ʻO ke ola a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, Māhele 1, He Manaʻo

ai ' // "ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi pilikia i ka manawa ma mua o ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi hoʻoponopono ma hope o ka hana ʻana o ka pōʻino" wehewehe i ka ʻōlelo Latina o ka waena o ke kenekulia 13. Wahi a ka Council of European Union (Review August 2022):

ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka mōʻaukala

ʻO ka mea kupanaha, pili ka mōʻaukala o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ke ola ma ka Honua, i ʻike ʻia ma kahi o 3.5 biliona makahiki i hala, ʻo ka wai mua a laila ma ka ʻili. E like me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke ola, ua kū mai kahi pilikia kumu: pehea e ola ai a lilo i ʻāpana o ke kaulahao meaʻai me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke ola ʻana o ka ʻano.

No laila ua hoʻomohala nā mea ola i nā ʻano pale: ka kumukānāwai nā mea e like me nā maiuu, nā pū, nā spines, etc. a me nā mea i kapa ʻia hiki ole nā mea i ke kumu o ka synthesis o nā mea ʻawaʻawa i ke ʻano o nā metabolites lua ʻaʻole pono no ke ola o ke kino akā pono no kona ola ʻana i nā mea ʻaihue. A ʻo ke kanaka kekahi o kēia mau mea ʻaihue weliweli! No laila aia kahi pilina pili ma waena o ke ola a me nā toxins a i ʻole nā ​​lāʻau lapaʻau.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā, aia ke ola kino o ke kanaka i ka honua o nā ʻuhane, nā hana kilokilo a me nā manaʻoʻiʻo. Ua hoʻi hou nā ʻōnaehana hoʻōla kuʻuna i ka wā prehistoric a ua komo pū nā kuʻuna hoʻōla i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu psychoactive. In ʻEulopa, aia ma Helene kahiko, i ke kenekulia 5 BC, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Hippocrates i nā kumu o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono a me nā loina lapaʻau. Ua hoʻohiki ʻia kāna hoʻohiki ma ka pae honua e ka World Medical Association, i hana ʻia ma 1947, a laila ma ka Geneva Declaration o 1948 (hoʻoponopono hou ʻia i 2020) a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau / apothecaries a me nā niho.

Pono e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Aia ka ʻokoʻa nui i ke kumu o ka hoʻohana ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana:

- Aia ka lāʻau lapaʻau i kahi dosage, kahi kumu hoʻōla, kahi hana pololei a hana hou. Akā, ʻaʻole mau ka lāʻau me ka ʻona ʻole. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Paracelsus (1493-1541) he kauka Swiss, ʻepekema a me ka ʻepekema:

-A ke lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo ia kekahi mea, kūlohelohe a synthetic paha, he hopena hoʻololi i ke kūlana o ka noʻonoʻo, ka hana noʻonoʻo a me ka ʻano, hiki ke kumu i ka addiction. Hiki i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau ke kūpono i kēia wehewehe akā ua hoʻopau ʻia ka lāʻau me ka ʻole o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kāna hoʻohana ʻana i kēia manawa ke kumu hoʻōla. Hiki paha ke ʻike i nā manaʻo hou a ʻoluʻolu paha, e pakele ai i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ka hopohopo, nā pilikia pili, nā ʻeha i hala, ma ka conformity a kipi paha, e kūpono a kū i ke kaomi. Akā, ʻo nā kumu a me nā ʻano, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻaʻole me ka pilikia ʻole me nā hopena i kāohi ʻole ʻia…

Laau Laau a me Kanaka

Hoʻohui pū ka mōʻaukala o nā lāʻau lapaʻau me ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka e like me:

a) ka Hemp (cannabis) i ʻike ʻia ma Asia mai ka Neolithic, ma kahi o 9000 BC. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻanoʻano ma ʻAigupita no kā lākou mau waiwai anti-inflammatory, a ma Kina no ko lākou waiwai momona a ma 2737 BC ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hemp i ka Kuikahi o na laau lapaau o ka Emepera Shen Nong; ʻIke ʻia nā ʻohe hemp ma ʻEulopa i lawe ʻia mai e ko Roma a me nā hoʻouka kaua like ʻole mai Asia mai. ʻO ia hoʻi ka "lāʻau laʻa" o nā hoʻomana a nā shamans a me kahi ʻāpana o nā hana lapaʻau a nā mōneka o ke kenekulia 12.

b) ka Ka lau koka, mai ka mea kanu Erythroxylum coca, ua hoʻohana ʻia mai 3000 makahiki BC ma Andes. No ka Incas, ua hana ʻia kēia mea kanu e ke Akua Lā e hoʻopau i ka make wai, ʻoki i ka pōloli a hoʻopoina iā ʻoe i ka luhi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā hoʻomana haipule e like me Peru a me Bolivia. Ua ʻike ke Komohana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka coca a me nā waiwai i ke kenekulia 16 me nā "conquistadores" Sepania o Pizarro (1531), nā mikionali a me nā kamaʻāina. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā lau Coca e hoʻokauwā a hoʻouna i nā ʻĪnia e hana i nā mine kālā, gula, keleawe a me ke kī. I ka makahiki 1860, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Albert Niemann ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa Kelemania i ka lāʻau anesthetic ikaika i loko o ka lau coca. I ka makahiki 1863, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Corsican chemist Angelo Mariani i ka waina tonic kaulana Farani "Vin Mariani" i hana ʻia me ka waina Bordeaux a me nā ʻāpana lau coca. I kēia manawa, i ka makahiki 1886, ua ʻeha ʻo John Stith Pemberton (1831-1888), he lāʻau lapaʻau mai Atlanta (USA), i ʻeha i ke kaua a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. cocaine, hoʻoulu ʻia e ka waina Mariani i hoʻopuka i kahi inu hoʻoikaika i hana ʻia mai ka coca, nā kola nuts a me ka soda. A laila ua kūʻai aku ka mea kālepa ʻo Asa Griggs Candler (1851-1929) i ke kumu hoʻohālike a i ka makahiki 1892 i hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo The Coca-Cola Company. I ka makahiki 1902 ua pani ka caffeine i ka cocaine ma Coca-cola. 

 ʻO ka cocaine kahi mea hoʻoikaika ikaika o ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka "kiʻekiʻe" (15-30 min), hiki i ke kanaka ke hopohopo, kaumaha, me ka makemake nui e hoʻohana hou i ka cocaine. ʻO ka Cocaine kekahi o nā lāʻau paʻakikī loa e haʻalele.

Aia i ka makahiki 1960, i hoʻolaha ʻia e nā mele a me nā pāpaho, ua lilo nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hōʻailona o ke kipi o ka ʻōpio, ka haunaele a hoʻomaka e hoʻouka i nā ʻano āpau o ke kaiāulu. Ma nā ʻano he nui, ʻo kēia ka lāʻau lapaʻau o ke kenekulia me ka nui o nā mea hou - a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau- i loaʻa.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau

Inā mākou e komo i ka honua o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou e like me ko lākou hopena, e like me:                                                                

• Dissociatives: Hoʻohana ʻia ka Nitrous oxide (N2O, ke kinoea ʻakaʻaka) ma ke ʻano he anesthetic a me analgesic i ka ʻokiʻoki a me ka niho niho. Mahalo nui ʻia e ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka wā o nā pāʻina no ka hopena euphoric akā hiki ke hōʻeha i nā maʻi neurological, hematological a me ka naʻau. Hoʻopau ia i ka huaora B12. Aia pū kekahi me ka Ketamine, PCP (ka lepo ʻānela), GBL (he mea hoʻomaha) a me GHB (he mea hoʻoheheʻe), etc.
• Delusional a entactogenic (makemake e pili, empathy): Scopolamine, Atropine, etc.
• Nā mea kaumaha: waiʻona, barbiturates (Amytal, Pentobarbital), opium, codeine,…
• Cannabinoids (cannabis, hashish): Delta9-THC, CBD, CBN, etc.
• Benzodiazepines: Alprazolam (Xanax), Valium, Rohypnol, ...
• Nā lāʻau psychiatric: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Haloperidol (Haldol), Zoloft, Paroxetine (Paxil), etc.
• Nā mea hoʻoulu kūlohelohe: cocaine, caffeine, theophylline, cocoa theobromine, etc.;
• Nā mea hoʻoulu: amphetamines, crystal meth, methamphetamine (WWII Pervitine), etc.
• Nā mea hoʻoulu lāʻau lapaʻau: Adrafinil, Modafinil, Bupropion, etc.
• Nā mea hoʻoulu manaʻo (hallucinogens): LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), Psilocybin, Bufotenin (alkaloid huna ʻia e ka ʻili o ka toad i palu ʻia e ka poʻe amateurs) a me Ibogaine (mai ka mea kanu ʻo Central African Iboga) ʻelua mai ka ʻohana tryptamines e loaʻa ana mai ka serotonin neurotransmitter. .

Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo The New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) e hoʻohālike i nā mea psychoactive kuʻuna - cannabis, cathinone (mai nā lau khat), opium, cocaine, LSD a i ʻole MDMA (amphetamine). Akā, ʻoi aku ka ikaika a ʻoi aku ka addictive. ʻOi aku ma mua o 900 mau lāʻau synthetic i ʻike mua ʻia ma ʻEulopa, ʻaʻole i hoʻomalu ʻia, a me ka hewa akā kūʻai ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia. (ʻoi aku ma EMCD Nā ʻaoʻao lāʻau lapaʻau).

Nā laʻana o NPS:

1) Synthetic cannabinoids, loaʻa i loko o ka: Spice, Yucatan, etc. e like me JWH-18 & 250, HU-210, CP 47 & 497, etc., loaʻa ka pilina no ka CB1 receptors.

2) Synthetic derivatives o ka cathinone (he alkaloid i unuhi ʻia mai ka lau khat, sympathicomimetic): 3-MMC (3-methylmethcathinone) a me ka 4-MMC (Mephedrone) i hana i ka euphoria, blue-knee syndrome, pilikia o ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, etc.

• MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone), mai "paʻakai-ʻauʻau".
• ʻO ka overdose ke alakaʻi i ka hyperthermia, ka maʻi naʻau coronary, arrhythmia, nā ʻāpana o ka psychosis a me ka hana kolohe.

3) He huahana opioid psychoactive synthetic: fentanyl, 100 manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka morphine a ʻoi aku ka addictive, me nā hopena hiki ʻole ke manaʻo ʻia. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka lāʻau make loa ma ka overdose.

4) Krokodil, he lāʻau "ʻai ʻiʻo" Lūkini. Ma muli o ka desomorphine i hoʻohui ʻia ma Kelemānia i ka makahiki 1922 mai ka morphine/codeine, kahi mea hoʻomaha a me nā analgesic ikaika i haʻalele ʻia. Hoʻohui ʻia nā solvents, gasoline, HCl, etc. e hana i ka lāʻau me ka necrosis hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi.

2022 Hōʻike ʻEulopa e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau

ʻO ka European Drug Report 2022 o ka EMCDDA (European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction), ua ʻike ʻo ʻEulopa he 83.4 miliona mau kānaka i ka makahiki 15-64 e hoʻohana ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, 29% o ka heluna kanaka. Hōʻike kēia:

• ʻO 22.2 miliona no ka cannabis, ka lāʻau i hoʻohana nui ʻia (7% o ʻEulopa), kahi o 16 miliona mau makahiki 15 a 34;
• 3.5 miliona no ka cocaine, me 2.2 miliona makahiki 15-34;
• ʻO Ecstasy a i ʻole MDMA pili i 2.6 miliona mau kānaka;
• 2 miliona no nā amphetamines, ka hapanui o nā makahiki 15-34;
• 1 miliona no ka heroin a me nā opioids ʻē aʻe, me 514,000 e loaʻa ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO ka poʻe puhi puhi cannabis nui loa he poʻe ʻōpio ma Czech Republic me 23% o nā makahiki 15-34, a ukali ʻia e Farani (22%) a me Italia (21%). ʻO ka Netherlands a me Belgium me 110 tons o ka cocaine i hopu ʻia ma ke awa o Antwerp i 2021, i kēia manawa nā hale lāʻau lapaʻau ma ʻEulopa.

Ua hōʻike ʻo EMCDDA ma 25 mau ʻāina ʻEulopa, 80,000 ka poʻe i mālama ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cannabis, e hōʻike ana i ka 45% o nā mea lapaʻau āpau i 2020.

ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe me ka NPS ua alakaʻi i nā hana hoʻohana poly-drug ʻē aʻe e paʻakikī i ke kiʻi lapaʻau. ʻO ka nui o nā make overdose lāʻau lapaʻau i ka EU ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma 2019 ka liʻiliʻi o 5,150 a me 5,800 me Norewai a me Turkey. ʻO ka pūʻulu makahiki i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia he 35-39 me ka pālua o ka nui o nā make o ka awelika ākea.

* Ma ka mokuʻāina o Wakinekona (USA), kahi noiʻi o 2021 e hōʻike ana i ka make ʻana o ke ola kino i hoʻonui ʻia e 17.9% ma waena o 15-24 mau makahiki ma hope o ka legalization o ka cannabis.

No ka pale ʻana i ke olakino kino a me ka pono o ke kanaka a ma muli o nā Kuʻikahi o 1925 a me 1931, ua kau inoa ʻia ʻekolu mau ʻĀina Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai o ka United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). ʻO kēia nā Kuʻikahi 1961, 1971 a me 1988 e kūʻē i ka lawe hewa ʻana o nā lāʻau narcotic a me nā mea psychotropic.

ʻO nā keiki, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka decriminalization

I ka makahiki 1989, ua ʻae ʻia ka Convention on the Rights of the Child. ʻO kāna Paukū 33, i poina pinepine ʻia e nā aupuni, e ʻōlelo ana:

I ʻEulopa, ua hoʻokaʻawale kekahi mau ʻāina i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cannabis. ʻO kēia ka hihia ma Kepania, Pokukala, Italia a me Netherlands, kahi e hoʻopaʻi ʻole ai nā mea kūʻai aku a hoʻopaʻahao ʻia inā no ka hoʻohana pilikino.

ʻO Malta wale nō ka mea i hoʻokō pono i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cannabis ma hope o ke kānāwai i hoʻoholo ʻia ma Dekemaba 2021 e ʻae ʻia ʻaʻole wale ka ʻai akā ke mahiʻai.

Ma Kelemānia, manaʻo ke Kuhina Ola e hahai i kēia ʻano a hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cannabis i ka makahiki 2024. ʻO kāna kumu ma ka decriminalizing cannabis ʻo ia ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana maikaʻi no nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka palekana olakino maikaʻi aʻe!

Ke manaʻo nei ʻo Farani ʻaʻole paʻa nā hopena decriminalization / legalization a ʻo ka legalization o ka cannabis i alakaʻi i ka trivialization o ka huahana, me ka ʻole o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kālepa lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka pale ʻole ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku mai ka hoʻomau ʻana i ke kūʻai aku i nā huahana hewa ʻole.

I ka Czech Republic, ua haʻi ka Report 2022 e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau

Ma Hungary he kānāwai ʻole ka cannabis akā a" ka nui pilikino" (1 gram) ʻae ʻia.

ʻO ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei e hōʻoia i ka EU Drugs Strategies e like me 2021-2025 o ka Council of European Union i manaʻo ʻia. "e pale a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ke kaiāulu a me ke kanaka, e pale a hāpai i ke olakino lehulehu, e hāʻawi i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi no ka lehulehu a me ka hoʻonui i ka ʻike olakino" a ma kāna helu 5: Kāohi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau a hoʻonui i ka ʻike i nā hopena ʻino o nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea kaulana a me ka hoʻonaʻauao

Mai ka makahiki 1960-70, e hoʻomaka ana me ka Beat Generation, a laila me nā poʻe kaulana (he nui ka poʻe i kū i kahi hopena pōʻino i manaʻo ʻole ʻia), ua lilo ka poʻe ʻōpio me ka nele o ka ʻike maoli a me ka ʻike e pili ana i ke kumuhana lāʻau. I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ka poʻe ʻōpio i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua ma muli o ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā hoʻolaha koʻikoʻi ma ka media a me ka Pūnaewele, a ma muli o nā hana hou i ka mākeke lāʻau lapaʻau digital.

Maikaʻi loa ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā ʻōpio a me nā mākua ke makemake nui lākou e ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā hopena pōʻino o ka lāʻau i hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻoholo pono ai a no nā mākua e kamaʻilio maikaʻi me kā lākou mau keiki. No laila, ke kū nei i ka pilikia lāʻau, ʻo ka ʻōlelo kumu ʻo Education! ʻOiaʻiʻo:

ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao kahi ʻike holomua o ko mākou naʻaupō ponoʻī i kākau ʻo Will Durant (1885-1981). ʻO kēia ka mea pale maikaʻi loa a me ka hana kumu e kūʻē i ke kaomi a me ka lobbying o ka ʻoihana lāʻau.

ʻO ka mea hoʻokahi wale nō mea luku loa i loko o kā mākou moʻomeheu o kēia manawa he lāʻau lapaʻau wahi a L. Ron Hubbard (1911-1986). I ʻEulopa, ʻo ka cannabis (marijuana) me ka waiʻona ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia e 15,5% o nā makahiki 15-34. A ʻo ka cannabis ka puka komo i loko o ka honua luku o nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hana a ka Foundation for a Drug-Free Europe a me kāna mau haneli o nā hui ʻōlelo ʻole i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā pūʻulu o nā mea manawaleʻa ma ʻEulopa, me ka ʻike i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hoʻopau nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā tausani o nā ola a me nā manaʻolana, ke hāʻawi ikaika nei ma o Ka Oiaio no na Laau Laau hoʻolaha, e hoʻonaʻauao pale aku i ka ʻōpio a me ka lehulehu me ka ʻike maoli e pili ana i nā hopena pōʻino o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau.

Nā mea hou aku ma:

https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2022_en

https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/eu-drug-markets-report

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2022.html

E ʻike i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma: www.drugfreeworld.org or www.fdfe.eu

E ʻike koke ma The European Times, ka ʻāpana aʻe o kēia ʻatikala: ʻO ke ola a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau: (2) ʻO ka Cannabis.