ʻO ke ola a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau (mahele 2), The Cannabis

ʻO Cannabis ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ʻEulopa e 15.1% o ka heluna kanaka 15-34 makahiki me 2.1% nā mea hoʻohana cannabis i kēlā me kēia lā (EMCDDA European Drug Report June 2023). A ua komo nā mea hoʻohana 97 000 no ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cannabis ma 2021 a ua komo i loko o 25% o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa, i hui pū ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO Cannabis me ka waiʻona ka puka i nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ka poʻe ʻōpio e alakaʻi ana i ke ao o nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

ʻO Cannabis kahi mea kanu dioecious (mea kanu wahine a mea kanu kāne). Loaʻa iā Cannabis 3 subspecies: Cannabis sativa sativa ʻO L., he 1.80 m a 3 m kiʻekiʻe, me nā fiber lōʻihi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana (i kapa ʻia ʻo "hemp"), me ka manawa pua o 60-90 mau lā; ka mea liilii ʻO C. s. indica (1m), ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā pua 50-60 lā a me ka ʻO C. s. ruderalis, he ano hihiu. ʻO Farani ka mea hana hemp kiʻekiʻe ma ʻEulopa a ʻekolu hoʻi ma ka honua.

Mai ka manaʻo hoʻohana lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻo nā pua o sativa a me indica wale nō ka mea hoihoi no ka mea ʻoi aku ka waiwai o nā cannabinoids i loaʻa i nā vesicles liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nā trichomes, ʻoi aku ka nui a puni ka pua no ka pale ʻana i nā mea ʻaihue i ka pōʻaiapili o ke kaulahao meaʻai vs. ola!

I kinohi ka C. sativa ua noʻonoʻo ʻia no kāna mau hopena euphoric, e hana ana i ka "kiʻekiʻe" ʻoiai ka C. indica hoʻopuka i kahi hoʻomaha o ka hana cerebral, e hana ana i kahi hopena "pohaku", e pili ana. Wahi a ka UNODC, ʻo Morocco, ma ka Rif, ʻo ia ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua i nā mea kanu cannabis psychoactive no ka hana ʻana i ka hashish (form resin) akā mai 2021 ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka moʻomeheu.

Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea Cannabinoid i ka makahiki 1960 ma ʻIseraʻela e ka hui o Raphael Mechoulam. ʻOi aku ma mua o 113 mau mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ka mea kanu akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hopena a me kā lākou mau hana ke aʻo ʻia nei. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia lākou a pau i loko o nā lipids, nā waiʻona a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik akā aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai.

Aia nā ʻano cannabinoids 3: - phytocannabinoids o ka mea kanu hou; ua hoʻololiʻia lākou ma lalo o ka hana o ka wela, ka māmā, a me ka maloʻo; - nā cannabinoids synthetic i hoʻomohala ʻia i loko o ka hale hana; - endocannabinoids: 8 i kēia manawa i helu ʻia. Hana ʻia lākou e kekahi mau mea ola, i loaʻa mai nā momona momona i loko o nā membrane cell, ʻo lākou ka ʻōnaehana endocannabinoid.

A) Ma waena o nā phytocannabinoids (molele me 21 carbon atoms): -CBG (Cannabigerol) i loaʻa mai ka cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), kahi hui i loko o ka mea kanu o ka olivetolic acid a me ka geranyldiphosphate. ʻO CBGA, ʻo ia ka ʻakika, hiki ke wāwahi ʻia i CBG me ka nalowale o CO2. ʻO ka CBG (ma lalo o 1% o ka mea kanu) i manaʻo ʻia he "cannabinoid strain" me kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (52 ° C) a no laila hiki ke loli! Pono e lilo i non-psychotropic. -THC (TetraHydroCannabinol). ʻO Delta 9-THC ka lāʻau psychotropic kuleana no ka euphoric kiʻekiʻe a me kona nāwaliwali psychotropic isomer, ka Delta 8-THC. Loaʻa ka THC mai ka waika non-psychoactive: THCA. -HHC (HexaHydroCannabinol-a hydrogenated THC) ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā mea liʻiliʻi i nā ʻanoʻano a me ka pollen, synthesized ma 1947 e Adams Roger. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kāna hana psychotropic me THC, hoʻololi ia i ka ʻike o ka manawa. I ka makahiki 2023, ua hewa ʻole ʻo HHC i kekahi mau ʻāina EU (E nānā pū infra).

E hoʻomanaʻo kākou, ʻaʻole like me nā molekala psychotropic alkaloid e like me ka cocaine a me ka morphine, ʻo ka Delta 8-THC a me Delta 9-THC he mau lāʻau terpenoid tricyclic. ʻO ka cannabinoids kahi papa o nā molekole lipophilic, e mālama ana i loko o nā kino momona me ka lolo (60% o nā lipids) a maʻalahi ke hele i nā membrane cell phospholipid. No laila, ʻike ʻia ʻo THC a hiki i 14 mau lā i ke koko, 30 mau lā i ka mimi a me 3 mau mahina i ka lauoho. -ʻO ka CBD kaulana (Cannabidiol) i ʻike ʻia ma 1940 aia i loko o ka mea kanu. Loaʻa ia mai ka cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) akā me kahi ala synthesis ʻokoʻa mai ka THC. Hiki ke lawe ʻia ka ʻaila CBD mai nā pua ma ke kaomi anu a i ʻole ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kalapona kalapona (CO2) a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika (ethanol, butane,…) a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻoheheʻe maoli (ʻaila ʻoliva, ʻaila niu,…). ʻO ka ʻaila CBD ke kumuhana o nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha nui a me nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i kāna mau pono olakino.

ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia ʻo CBD he addictive inā he maʻemaʻe, akā ma 2016 Merrick J. ¶ AL. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i loko o kahi ʻakika, hoʻololi mālie ʻo CBD i Delta-9 a me Delta-8 THC. A he aha ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū inā ʻaʻole kahi ʻawaʻawa! Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia e Czégény a me al, 2021, ʻo 25% a 52% o CBD i hoʻohana ʻia i nā e-cigarettes (ka mahana ma kahi o 300 ° C) i hoʻololi ʻia i THC. Pela no na hana a ke Aloha CA ¶ AL, 2023, e hōʻike i nā pilikia olakino e pili ana i ka hanu no nā mea hoʻohana i nā huahana vaping CBD. Aia kekahi manaʻo o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka CBD a me THC i nā hihia therapeutic, me CBD attenuating i nā hopena psychotropic deleterious o THC. ʻO Todd ¶ AL (2017) hōʻike inā hiki i kahi hui hoʻokele ke pōmaikaʻi i ka wā pōkole loa, ma kahi ʻē aʻe e loaʻa iā ia ka hopena potentiating o ka THC i ka wā lōʻihi.

ʻO CBD ke kumu o kahi ʻoihana kūʻai ikaika i ka lehulehu. Eia nō naʻe, i ka mahina ʻo Iune 2022 ka EFSA (European Food Safety Authority Panel) e noʻonoʻo ana i nā kānalua koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻikepili ʻikepili, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka palekana o CBD ma ke ʻano he Novel Food i kēia manawa: ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻikepili i nā hopena o CBD ma ke ake. ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōnaehana endocrine, ka ʻōnaehana nerve a me ka olakino noʻonoʻo o nā kānaka. NĀ MEA: Ua loaʻa mua nā cannabinoids semi-synthetic HHC (Hexahydrocannabinol) ma 20 mau ʻāina ʻEulopa ma ke ʻano he 'pani no ka cannabis' a me 3 mau mea hou: ʻo ka HHC-acetate, ka HHcannabiphorol a me ka Tetrahydrocannabidiol i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka CBD i unuhi ʻia mai THC haʻahaʻa. cannabis (EMCDDA Hōʻike 2023). Ke hāpai nei ko lākou loaʻa ʻana i nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka ʻōpio a me ke olakino lehulehu a ua hewa ʻole ʻo HHC i kekahi mau ʻāina EU.

B) ʻO nā cannabinoids synthetic ka mea i hoʻopau nui ʻia e like me Spices i ke kumu o ka pepehi kanaka, ʻo ka Buddha Blues, ʻaʻole pipiʻi, e like me 95% o ka waiwai psychoactive, kaulana loa me nā ʻōpio, e holo nei i nā kula a me nā kula kiʻekiʻe. Nā inoa ʻē aʻe: Black Mamba, AK-47, Shooting Star, Yucatan, Moon Rocks,… Hoʻomoʻa ʻia a ʻai ʻia paha, nā cannabinoids synthetic ke kumu o ka convulsions, cardiovascular and neurological disorders and psychosis. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana ma waena o 2 a 5 mau hola a hiki i 20 mau hola.

Hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 1960 ma mua e ʻimi i nā mea loaʻa i loko o ka lolo, he mau molekole lipophilic lākou o 22 a 26 mau kalapona, loaʻa ka pilina paʻa kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 100%, koho a ʻaʻole paha, no nā mea loaʻa like me THC a me nā mea o nā ligands endogenous. . No laila, loaʻa iā mākou nā ʻohana 18 i helu ʻia ma 2019 ma waena o ka CP (cyclohexylphenols), HU (ʻo ka HU-210 kahi analog structural o THC he 100 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika), JWH, AM, AB-FUBINACA, XLR, etc.

ʻO nā haʻawina o ka Scientific Reports (2017, 7: 10516), e hōʻike ana i kēia mau cannabinoids synthetic e hana i nā hopena koʻikoʻi a me nā waiwai proconvulsive (Schneir AB a me al, 2012) kahi e hōʻike ai nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe i nā hopena anticonvulsive i nā hihia o ka epilepsy koʻikoʻi (Devinsky O. a me al, 2016).

KA MANAʻO: ʻO ka THC maʻiʻo o ka cannabis hauʻoli (a me ke kānāwai ʻole) he 15% a hiki i 30% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 0.2-0.3% o ka mea kanu mua ma mua o ka hoʻoponopono genetic. ʻO ka THC Synthetic he 100 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika a hana i nā zombies.

C) ʻO ka EndoCannabinoid System (ECS) kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio koʻikoʻi a paʻakikī o ke kino e kōkua i ka homeostasis. He phylogenetically kahiko loa ia, aia mai ka invertebrates a hiki i ka vertebrates koe wale no ka protozoa a me nā pepeke (Silver RJ, 2019). Aia ka ECS me:

1) ʻO nā mea hoʻokipa membrane e loaʻa ana i nā helices transmembrane 7 me 3 keu a me 3 intracellular loops. ʻO ka NH2-terminal he extracellular a me ka COOH-terminal intracytoplasmic. ʻO nā mea hoʻokipa me nā protein G (kahi guanosine triphosphate paʻa) aia ma ka ʻaoʻao kūloko a nāna e hoʻouna i ka hōʻailona. ʻO lākou: a)-ʻO ka CB1 Receptor, i ʻike ʻia ma 1988 (William ¶ AL.) a laila ʻike ʻia e Matsuda L. ¶ AL. (1990). Aia ia i loko o nā neurons o ka Central Nervous System a nāwaliwali i ka lolo. Ma ka ʻaoʻao, aia ia i loko o ka māmā, ka ʻōnaehana ʻōpū, nā testicles a me nā ovaries. ʻO ka nui o kāna localization he pre-synaptic. Hoʻopili ia i nā hopena psychotropic. ʻO ka agonist exogenous ʻo THC. ʻO Sagana S. ¶ AL. (2008), hōʻike i nā pūnaewele glial (astrocytes) i loaʻa pū i nā mea hoʻokipa G protein-coupled, i hoʻāla ʻia e nā cannabinoids, akā ʻokoʻa mai ka CB1 receptor. b)-ʻO ka mea loaʻa CB2 (1993 na Munro S. ¶ AL.) ʻoi aku ka pilipili. ʻO ka hapa nui e pili ana i nā pūnaewele o ka ʻōnaehana pale, me ka spleen a me amygdala. Hoʻopili hou i nā hopena immunomodulatory.

2) Nā ligands endogenous. E like me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana opioid endogenous i nā endorphins, loaʻa i ka ʻōnaehana endocannabinoid kona mau molekele hōʻailona ponoʻī: nā endocannabinoids (8 i helu ʻia). ʻO kēia nā neuromediators a me nā neuromodulators synthesized i loko o nā pūnana nerve a me nā astrocytes "ma ke koi" koke me ke komo ʻana o ka calcium i loko o ka neuron a ʻaʻole mālama ʻia i loko o nā vesicle. Hoʻopili ʻia lākou i loko o ka membrane neuronal mai phospholipids. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi hopena pale i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o dopamine, serotonin, glutamate a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi hōʻailona synaptic retrograde (mai ka postsynaptic neuron a i ka pre-synaptic). ʻO nā mea i aʻo nui ʻia: a)- ka AEA no N-ArachidonoylEthanolAmide i kapa ʻia ʻo Anandamide (mai ka Sanskrit ananda=felicity) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma 1992 e ka hui o Mechoulam; Hōʻike nui ʻia ka AEA ma ka hippocampus, ka cerebral cortex a me ka cerebellum a me ka hypothalamus a me ka lolo. Loaʻa i ka AEA kahi pilina kiʻekiʻe no ka mea loaʻa CB1 a me kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no CB2. Hana pū ʻo AEA i nā ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe e like me ka vanilloid, peroxisome a me ka glutamate receptors a hoʻāla i nā mea transcription ma o ke ala MAP-kinase. Ua loaʻa pū kekahi AEA i ka cacao (di Tomaso E. ¶ AL, 1996). b) - ka 2-AG no 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, he monoglyceride ester a i ʻole etera, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka makahiki 1995. Loaʻa ka pilina kiʻekiʻe no nā mea loaʻa CB2, no CB1 pū kekahi. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o kahi ligand (AEA a i ʻole 2-AG) ma kāna mea loaʻa (CB1 a i ʻole CB2) a me ka hoʻāla ʻana o ka G-protein (GTP/GDP) ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu mua e pono ai no ka lawe ʻana i kahi hōʻailona i loko o ke kelepona ma o kahi. cascade of reactions. Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka adenylate cyclase, ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kaila ion me ka calcium (Ca 2+) a me ka potassium (K+), a me ke komo ʻana o ka phospholipase C.

3) Synthesis nā enzymes e like me N-acyltransferase, phospholipases A2 a me C.

4) Nā enzyme hoʻohaʻahaʻa. Wahi a Cravatt BF ¶ AL. 2001; Ueda N. ¶ AL. ʻO 2000, nā mea nui 2: a) -Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) me kahi domaine transmembrane hoʻokahi, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ia i ka papa bioactive fatty acid amides me AEA (anandamide) a me ka 2-AG. Hoʻopili ʻia ka FAAH i nā neurons post-synaptic. b)-Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inactivs 2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglycerol) ma 85% a me AEA.

No laila, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana ka EndoCannabinoid System i: hoʻomanaʻo, naʻau, makemake, hiamoe, pane ʻeha, nausea, nā manaʻo, thermoregulation, immunity, male a me ka wahine fertility, reproductive activities, the reward system and the use of psychoactive substances. .

Hana nā mea psychoactive i kēia kaapuni ECS ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke koena kemika o ka Pūnaehana Nervous, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono maoli ʻia a hoʻoponopono pololei ʻia, e hoʻoikaika i ka mana o nā neʻe a me nā manaʻo, e hana ana i kēia euphoria a me ka hoʻopunipuni o ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hilinaʻi. lohi, e like me ke Law of Effect a Thorndike (1911): "E ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pane ʻana inā alakaʻi ia i ka ʻoluʻolu o ke kino a haʻalele ʻia inā hopena ia i ka hauʻoli".

Hoʻopilikia nā mea psychoactive i nā wahi kikoʻī o ka lolo, i haku ʻia me 3 mau ʻāpana kumu e like me ke kumumanaʻo e wehewehe i ko mākou ʻano a me nā ʻano ʻano e like me ko lākou mana:

- he lolo reptilian a i ʻole archaic e pili ana ma kahi o 400 miliona mau makahiki. Hiki ke hilinaʻi, wikiwiki, hoʻokele i nā ʻike kumu a me nā hana e like me: ka meaʻai, ka moekolohe, ka homeostasis, nā hopena ola (hoʻouka a lele paha), akā koi ʻia. -a laila hele mai ka lolo limbic o nā mammals, 100 miliona mau makahiki i hala me 2 mau ʻāpana: Paleolimbic o nā mammals haʻahaʻa a me ka Neolimbic e hoʻokaʻawale i ka maikaʻi a me ka hewa. Hoʻoulu ia i ke aʻo, hoʻomanaʻo a me nā manaʻo, ʻo ia ka puʻuwai o ka uku a me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopaʻi i loko o nā kānaka. -a hope loa ka cerebral cortex a i ʻole neo-cortex o nā primates a laila nā kānaka. ʻO ia kahi o ka nānā ʻana, ka hoʻoholo ʻana, ka naʻauao, ka noʻonoʻo, ka manaʻo o ka wā e hiki mai ana, a i hiki ai i ka ʻōlelo. Aia ka lolo ma kahi o 90 billion mau pūnaewele, i haku ʻia me nā neurons plasticated a me nā cell glial. Hoʻopau kona ulu ʻana ma kahi o 25 mau makahiki me kahi hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ka wā ʻōpio, ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka wā kamaliʻi a hiki i ke kūʻokoʻa o ke kanaka makua.

Ma ka pae lolo, ʻo ka Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) o ka mesolimbic midbrain kekahi o nā wahi primitive o ka lolo. Hoʻopili kona mau neurons i ka neurotransmitter dopamine e kuhikuhi ana kā lākou axons i ka nucleus accumbens. Hoʻopili ʻia ka VTA e nā endorphins a ʻo ia ka pahuhopu o nā lāʻau opiate (morphine a me heroin). -ʻO ka nucleus accumbens ka mea koʻikoʻi i ke kaapuni uku (Klawonn AM a me Malenka RC, 2018). Hoʻololi ʻia kāna hana e dopamine e hāpai ana i ka makemake a me ka uku aʻo ka serotonin he kuleana paʻa. Hoʻopili pū ʻia kēia nucleus i nā kikowaena ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana uku, me ka hypothalamus. -ʻO ka cortex prefrontal, kahi ʻāina hou aku, he relay koʻikoʻi o ka pōʻai uku. Hoʻololi ʻia kāna hana e dopamine. -ʻElua mau kikowaena ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana limbic e komo i ka pōʻai uku: ʻo ka hippocampus, ʻo ia ka pou o ka hoʻomanaʻo a me ka amygdala, nāna e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻike.

-ʻO ka neurotransmitter dopamine (mole leʻaleʻa) he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoikaika maikaʻi a kōkua i ka addiction. -ʻO ka GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), he mea pale i loaʻa i loko o nā neurons o ka cortex, komo i ka mana kaʻa a hoʻoponopono i ka hopohopo. -ʻO ka amino acid Glutamate ka mea nui loa o ka neurotransmitter excitatory i loko o ka lolo. Pili ia me ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo. Hoʻoponopono ia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o dopamine i ka nucleus accumbens. (ʻO Glutamate kekahi mea hoʻohui meaʻai: E621). ʻO ka mea hoʻokipa membrane ka NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic).

ʻO ke kumu o ka "kiʻekiʻe" a i ʻole euphoria ma muli o nā waiwai o THC i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia ma mua o AEA i nā mea hoʻokipa CB1 (60% vs. 20%) e hopena i ka piʻi nui o ka hoʻokuʻu dopamine a me ka hauʻoli lōʻihi o ka meso-limbic dopaminergic. neurons, meso-accumbic (ka nucleus accumbens) a me meso-cortical neurons o ka lolo, i loko o ka uku'ōnaehana a me ka hoʻolako 'ana i ka leʻaleʻa, ka mea e alakai i ka lāʻau huli a laila hilinaʻi.

ʻO ka ʻōpio:

Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻōpio e ka impulsivity, ka ʻimi ʻana i ka manaʻo a me ka hana hoʻoweliweli. Ua pili kēia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka lolo me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hale limbic (ʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka naʻau a me ka pilikanaka) a laila o ka cortex prefrontal (pono a me nā hoʻolālā i mua) ʻoi aku ka lohi o ka ulu ʻana i ke oʻo a no laila ua lohi (Giedd, JN). ¶ AL. 1999; Casey, BJ ¶ AL. 2008). No laila, hiki i nā ʻōpio ke loaʻa nā manaʻo hohonu a paʻakikī akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomalu pono iā lākou. No laila ka lawe ʻana i ka pilikia a me ka impulsiveness me ka manaʻo ʻole i ka hopena. Hoʻolilo kēia i ka wā ʻōpio i kahi manawa pōʻino o ke ola, akā piha pū i nā mea hiki a me ka hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka palaka lolo a me ka synaptic pruning.

ʻO nā pathologies:

Ua pili ʻo Cannabis i ka maʻi epidemiologically me nā malformations fetal koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa i nā keiki a me nā heluna kanaka makua.

1) He mea maʻamau ka maʻi kanesa testicular i ka ʻōpio ma waena o nā makahiki 15-35 e hoʻohana ana i ka cannabis e like me ka Cancer Research Foundation. Aia ka nui o ka pilikia o ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi testicular (Gurney J. ¶ AL. 2015) e ka deregulation o ka hypothalamic-pituitary axis. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia nā mea loaʻa CB1 a me CB2 i:

-ʻo ka hypothalamus kahi e hoʻopaʻa ai ʻo THC i ka hormone e hoʻomalu i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka moekolohe i ka wā ʻōpio a me ka momona, ka hormone ovulation lutein a me ka testosterone;

-ma ka ʻiʻo testicular, hōʻemi ʻo THC i ka hana testosterone i nā pūnaewele Leydig a loaʻa kahi hopena pro-apoptotic ma nā pūnaewele Sertoli;

-ma ka spermatozoa, hoʻololi ʻo THC i ka ʻike, helu a me ka motility me nā pilikia o ka infertility a me ka spermatogenesis impaired (Gundersen TD ¶ AL. 2015). Hiki i ka THC ke hoʻopōʻino i ka DNA a hiki i ka chromotripsis (puhi) o ka chromosome me ka hiki ke hoʻoili genetic (Reece AS a me Hulse GK 2016).

2) Dong ¶ AL. 2019, ua hōʻike mua i ka hopena neural a me ka immune o nā cannabinoids i ka ulu ʻana o ka fetal a me nā keiki.

3) Hjorthoj C. ¶ AL 2023, hōʻike maopopo i kahi pilina ma waena o ka maʻi hoʻohana cannabis a me ka schizophrenia e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo, manaʻo a me ka hana.

4) Me kahi hindsight 20-makahiki, ua hōʻike ʻia ka legalization therapeutic o ka cannabis ma Colorado i ka makahiki 2000 (Reece a me Hulse, 2019) i nā wahine ma lalo o 24 mau makahiki e ʻai ana i ka THC i ko lākou hāpai ʻana, he 5 mau piʻi o ka maʻi teratogenic i nā keiki hou. e like me ka spina bifida, microcephaly, trisomy 21, ka ʻole o nā ʻāpana ma waena o ka puʻuwai atria a i ʻole ventricles, etc. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau abnormalities me ka hana o nā cannabinoids i ʻike ʻia e hoʻololi i nā histones (me H3) a me ka methylation o Cytosine-Phosphate- ʻO nā pūnaewele Guanine o DNA, pēlā e hoʻololi ai i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono o ka hōʻike gene.

Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Costentin J. (CNPERT, 2020) i ka hoʻohana ʻana o THC e alakaʻi i nā hoʻololi epigenetic e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana immune, nā hana cognitive, ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo, me ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi psychiatric. I nā huahana hoʻomake mai nā makuahine hoʻohana i ka cannabis, ʻo ka nucleus accumbens (i loko o ka limbic system) o kēia mau fetuses e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o ka mRNA (RNA messenger) coding no nā dopaminergic D2 receptors a me kahi rarefaction o kēia mau mea loaʻa. ʻO kēia ʻōlelo ma lalo o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pōʻai uku e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma hope o ka hoihoi no nā lāʻau lapaʻau e ka ʻōpio.

No laila, e pili ana i ka pilina cannabis me nā ʻōpio, - pono mākou e hoʻopaʻa pono i kēia mea kaulana loa a hōʻiliʻili i nā hōʻike e kūʻē i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā manaʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa a me nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa pāʻoihana, lehulehu a no ka pono o na hanauna e hiki mai ana.

Nui nā hopena i hiki i nā ʻōpio e like me nā kumu pale a/a i ʻole nā ​​​​pilikia. ʻO lākou: ʻohana, kula a me nā kumu, nā hoa, nā kaiāulu, nā leʻaleʻa, nā media, ka moʻomeheu a me nā kānāwai. Akā ʻo ka mea nui e noho mau i nā mākua a me nā hana makua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki iā lākou ke kōkua (a ʻaʻole paha) i ka pale ʻana i nā keiki ma o ka hoʻolohe ʻana a alakaʻi iā lākou ma ke ʻano hoʻohālike.

Ma muli o nā pilina i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ʻEulopa e kā mākou mau mea manawaleʻa me nā poʻe ʻōpio, nā mākua, nā hui, nā kumu, nā limahana limahana, nā limahana olakino, nā alakaʻi kūloko a me nā aupuni, palekana a me nā mākaʻi, Ka Oiaio no na Laau Laau Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻolaha. He hoʻolaha pale kēia me ka hoʻonaʻauao e pili ana i nā pilikia olakino, e pili ana i ka ʻōpio a me ka ʻike o ka lehulehu i nā pōʻino o ka mariuana a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe, i ʻike maopopo ʻia nā pilikia.

"Na ka naaupo ka mea e makapo a alakai hewa ia kakou. E wehe i kou mau maka Ô poino » wahi a Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519). No laila, hoʻoikaika ʻia me nā ʻike maoli e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki i nā ʻōpio ke alo me ka lucidity i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā pilikia o ke ola e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, e hana i ka hoʻoholo kūpono a hiki ke hoʻomaopopo pono i ko lākou hiki.

Ua kūpono kēia ala me ka 2023 theme of the UN International Day: "ʻO ka poʻe mua: hoʻopau i ka stigma a me ka hoʻokae, hoʻoikaika i ka pale" .

"Inā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻana o nā mea, e ola kākou a pau i ka hauʻoli. L.Ron Hubbard (1965)

E hoʻomaopopo ':

E noʻonoʻo pū i ka hoʻoponopono i loko o ka EU: -Hoʻohana leʻaleʻa i ka cannabis - Nā kānāwai a me nā kulekele i nā ʻāina lālā o EU i koho ʻia https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/749792/EPRS_BRI(2023)749792_EN. pdf

-International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking - EU hana kūʻē i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻole https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/733548/EPRS_ATA(2022)733548_EN.pdf

E pili ana i nā lāʻau kipa: www.fdfe.eu ; www.drugfreeworld.org