Bayan mamayewar da ta yi a Ukraine a watan Fabrairun 2022, Rasha ta fuskanci takunkumi mafi girma da kuma tsauraran takunkumi da aka taba sanyawa kowace kasa. Tarayyar Turai, wacce a da ita ce babbar abokiyar cinikayyar Rasha, ta jagoranci takunkuman takunkumai goma sha daya a cikin watanni 20 da suka gabata, wanda ya kunshi mutane da dama, da cibiyoyin gwamnati, da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da dukkan sassan tattalin arziki. Duk da yake ana iya fahimta ta ɗabi'a da kuma taka tsantsan a siyasance, ba zai yuwu ba cewa irin waɗannan manyan takunkuman za su ƙara fitowa a matsayin ɓarna.
Babu shakka wani bangare nasa yana da nasaba da yanayin kungiyar Tarayyar Turai saboda tana bukatar cimma matsaya ta dukkan mambobinta wadanda galibi ke da sabanin ra'ayi na siyasa da muradun tattalin arziki a tsakanin Rasha da Ukraine, amma da gangan amfani da wata majiya mai tushe. Harshe mai cike da rudani ya kuma bayyana kuma babu inda ya fi amfani da kalmar "oligarch". An ambace shi da yawa a cikin jaridun Yammacin Turai tun daga ƙarshen 1990s, oligarchs sun zo ne don nuna alamar ƙarfi da wuce gona da iri na sabon rukunin ƴan kasuwa masu arziƙi waɗanda suka yi arzikinsu a cikin ruwa mai ruɗi na bayan Tarayyar Soviet, galibi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Kremlin.
Kalmar da ba ta da kyau ko da a cikin kwanakinta na 2000s, "oligarch" duk da haka masu tsara manufofin EU sun amince da su a matsayin kama-dukkan lokaci don nuna kowa daga wani biloniya a cikin jerin Forbes zuwa manyan manajoji da membobin kwamitin kamfanoni a sassa daban-daban. mutane da yawa ba su da alaƙa da Kremlin kuma ba su da tasirin siyasa. Wani lokaci ma mutum ba zai iya ganin wani bambanci tsakanin manyan manajoji na Rasha da aka naɗa da waɗanda ba naɗaɗɗen manyan manajojin ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke aiki ga manyan kamfanoni da aka gabatar a Rasha ba. Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, wannan ya bar EU a kan ƙasa mai girgiza bisa doka: idan kun kasance cikin jerin saboda kun kasance “oligarch” amma wannan kalmar ba ta da tushe kuma tana lalata manufar sanya takunkumi kuma yana sauƙaƙa samun nasarar ƙalubalantar su. a kotu.
Ya ɗauki EU sama da shekara guda don gane hakan kuma yanzu ya daina amfani da kalmar "oligarch" a matsayin hujjar takunkumi kan kasuwancin Rasha, yana dogaro da wani abu da ta kira "babban ɗan kasuwa". Duk da yake kalmar ba a ɗora ta ba kuma ba ta da ma'anoni mara kyau da aka riga aka ɗauka, a ƙarshe ya zama mara kyau kuma mara ma'ana kamar "oligarch." Ba a ma maganar gaskiyar cewa ko kaɗan ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa za a sanya wa mutum takunkumi ta hanyar kasancewarsa "shugaban ɗan kasuwa" ba tare da la'akari da ainihin tasirin tattalin arzikin Rasha ko shawarar Kremlin ba. Misali, Tarayyar Turai ta kakaba takunkumi kan kusan dukkan 'yan kasuwa da manyan jami'an gwamnati da suka gana da shugaba Vladimir Putin a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2022, sakamakon mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine. Ta yaya halartar wannan taron ke nuna cikakkiyar amincewa da manufofin Kremlin na Ukraine ko ikon yin tasiri ga shawarar Putin shine zato na kowa. Musamman, yawancin dalilan nadi ba ya nuna ikon mutum na yin tasiri ga manufofin gwamnatin Rasha.
Haka kuma, ana iya cewa, bin manufofin Vladimir Putin wajen kawar da manyan attajirai na farko irin su Mikhail Khodorkovsky ko Boris Berezovsky, babu wasu ‘yan oligarch a ma’anar kalmar da ta dace (watau ‘yan kasuwa masu ra’ayin siyasa da ba su dace ba, a wasu lokutan ma sun zarce na ta. gwamnati) tafi a Rasha. Manyan ‘yan kasuwa a yau ko dai tsofaffin ‘yan kasuwa ne da suka rike jarinsu da aka yi a shekarun 1990, ’yan kasuwa masu alaka da gwamnati, ko kuma wani sabon nau’in ‘yan kasuwa da shugabannin kasashen yamma, wadanda ba kamar mutanen da suka gabata ba, ba su samu kudinsu ba, bayan da aka yi ta cece-kuce a kan harkokin kasuwanci. tsohuwar masana'antar Soviet kuma ba su dogara da kwangilar jihohi da haɗin kai ba.
A watan Oktoba, Marco-Advisory, babban mashawarcin kasuwancin dabarun da ke mai da hankali kan tattalin arzikin Eurasian, ya fitar da wani rahoto mai taken "Hukunce-hukuncen Kasuwanci-Gwamnati a Rasha - Me yasa Wasu Oligarchs ke takunkumi kuma Wasu ba su da.” Yayin da ta yaba da matakin na EU na kwanan nan na kasancewa daidai a cikin kalmominsa, rahoton har yanzu ya lura cewa "hanyar da ake bi na takunkumin da aka sanya wa takunkumi ya dogara ne kan rashin fahimtar yadda kasuwanci da gwamnati ke da alaka da juna a Rasha."
Don ba da shawara, kamar EU da alama yana yi, cewa kasancewa "babban ɗan kasuwa" ya yi daidai da ikon yin tasiri ga gwamnatin Rasha don ba da gudummawa sosai da tasirin su. Wannan abu ne na biyu ga shugabannin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Rasha kamar Dmitry Konov na kamfanin Sibur na petrochemical, Alexander Shulgin na katafaren kasuwancin e-commerce Ozon da Vladimir Rashevsky na kamfanin kera taki Eurochem, wadanda aka sanya wa takunkumi ta hanyar wakilcin kamfanoninsu a ganawar da shugaba Putin. Daga baya sun yi murabus daga matsayinsu don rage haɗarin kamfanonin su. Yayin da Shulgin, tare da hamshakan attajirai Grigory Berezkin da Farkhad Akhmedov, aka cire su daga jerin takunkumin EU a ranar 15 ga Satumba, irin wannan shawarar tana kan wasu da yawa waɗanda aka sanya wa takunkumi a kan wasu dalilai kuma ba tare da la’akari da ainihin matsayinsu ba ko kuma gaskiyar cewa. kamar Konov na Sibur, sun sauka ne dai dai saboda takunkumin da aka kakaba musu.
Kamar yadda Marco-Advisory ya sanya shi, akwai gungun 'yan kasuwa masu fa'ida "waɗanda aka sanya wa takunkumi kawai saboda an san su a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na Yamma ko kuma saboda suna cikin jerin masu wadata, kamar yadda kamfanoninsu ke aiwatar da IPO a Burtaniya ko Amurka ko don wasu dalilai, ba tare da samun wata alaƙa mai fa'ida da gwamnatin Rasha ba." A ƙarshe, da alama akwai ƙananan dalilai na doka ko ma ma'ana don kiyaye su takunkumi.
Idan aka yi la’akari da tsarin mulki, faffadan tsarin sanya takunkumi, ba abin mamaki ba ne, ba su yi wani abu ba wajen tunkarar manufarsu, wato sauya alkiblar Rasha kan Ukraine. Idan wani abu, kawai sun sanya Kremlin ta kara azama, yayin da suka tilasta mata sake fitar da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen abokantaka kamar sauran BRICs China da Indiya - wani abu da ba zai yuwu a koma baya ga cutar da Rasha da Turai ba. , wanda a halin yanzu dangantakarsa ke shirin ci gaba da kasancewa cikin guba na tsawon shekaru masu zuwa ko da a ce an warware rikicin Ukraine gaba daya.
Ko da ma dai, takunkumin ya zama kamar yana da akasin tasiri fiye da wanda ’yan siyasar yammacin duniya suka zayyana ko da a kan oligarchs na ƙarni na farko, kamar hamshakin attajirin nan na Alfa Group Mikhail Fridman. Fridman, wanda darajarsa ta Forbes ta kai dala biliyan 12.6, wanda ya sa ya zama dan Rasha 9.th mafi arziki, a watan Oktoba aka tilasta masa komawa Moscow daga gidansa na London. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi kwanan nan ga Labaran Bloomberg, hamshakin attajirin ya ce da gaske "An cire shi" ta hanyar hane-hane da yawa wanda hakan ya sa ba zai yiwu ya bar rayuwar da ya saba da shi ba har ma ya kira manyan ayyukan sa hannun jari a Burtaniya tsawon shekaru "kuskure babba".
Ta hanyar kawar da "oligarchs" akan jerin takunkumin EU masu yanke shawara suna neman tafiya a hanya mai kyau. Ko dai hakan wani sabon salo ne ko kuma wata alama ce ta sake tsara manufofin takunkumin Turai har yanzu ba a gani ba. Bayan haka, kamar yadda tarihin takunkumin tattalin arziki ya koya mana, sun fi sauƙi a sanya su fiye da ɗagewa.
