedwe kake, koma ngati chizindikiro cha kusalemekeza, ndipo m'lingaliro limeneli kunali kosalungama kwa wojambula.
Kukana kwake ku Salon kunali kwakanthawi. Mu 1866, adaloledwanso - adapereka zojambula zake ziwiri kumeneko. Ntchito zake zinavomerezedwanso m'zaka zotsatira, kuphatikizapo. mpaka 1870s.
Pakati pa 1866 ndi 1868 adajambula ndi Cézanne ku Pontoise. “Tinali osagwirizana!” Pambuyo pake Pissarro adagawana nawo, akufotokozera kufanana kwa ntchito zomwe zidapangidwa ndi awiriwa panthawiyo. - Koma chinthu chimodzi ndi chotsimikizika, amatchula - aliyense wa ife ali ndi chinthu chokhacho chofunikira: kumverera kwake. kuti muwone. ”…
Mu 1870, Camille Pissarro anayamba kugwira ntchito ndi Claude Monet ndi Renoir. M'zaka zotsatira, kudzoza kwenikweni kwa kulenga kunayamba m'nyumba yake ku Louvesien - zojambulajambula zokongola zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kumeneko, monga zomwe zatchulidwa kale, kuphatikizapo Cézanne, Gauguin ndi Van Gogh. Apa tiyenera kufotokoza kuti Pissarro anali m'modzi mwa anthu omwe amamukonda kwambiri Van Gogh.
Nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia inakakamiza Pissarro kuchoka panyumba ndikupita ku London, kumene anakumana ndi Monet ndi Sisslet ndipo adadziwitsidwa kwa wogulitsa zithunzi Paul Durand-Ruel. Amagula zojambula zake ziwiri zamafuta "London". Durand-Ruel pambuyo pake adakhala wogulitsa wofunikira kwambiri wa Impressionists.
Mu June 1871, Pissarro adakumana ndi vuto lalikulu - adapeza nyumba yake ku Louvesien itawonongedwa kwathunthu. Asilikali a Prussia anawononga zina mwa ntchito zake kuyambira nthawi yakale. Pissarro sakanatha kupirira kusokoneza uku ndipo anasamukira ku Pontoise, komwe anakhalabe mpaka 1882. Panthawiyi, amabwereka studio ku Paris, yomwe samagwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri.
Mu 1874, adagwira nawo gawo loyamba lachiwonetsero mu studio ya Nadar. Ndi chochitika chofunikira kwambiri chomwe adakondwerera ndi Cézanne. Patatha zaka zisanu, Pissarro adakhala paubwenzi ndi Paul Gauguin, yemwe adachita nawo chiwonetsero cha 1879 cha Impressionists.
Ndipo apa pakubwera nthawi yoti anene chinthu chosadziwika bwino mpaka lero kwa otsutsa ambiri aluso. Camille Pissarro - munthu uyu yemwe adapanga mwamtendere ndi amisiri akulu kwambiri anthawi yake ndipo adagwirizana nawo mwamtendere, adagwa mwadzidzidzi.
Anasamukira ku Erani ndipo anali kufunafuna kalembedwe katsopano ka ntchito zake. Posakhalitsa, owonetsa Signac ndi Seurat adawonekera pachimake, ndipo Pissarro adayamba kuyesa njira yawo ya "mfundo", yomwe adapanga malo odabwitsa. Adatenga nawo gawo pazowonetsa zonse zisanu ndi zitatu za Impressionist, kuphatikiza. ndipo womaliza - mu 1886.
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, adagwidwanso ndi zokayikitsa za kulenga ndikubwerera ku "zoyera" zowona. Khalidwe lake limasinthanso - amakhala wokwiya, komanso m'malingaliro ake andale - wotsutsa kwambiri.
Panthawiyi, akupereka ntchito zake bwino ku London. Tsoka ilo kaŵirikaŵiri limamukankhira kuchoka ku chipambano kupita ku chinsinsi. Pachiwonetsero chogwirizana ndi Antonio de la Gandara ku Durand-Ruel Gallery, otsutsa amadziyerekezera kuti sakuzindikira ntchito zake 46 zomwe zasonyezedwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndikuyankha pa De la Gandara okha.
Camille Pissarro waphwanyidwa kwenikweni ndi kunyalanyazidwa. Masiku ano, ntchito zake zimagulitsidwa madola mamiliyoni ambiri, koma sizinali choncho panthawiyo. Pissarro nthawi zonse anali pamphepete mwa kusakhazikika.
Wojambulayo anamwalira ku Paris ndipo anaikidwa m'manda a "Père Lachaise" wamkulu. Zojambula zake zonse zimachitikira ku Musée d'Orsay ku Paris ndi Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
Moyo wake umadutsana ndi umunthu waukulu kotero kuti umamveka ngati epic. Kodi mumadziwa kuti m'modzi mwa aluntha, yemwe amamukonda kwambiri, anali Emile Zola? Zola sanalankhule mawu kutamanda Pissarro m'nkhani zake.
Inde, mosayenerera, Pizarro anasiyidwa kuti azipeza zofunika pa moyo m’njira yovuta kwambiri kuti adyetse banja lake. Anafika pamene anayamba kujambula mafani ndi kukonza mashopu kuti apeze ndalama. Nthawi zambiri ankayenda ndi chojambula pansi pa sitolo ya ku Paris, kuyembekezera kuti wina agule. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi zambiri ankagulitsa zojambula zake popanda kanthu. Tsogolo la Claude Monet silinali losiyana, koma Pissarro anali ndi banja lalikulu.
Mmodzi mwa opulumutsa, monga tanenera kale, anali wogulitsa-gallerist Durand-Ruel. Anali m'modzi mwa ogulitsa ochepa omwe adathandizira akatswiriwa aluso komanso osauka mopanda chilungamo, omwe ntchito zawo masiku ano zimagulitsidwa pamitengo yabwino kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Claude Monet, pambuyo pa zaka zambiri zaumphaŵi anakhala katswiri wodziŵika bwino kwambiri.
Camille Pissarro adathetsa mavuto ake azachuma m'zaka zomaliza za moyo wake. Kufikira nthaŵiyo, banjalo linkachirikizidwa makamaka ndi mkazi wake, amene anapereka chakudya patebulo ndi famu yaing’ono.
Kumapeto kwa moyo wake Camille Pissarro nawo angapo ziwonetsero impressionist mu Paris, New York, Brussels, Dresden, Pittsburgh, Petersburg, etc.
Wojambulayo anamwalira pa November 12 (malinga ndi malipoti ena pa November 13) 1903 ku Paris. Chimodzi mwa zimphona za impressionism chikuchoka. Ngakhale kuti wojambulayo ndi wa mbadwa ya Chiyuda, otsutsa ena amamutcha tate wa “Myuda” wa luso lamakono.
Chinsinsi chaching'ono: Ngati mukukumbukira mabala a udzu a Claude Monet, muyenera kudziwa kuti Pissarro adawajambula pamaso pake. Mitengo ndi maapulo m’ntchito zake mosakayikira zinam’chititsa chidwi Paul Cézanne. Pissarro's pointllism, kumbali ina, imayatsa "mfundo" za Van Gogh. Edgar Degas anayatsa Pissarro mu luso losindikiza.
Ndi kuchonderera kotani nanga kwa akatswiri a maburashi ndi kukongola komwe nthawiyo imakumana!
The Impressionists, komabe, adagawanika pambuyo pa chibwenzi cha Dreyfus. Iwo amasiyanitsidwa ndi funde la anti-Semitism ku France. Pissarro ndi Monet adateteza Cap. Dreyfuss. Mukuganizanso za kalata ya Zola poteteza kaputeni, ndipo Degas, Cézanne ndi Renoir anali kumbali yakumbuyo. Pachifukwa ichi, zidafika poti abwenzi adzulo - Degas ndi Pissarro - adadutsana m'misewu ya Paris popanda moni.
Sikuti aliyense anafika mopambanitsa chonchi. Mwachitsanzo, Paul Cézanne, ngakhale kuti anali ndi maganizo osiyana ponena za The Affair kuposa Pissarro, nthawi zonse ankanena mokweza kuti amamudziwa kuti ndi "bambo" wake mu luso. Monet adakhala woyang'anira m'modzi mwa ana aamuna a Pissarro atamwalira.
Camille Pissarro anatisiyira zinsalu zambiri zodabwitsa, zomwe zodziwika kwambiri mosakayikira ndi "Boulevard Montmartre" - 1897, "Garden in Pontoise" - 1877, "Kulankhulana ndi Fence" - 1881 "Self-Portrait" - 1903 ndi ena. Ngakhale lero, zithunzizi zimakopa chidwi chenicheni ndi wolemba wawo, yemwe akuwoneka kuti wasindikiza moyo m'njira yoti sungagwirizane ndi nthawi.
Chithunzi: Camille Pissarro, "Self-Portrait", 1903.
