Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Xylazine he "lāʻau lāʻau zombie" no ka mea, loaʻa i nā mea hoʻohana kēia neʻe kūikawā, huikau, hunch a lohi e hāʻawi iā lākou i ke ʻano o ka poʻe make ola.
I ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ke piʻi nei nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, ka ʻilihune, ka like ʻole a me ka pono ʻole o ka nohona. ola hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka mālama ʻana, e like me ka hoʻonaʻauao a me nā waiwai pono; ʻike ʻia hoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻomana a me nā pono kanaka; aia nā metropoles i ka haumia, nā hewa, ke kālepa kanaka a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mākeke lāʻau lapaʻau. A ma waena o ka papa inoa lōʻihi, hoihoi a hoʻoweliweli i ke ola o nā lāʻau illicit a me New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) -i hana pinepine ʻia e pale i nā kānāwai lāʻau lapaʻau- ka puka ʻana mai o kahi mea hou, Xylazine, ke loaʻa nei ka manaʻo o nā mana pili (Rodriguez N. a me al., 2008)."Ke hana nei ʻo Xylazine i ka hoʻoweliweli lāʻau make loa a ko mākou ʻāina i alo ai, fentanyl, ʻoi aku ka make," wahi a Luna Hoʻokele Milgram-USA Drug Enforcement Administration (2023).
ʻO ka xylazine (C12H16N2S) ʻaʻole ia he opioid e like me fentanyl akā he methyl benzene mai ka papa o phenothiazines. Ua hana ʻia e nā ʻano syntheses ʻē aʻe, e hoʻomaka ana ma Kelemānia (Bayer Pharmaceutics, 1962). He mea lipophilic loa kēia, no laila hiki ke maʻalahi i nā membranes a hiki i nā mea hoʻokipa lolo a me nā mea i loko o ke kino.
He lāʻau kēia i manaʻo mua ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kānaka ma ke ʻano he antihypertensive agent, akā ma muli o nā hopena ʻino i loko o ke kanaka (he koʻikoʻi hypotension a me nā hopena depressant Central Nervous System), ua hoʻopau ʻia kāna hoʻohana lāʻau.
I ka makahiki 1972, ua ʻae ʻia kona hoʻohana ʻana e ka US Food and Drug Administration wale nō i ka lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau no ka sedation (no 1-4 mau hola), analgesia (15-30 min), anesthesia no nā kaʻina hana, a ma ke ʻano he hoʻomaha ʻiʻo, i nā holoholona e like me lio, bipi, hipa, ilio, a me na mea e ae.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Xylazine i ka hoʻohana hewa ʻana i ke kanaka ma lalo o nā inoa o ka lāʻau ʻai ʻiʻo, tranq, tranq-dope, lāʻau zombie, ʻoki hiamoe, a me Philly dope. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "zombie lāʻau" no ka mea ʻo nā mea hoʻohana i kēia ʻano, huikau, hūnched a lohi ka neʻe ʻana a i kekahi mau mea i loko o kahi kūlana trance-like, e hāʻawi iā lākou i ke ʻano o ka poʻe make ola i wehewehe ʻia e ka poʻe he zombie-like. .
I ka makahiki 2022, ua hōʻike ka mākaʻi Estonia i ka hopu ʻana i nā hui ʻana i loaʻa nā opioids hou a me ka mea hoʻomaha holoholona a me ka analgesic xylazine. ʻO ka pinepine, hoʻohana ʻia ka xylazine ma ke ʻano he adjuvant lāʻau liʻiliʻi (ma ka pūnaewele, no 6-20 kālā no ka kilokani) e hoʻonui i ka nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau paʻakikī, me ka opioid fentanyl nona ka hui ʻana e pōʻino i ke olakino. ʻO ka make mua ma ʻEulopa e pili ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka xylazine i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻEnelani (UK) i 2022 me ka ʻike postmortem o heroin, cocaine, fentanyl, a me xylazine (Rock KL). ¶ AL., 2023).
Ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau ʻole, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka xylazine ma ka waha, ma ka puhi ʻana, ka ʻūhā, ma ka intramuscular, subcutaneous, a i ʻole intravenous injection. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hopena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua o ka fentanyl. ʻO ka male ʻana o ka fentanyl me ka xylazine e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka manaʻo o ka euphoria a me ka analgesia i hoʻoulu ʻia e fentanyl a e hōʻemi i ke alapine o nā injections (Gupta R. ¶ AL. 2023).
He 50 manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika o Xylazine ma mua o ka heroin, a he 100 manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka morphine. ʻO Xylazine i kēia manawa ke kuleana no ka hapakolu o nā make overdose ma United States. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Report 30 (June 2023), i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka nui o nā make overdose lāʻau e pili ana i ka xylazine he 102 i 2018, 627 i 2019, 1 499 i 2020, a me 3 468 i 2021.
I nā mea hoʻohana, xylazine ke kumu o ka nalowale o ka ʻike, a me nā mokuʻāina o ka stupor a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana hiki ke alakaʻi i nā ʻili ʻili, a me nā maʻi ʻeha i hiki ke maʻi maʻalahi, hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka gangrene a me ka necrosis e koi pinepine ai i ka ʻoki e wehe i ka lālā me ka ʻiʻo popopo. 'Ōlelo ke Kumu o Neurobiology S. Kourrich (2023) i nā hopena pōʻino, ma waho aʻe o ka addiction, o ka xylazine ma ke olakino, me nā ʻili ʻili kūpono i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni weliweli.
ʻO nā hōʻailona a me nā hōʻailona o ka overdose xylazine e like me ka heroin, fentanyl, a me nā opioids ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻohui ʻia ka xylazine i nā opioids, hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻona a me ka make ma muli o nā hopena hui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Akā, no ka mea, ʻaʻole he opioid ka xylazine, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana maikaʻi ʻo Naloxone (ʻo ka antidote maikaʻi loa no ka overdose opioid - Jordan MR a me Morrissonponce D., 2023) i ka mālama ʻana i nā kānaka. ʻAʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau xylazine palekana e hoʻohana ai!
Hana ʻo Xylazine i loko o ka lolo e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻomaha a me ka lohi ʻana i ka hanu, kahi puʻuwai puʻuwai weliweli (hiki ke noi i ka tracheostomy) e hiki ai i ka hopu ʻana i ka naʻau a me ka make. Hiki ke mau ka hopena o ka inu ʻana i ka xylazine no kekahi mau lā.
ʻO Xylazine kahi agonist adrenergic, loaʻa ka hana like me adrenaline, he hormone a me ka neurotransmitter (Chavez-Arias). ¶ AL., 2014). Ma muli o kona ʻano lipophilic kiʻekiʻe, hoʻoulu pololei ʻo xylazine i ka Central Nervous System alpha(α)2-adrenergic receptors a me nā mea ʻē aʻe peripheral α-adreno receptors i loko o nā ʻano kikoʻī. Ua hōʻike ʻia e hōʻike ana ka placenta o ke kanaka i nā mea hoʻokipa α2-adrenergic i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pathogenesis a me ka palena o ka ulu ʻana o ka fetal (Motawea HKB a me al., 2018).
'Ōlelo Aʻo: ʻO ka 5 mau ʻano nui o nā adreno-receptors:
(Alpha) α-1: aia ma nā ʻiʻo maʻemaʻe o nā moku; α-2: pre-synaptic localization (inhibitory effect on the synapse) loaʻa i loko o ke kikowaena pūnaewele a me ka puʻuwai. Aia ka α-2 i 3 mau subtypes A, B, C.
(Beta) β-1: aia i loko o ka puʻuwai kahi e hoʻoikaika ai i ka hana (wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka ikaika); β-2: loaʻa ma ka ʻāina ma luna o kekahi mau kiko a hiki i ka vasodilation o nā aʻa a i ʻole ka dilation o ka bronchi; β-3: aia ma nā adipocytes, hoʻoulu i ka thermogenesis.
ʻO kēia mau mea loaʻa he papa G protein-coupled receptors, he ʻohana o nā mea hoʻokipa transmembrane i nā mammals, ka pahuhopu o nā catecholamines he nui e like me nā ligand kūlohelohe o nā α2-receptors ʻo ia hoʻi: ka noradrenaline (norepinephrine) i ʻoi aku ka pili, ka adrenaline ( epinephrine), a me ka dopamine (ke mole o ka leʻaleʻa, ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana uku i ka lolo).
Hoʻopaʻa ʻo Xylazine i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā neurotransmitters dopamine a me nā norepinephrine ma ka neuronal synapse, ka hopena i ke kaumaha o ka Pūnaehana Nervous Central e hoʻopilikia ana i ka maʻalahi o ke ʻano, ka hoʻomanaʻo hana, a me ka mana nociceptive a ke kumu ia i ka inhibition o ka Sympathetic Nervous System (nā hana aunoa o ke kino. ) e like me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka ʻiʻo maʻemaʻe a ma ka pae puʻuwai he bradyarrhythmia, no laila ke kuleana o ka emi ʻana o ka makaʻala, ka nociception, ka leo ʻiʻo a me ka pane kaua-a-lele.
Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Xylazine i loko o ke ake e nā enzymes cytochrome P450, a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo 70% e like me ka urine (Barroso M. et al., 2007). No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mimi i ka ʻike ʻana i ka xylazine ma o kāna mau metabolites akā i loko o kekahi mau hola, emi lākou i nā pae ʻike ʻole.
Pehea e hiki ai i ka poʻe ke hōʻea i kahi manawa o ka luku ʻana iā lākou iho, nāwaliwali a ʻeha hoʻi i ke kino a me ka hilinaʻi?
ʻO ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i ka lāʻau (makemake a me ka hilinaʻi) ua pili pū me nā hemahema o ka naʻau mua e hopena i ka hiki ʻole ke ʻae i nā manaʻo a hoʻoponopono i ka manaʻo ponoʻī a me nā pilina me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (Krystal H., 1982).
Ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i kēia wahi addiction he ala lōʻihi e hele ai, e hoʻomaka pinepine me ka waiʻona a me ka cannabis (a me kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau). ʻAʻole me ka legalization, decriminalization, a i ʻole nā lumi pana e hoʻonā ʻia ai ka pilikia o ka lāʻau, ʻike ʻia kēia mau ala e pakele ai i nā kuleana ma ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana.
ʻOiai inā ʻaʻohe makahiki kūpono e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā ʻōpio i kēia mau pilikia i ka wā hiki. ʻO ke kuleana o nā mākua - inā ʻaʻole ia he kumu pilikia - ma ka hoʻolohe ʻana, ke kamaʻilio ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻike pololei ʻo ia ka pale maikaʻi loa. Pono e hoʻoikaika ʻia kēia e nā kumu aʻo a me nā kumu aʻo me ke aʻo mau ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki i kūpono i ka makahiki a me nā hana pale i hana ʻia e nā aupuni, nā kaiāulu, nā hui a me nā hui, ma waena o nā ʻōpio a me nā mākua.
ʻO kēia ka mea a nā mea manawaleʻa Say No To Drugs ma ʻEulopa me ka Foundation for a Drug-Free Europe e hoʻoikaika nei e hoʻokō ma o nā mea hoʻonaʻauao. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau *.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Epictetus (50-135 AD) ka ʻepekema Helene: Ua noa ka poe naauao. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao e hāʻawi i ka ʻike a me ka ʻike i nā mea kumu o ke ola a hāʻawi i ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka pono a me ka hewa a e lawe i ka hoʻoholo kūpono. No ka mea, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia e ke kanaka kanaka L. Ron Hubbard i ka makahiki 1956: He pilikia i ka ʻike ʻole. ʻO ka loina, ka pono, ka mana o ka maikaʻi, ka hoʻoholo kūpono e pili ana i ka hiki ke ʻike.
Ma kahi o ka noho ʻana i ka lāʻau hoʻomāinoino o ka mea inu lāʻau ʻaʻole hiki ke kū hou i ke ola i hoʻokauwā ʻia e ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻino, ʻaʻole anei ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hiki ke kū i ke ola me ke kuleana, a me ke kūʻokoʻa, a hana me ka makemake a me ka hoʻomanawanui. e hoʻokō i nā moeʻuhane?
E hoʻomaopopo '
www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2023/
www.desdiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/Xylazine.pdf
www.poison.org/articles/what-is-xylazine
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr030.pdf
https://www.dea.gov/alert/dea-reports-widespread-threat-fentanyl-mixed-xylazine
(*) E kipa:
- www.drugfreeworld.org (mea manuahi ma 20 mau ʻōlelo)
- Foundation for a Drug-Free Europe: https://fdfe.eu
