Kev nruj kev tsiv hauv Sahel lub teb chaws tuaj yeem txuas rau kev koom tes ntawm Tuareg cov tub rog tub rog, uas tawm tsam rau lub xeev ywj pheej
los ntawm Teodor Dechev
Qhov pib ntawm lub voj voog tshiab ntawm kev ua phem hauv Sahel lub teb chaws tuaj yeem txuas nrog rau Arab Spring. Qhov txuas tsis yog lub cim tiag tiag thiab nws tsis cuam tshuam nrog ib tus neeg "kev tshoov siab piv txwv". Qhov txuas ncaj qha yog cuam tshuam nrog kev koom tes ntawm Tuareg cov tub rog tub rog, uas tau ntau xyoo tau tawm tsam rau kev tsim lub xeev ywj pheej - feem ntau nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Mali. [1]
Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv Libya, thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm Muammar Gaddafi, Tuareg militias ib sab nrog nws, tab sis tom qab nws tuag, lawv rov qab mus rau Mali nrog tag nrho lawv cov riam phom hnyav thiab lub teeb. Qhov tshwm sim tam sim ntawd muaj zog dua li ua ntej Tuareg cov tub rog, uas tau ua tub rog rau cov hniav, yog xov xwm phem rau cov tub ceev xwm hauv Mali, tab sis kuj rau lwm lub tebchaws hauv cheeb tsam. Yog vim li cas yog qhov kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim ntawm Tuareg thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv pawg tub rog tau "rebranded" lawv tus kheej los ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws rau Uzhkim Islamist cov tub rog tsim. [2]
Qhov tshwm sim no, nyob rau hauv uas haiv neeg tsim nrog keeb kwm ntev, tam sim ntawd puag "jihadi" cov lus hais thiab kev coj ua, tus sau cov kab no hu ua "ob lub koom haum hauv qab". Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tsis yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm West Teb chaws Africa ib leeg, xws li yog "Vajtswv Cov Tub Rog Tawm Tsam" hauv Uganda, nrog rau ntau yam kev ua tub rog Islamist nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Philippines archipelago. [2], [3]
Tej yam nyob rau sab hnub poob teb chaws Africa tuaj ua ke nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas tom qab 2012-2013, lub cheeb tsam tau los ua ib tug sib ntaus sib tua qhov twg "franchises" ntawm lub ntiaj teb no neeg ua phem tes hauj lwm, uas mus rau ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg npaum li cas yuav hu ua "neeg ua phem" disorganizations, vim lawv tshwj xeeb. qauv, kev cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua, uas yog kev tsis pom zoo ntawm cov koom haum classical. [1], [2]
Nyob rau hauv Mali, cov Tuareg, tshiab minted Islamists, nyob rau hauv confrontation nrog al-Qaeda tab sis nyob rau hauv alliance nrog Salafist formations uas tsis zwm rau lub Islamic lub xeev los yog al-Qaeda, sim tsim ib tug ywj siab xeev nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Mali. [2] Hauv kev teb, Malian cov tub ceev xwm tau pib ua tub rog tawm tsam Tuareg thiab jihadists, uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Fabkis nrog txoj cai los ntawm UN Security Council - nyob rau hauv lub npe hu ua UN Stabilization Lub Hom Phiaj hauv Mali - Minusma.
Kev Ua Haujlwm Serval thiab Barhan pib ib qho tom qab lwm qhov, Kev Ua Haujlwm Serval yog Fab Kis cov tub rog ua haujlwm hauv Mali ua raws li Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg 2085 ntawm 20 Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2012. Qhov kev daws teeb meem tau pom zoo los ntawm kev thov ntawm Malian cov tub ceev xwm, tsis muaj leej twg, suav nrog Russia. , tawm tsam, cia nyob ib leeg Security Council veto. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog lub luag haujlwm ntawm UN yog txhawm rau kov yeej cov tub rog ntawm jihadists thiab Tuareg "cov koom haum nrog ob sab hauv qab" nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Mali, uas tab tom pib ua lawv txoj kev mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws. .
Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, peb ntawm tsib tus thawj coj ntawm Islamists raug tua - Abdelhamid Abu Zeid, Abdel Krim thiab Omar Ould Hamaha. Mokhtar Belmokhtar tau khiav mus rau Libya thiab Iyad ag Ghali khiav mus rau Algeria. Kev Ua Haujlwm Pabcuam (npe npe tom qab tus miv zoo nkauj African tsiaj qus) tau xaus rau 15 Lub Xya Hli 2014 kom ua tiav los ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Barhan, uas tau pib thaum 1 Lub Yim Hli 2014.
Kev ua haujlwm Barhan tab tom ua nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm tsib lub tebchaws Sahel - Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania thiab Niger. 4,500 tus tub rog Fab Kis tau koom nrog, thiab tsib lub tebchaws ntawm Sahel (G5 - Sahel) tab tom kawm txog 5,000 tus tub rog los koom nrog kev tawm tsam kev ua phem.
Kev sim cais tawm sab qaum teb ntawm Mali mus rau qee yam ntawm Tuareg-Islamist lub xeev ua tsis tiav. Kev ua haujlwm "Serval" thiab "Barkhan" tab tom ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj tam sim ntawd. Lub hom phiaj ntawm Islamists thiab "ob lub koom haum hauv qab" tau dhau mus. Qhov tsis zoo yog qhov no tsis tas yuav ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab, raws li, rau kev ua phem hauv Sahel. Txawm hais tias swb thiab yuam kom xav ua ntej thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txog yuav ua li cas nkaum ntawm Fabkis thiab G5-Sahel lub teb chaws, cov Islamic radicals tau tig mus rau kev ua tsov ua rog guerrilla, tig lub sij hawm mus rau hauv ib qho yooj yim banditry.
Txawm hais tias tom qab Serwal thiab Barkhan kev ua haujlwm, cov Islamic radicals tsis muaj peev xwm ua tiav ib qho kev ua tau zoo, tsawg kawg thaum xub thawj pom, tus naj npawb ntawm kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov pej xeem tsis txo qis, tab sis hauv qee qhov chaw tau nce. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab heev thiab tsis noj qab haus huv ib puag ncig, uas yog coj kom zoo dua los ntawm cov tub rog uas nyiam ua tub rog uas tsis qhia qhov kev xav tias cov tub rog nyob hauv cov tub rog.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov tub rog African yog lub elevator ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Nws ua rau ib tug neeg nce mus rau qee yam ntawm txoj cai zoo. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev coj ua tub rog kev tawm tsam hauv tebchaws Africa yog qhov dav heev uas cov thawj coj tub rog xav tau zoo li tsis xav tias nws yog kev ua txhaum cai.
Raws li STATISTA cov ntaub ntawv qhia, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1950 txog Lub Xya Hli 2023 muaj txog 220 qhov kev sim ua tiav thiab ua tsis tiav hauv tebchaws Africa, suav txog yuav luag ib nrab (44 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov kev sim tawm tsam hauv ntiaj teb. suav nrog kev sim ua tsis tiav, Sudan yog cov npe ntawm African lub tebchaws nrog. cov feem ntau coups txij li thaum 1950 nrog tag nrho ntawm 17. Tom qab Sudan, Burundi (11), Ghana thiab Sierra Leone (10) yog lub teb chaws uas muaj kev tawm tsam ntau tshaj plaws txij thaum nruab nrab xyoo pua 20th.
Nyob rau hnub no qhov xwm txheej hauv Sahel, tom qab thawj zaug ua ntej ntawm cov neeg Islamists thiab "ob lub koom haum hauv qab" nyob rau sab qaum teb Mali thiab kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm G5 Sahel lub teb chaws thiab Fabkis, qhov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb yog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm tib neeg. Qee cov pej xeem ntawm ntau lub teb chaws hauv cheeb tsam muaj kev xav zoo sib xws, uas tuaj yeem suav nrog hauv aphorism ntawm ib tug pej xeem ntawm Burkina Faso: "Lub hnub peb tshee hnyo kom cov tub rog los ntawm cov tub rog tsis tu ncua tuaj, thiab hmo ntuj peb ntshai tsam cov Islamists. los."
Nws yog qhov tseeb qhov xwm txheej no uas ua rau muaj kev ua siab loj rau qee lub voj voog ntawm cov tub rog kom ncav cuag lub hwj chim. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb los ntawm kev thesis tias tsoomfwv tam sim no tsis tiv nrog kev ntshai los ntawm Islamic radicals. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lub sijhawm tau xaiv tau meej heev - ntawm ib sab, cov jihadists yeej swb thiab lawv lub peev xwm los mus txeeb thaj chaw mus tas li tsis zoo heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tawm tsam los ntawm Islamic radicals tseem txaus ntshai thiab tuag taus rau ntau tus pej xeem. Yog li, cov tub rog hauv qee lub tebchaws tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm UN thiab G5 Sahel tiv thaiv cov neeg tsim teeb meem thiab tib lub sijhawm (zoo siab phem) tsa qhov teeb meem uas lawv thaj chaw tsis muaj kev thaj yeeb thiab lawv "kev txawj ntse" yog xav tau kev cuam tshuam.
Ib qho tuaj yeem sib cav hais tias ntawm ib qho chaw Burkina Faso, qhov twg cov tub ceev xwm tau ntseeg tias muaj kev tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb ntawm tsuas yog 60 feem pua ntawm lub teb chaws thaj chaw txij li thaum ntxov 2022, tau ua pov thawj tias yog ib qho kev zam. [40] Qhov no muaj tseeb, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias Islamic radicals tsis siv tswj nyob rau hauv seem 40 feem pua ntawm thaj chaw nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias lo lus "tswj" yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv lub Islamic lub xeev nyob rau hauv Syria thiab Iraq los yog kev sim mus cais lub sab qaum teb Tuareg-populated ib feem. qeeb. Tsis muaj kev tswj hwm hauv zos ntawm no uas tau teeb tsa los ntawm cov neeg Islamists, thiab tsis muaj kev tswj hwm qhov tsawg kawg ntawm kev sib txuas lus yooj yim. Nws tsuas yog hais tias cov neeg ntxeev siab tuaj yeem ua txhaum cai nrog kev tsis txaus siab ntawm tus txheeb ze, thiab yog vim li cas cov neeg thuam tsoomfwv lub sijhawm (thiab tej zaum yog tam sim no ib yam nkaus) ntseeg tias lub tebchaws no tsis yog nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. [9], [17], [40]
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua los ntawm Islamic radicals tau muab kev ncaj ncees ncaj ncees (tsawg kawg hauv lawv lub qhov muag) rau cov tub rog hauv qee lub tebchaws Sahel kom muaj hwj chim los ntawm kev quab yuam, ua pov thawj lawv cov kev ua nrog kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov tub rog. neeg. Qhov kawg ntawm kev tawm tsam mus rau hauv cheeb tsam yog lub coup d'état nyob rau hauv Niger, qhov twg General Abdurahman Tiani txeeb lub hwj chim rau 26 Lub Xya hli ntuj 2023. [22]
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau hais ntawm no tias kev tawm tsam hauv Gabon, uas yog qhov sib cav tsis ntev los no tau muaj kev tawm tsam hauv West Africa, tsis tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv tib lub ntsiab lus raws li tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv Sahel lub teb chaws. [10], [14] Tsis zoo li Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, thiab Chad, tsis muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tsoomfwv cov tub rog thiab Islamic radicals hauv Gabon, thiab kev tawm tsam yog tsom, tsawg kawg rau tam sim no, tawm tsam thawj tswj hwm tsev neeg, Bongo tsev neeg. , leej twg twb kav Gabon 56 xyoo.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau hais qhia tias tom qab lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm 2013 thiab 2020, muaj 13 txoj kev tawm tsam hauv tebchaws Africa, suav nrog hauv Sudan, Chad, Guinea, Burkina Faso thiab Mali. [4], [32]
Ntawm no peb yuav tsum taw tes tawm raws li qee yam cuam tshuam nrog tam sim no maelstrom tshiab ntawm nom tswv tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg nyob rau sab hnub poob Africa, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Sahel, kev ua phem tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv Central African koom pheej (CAR), qhov twg ob tug pej xeem tsov rog tau tawm tsam rov qab-rau-rov qab. Thawj, hu ua Central African Republic Bush War, pib xyoo 2004 thiab xaus nrog kev cog lus kev sib haum xeeb hauv 2007, thiab de facto nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 2013. Qhov thib ob, hu ua "kev tsov rog hauv Central African Republic" ( Central African Republic Civil War), pib thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2013 thiab tseem tsis tau xaus rau hnub no, txawm hais tias tsoomfwv cov tub rog tam sim no tau tso tes rau ntawm thaj chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub tebchaws uas lawv tau tswj hwm ib zaug.
Needless hais, ib lub teb chaws uas txom nyem heev, nws cov tib neeg kev loj hlob Performance index yog nyob rau hauv qis tshaj qhov ua tau ntawm qhov qeb duas (qhov chaw kawg, tsawg kawg txog rau xyoo 2021 tau tshwj tseg rau Niger) thiab qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua lag luam yog qhov siab heev, yog qhov xyaum ua "lub xeev ua tsis tiav" thiab sai dua lossis tom qab dhau los ua neeg raug tsim txom rau ntau yam kev nom kev tswv thiab tub rog vultures. Rau pawg no peb tuaj yeem ua siab zoo xa mus rau Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Central African koom pheej (CAR) thiab South Sudan los ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov teb chaws suav nrog hauv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov npe ntawm cov tebchaws hauv tebchaws Africa uas cov tuam txhab Lavxias ntiag tug tub rog Wagner tau lees paub tias muaj kev pom zoo thiab tsoomfwv pom zoo suav nrog Mali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, CAR, Cameroon, DR Congo, Zimbabwe , Mozambique thiab Madagascar. [4], [39]
Kev sib piv ntawm cov npe ntawm "lub xeev ua tsis tiav" ravaged los ntawm kev tsov kev rog, haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg tsis sib haum xeeb, tub rog coups thiab lwm yam kev txom nyem thiab cov npe ntawm lub teb chaws uas PMC Wagner mercenaries "ua hauj lwm" ostensibly nyob rau hauv txaus siab rau cov nom tswv raug cai qhia tau hais tias ib tug zoo kawg nkaus coincidence.
Mali, Central African Republic thiab South Sudan muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ob lub npe. Tseem tsis tau muaj cov ntaub ntawv lees paub txog kev muaj PMC "Wagner" hauv Burkina Faso, tab sis muaj qhov qhia tau txaus ntawm Lavxias kev cuam tshuam thiab kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam kev tawm tsam zaum kawg hauv lub tebchaws, tsis hais txog kev tawm tsam rau cov neeg Lavxias, twb mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias cov mercenaries ntawm lub lig Prigozhin twb tau tswj kom "sib txawv lawv tus kheej" nyob rau hauv lub nyob sib ze lub teb chaws ntawm Mali. [9], [17]
Qhov tseeb, PMC Wagner qhov "tshem tawm" hauv Central African Republic thiab hauv Mali yuav tsum ua rau muaj kev ntshai ntawm cov neeg African. Lavxias teb sab mercenaries 'penchant rau loj slaughter thiab kev ua phem ua phem rau pej xeem txij li thaum lub sij hawm Syrian nyob rau hauv lawv tshwm sim, tab sis lawv exploits nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub CAR thiab Mali tau hais los saum toj no, kuj muaj ntaub ntawv zoo. [34] Thaum kawg ntawm Lub Xya Hli 2022, tus thawj coj ntawm Fabkis cov tub rog nyob rau hauv UN-flagged Operation Barhan, General Laurent Michon, ncaj qha liam PMC Wagner ntawm "looting Mali". [24]
Qhov tseeb, raws li tau hais los saum no, cov xwm txheej hauv Mali thiab Burkina Faso tau txuas nrog thiab ua raws li tus qauv qub. Qhov "kev sib kis" ntawm radical Islamist kev nruj kev tsiv pib hauv Mali. Nws tau dhau los ntawm Tuareg-Islamist kev tawm tsam nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws thiab, tom qab kev swb ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab los ntawm UN cov tub rog thiab G5 - Sahel, tom qab ntawd coj daim ntawv ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua guerrilla, kev ua phem rau cov pej xeem thiab kev tawm tsam ncaj qha hauv lub tebchaws. nruab nrab ntawm Mali, qhov chaw nws nrhiav kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov neeg Fulani lossis Fulbe (qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb heev uas yuav raug txheeb xyuas kom meej tom qab) thiab tsiv mus rau Burkina Faso. Cov kws tshuaj ntsuam txawm tham txog Burkina Faso dhau los ua "qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kub ntxhov tshiab". [17]
Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog tias thaum Lub Yim Hli 2020, kev tawm tsam tub rog tau rhuav tshem tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Mali - Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta. Qhov no tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev tawm tsam cov jihadists, vim tias cov tub rog uas tuaj rau lub hwj chim saib nrog kev tsis ntseeg siab rau UN lub zog, uas feem ntau yog cov tub rog Fab Kis. Lawv raug liam tias Fabkis tsis pom zoo rau tub rog tawm tsam. Yog li ntawd, cov thawj coj tshiab, tus kheej xaiv tsa hauv Mali tau nrawm nrawm los thov kom tshem tawm UN cov haujlwm (tshwj xeeb yog Fabkis) hauv Mali. Lub sijhawm ntawd, lub teb chaws cov thawj coj tub rog tau ntshai ntau dua ntawm UN-tswj Fabkis cov tub rog nyob rau hauv lawv thaj chaw tshaj li ntawm Islamic radicals.
UN Security Council tau xaus kev ua haujlwm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb hauv Mali sai heev thiab Fabkis pib thim, pom meej tias tsis muaj kev khuv xim ntau. Tom qab ntawd cov tub rog tub rog nyob rau hauv Bamako nco qab tias kev tsov rog ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Islamic radicals tsis tau xaus rau txhua qhov thiab nrhiav lwm yam kev pab sab nraud, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm PMC "Wagner" thiab Lavxias teb sab Federation, uas yog ib txwm npaj los ua haujlwm zoo li lub siab. cov nom tswv. Cov xwm txheej tau tsim sai heev thiab PMC "Wagner" tshuav qhov tob tob ntawm nws cov khau hauv cov xuab zeb ntawm Mali. [34], [39]
Kev tawm tsam hauv Mali ua rau muaj "domino effect" - ob txoj kev tawm tsam hauv ib xyoos hauv Burkina Faso (!), thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Niger thiab Gabon. Cov qauv thiab kev txhawb siab (lossis qhov tseeb) rau kev ua kom muaj kev tawm tsam hauv Burkina Faso tau zoo ib yam rau cov neeg hauv Mali. Tom qab xyoo 2015, kev kub ntxhov, kev tsim txom thiab kev tawm tsam los ntawm Islamic radicals tau nce zuj zus. Ntau yam "franchises" ntawm al-Qaeda, lub xeev Islamic (lub xeev Islamic ntawm West Africa, Islamic lub xeev ntawm Greater Sahara, thiab lwm yam) thiab kev ywj pheej Salafist tau tua ntau txhiab tus neeg pej xeem, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm "tshem tawm sab hauv" , koj nkag siab - cov neeg tawg rog tau tshaj ob lab tus tib neeg. Yog li, Burkina Faso tau txais lub koob npe nrov ntawm kev ua "qhov tseem ceeb tshiab ntawm Sahel tsis sib haum xeeb." [9]
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 24, 2022, cov tub rog hauv Burkina Faso, coj los ntawm Paul-Henri Damiba, rhuav tshem Thawj Tswj Hwm Roch Kabore, uas tau kav lub tebchaws tau rau xyoo, tom qab ob peb hnub ntawm kev kub ntxhov hauv lub nroog Ouagadougou. [9], [17], [32] Tab sis lub Cuaj Hlis 30, 2022, rau lub sijhawm thib ob hauv tib lub xyoo, muaj lwm txoj kev tawm tsam. Tus thawj tswj hwm tus kheej tus kheej Paul-Henri Damiba raug rhuav tshem los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm Ibrahim Traore. Tom qab tshem tawm tus thawj tswj hwm tam sim no, Traore kuj tau rhuav tshem tsoomfwv cov kev hloov pauv uas tsim los ntawm Damiba thiab tshem tawm (thaum kawg) txoj cai lij choj. Tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis meej, tus kws tshaj lij tub rog tau hais tias ib pawg tub ceev xwm tau txiav txim siab tshem tawm Damiba vim nws tsis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov tub rog tawm tsam ntawm Islamic radicals. Tias nws nyob rau tib lub koom haum uas ua tsis tau tejyam nrog jihadists nyob rau hauv ob successive thawj tswj hwm rau xya xyoo tsis faze nws kiag li. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau qhib siab hais tias "hauv cuaj lub hlis dhau los" (uas yog, tom qab kev tawm tsam tub rog thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2022 nrog nws txoj kev koom tes), "qhov xwm txheej tau hnyav dua". [9]
Nyob rau hauv dav dav, ib tug qauv ntawm kev nruj kev tsiv ntawm lub hwj chim yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas muaj ib tug intensification ntawm subversive ua hauj lwm ntawm Islamic radicals. Thaum UN cov tub rog (kom nkag siab txog "phem" Fab Kis thiab G5 - Sahel cov tub rog) rhuav tshem kev tawm tsam ntawm cov jihadists thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, kev tsim txom thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov pej xeem, cov tub rog hauv cheeb tsam hauv ib cheeb tsam. lub teb chaws txiav txim siab tias nws teev tau ntaus; Nws tau hais tias kev sib ntaus tawm tsam cov neeg Islamists tsis ua tiav thiab ... siv zog.
Undoubtedly, qhov xwm txheej zoo - cov Islamic radicals tsis muaj lub zog nkag mus rau hauv koj lub peev thiab tsim qee hom "Islamic State" rau koj, thiab tib lub sijhawm, kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob deb dhau lawm thiab muaj qee yam ua rau cov neeg ntshai. . Ib qho teeb meem tshwj xeeb yog tias feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem ntshai ntawm lawv cov tub rog "native" rau ntau qhov laj thawj. Lawv txawv los ntawm kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov thawj coj tub rog mus rau qhov tsis sib xws hauv pawg neeg koom nrog ntawm tib cov thawj coj.
Rau tag nrho cov no, qhov txaus ntshai txaus ntshai ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm "Wagner", uas yog cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm "radical act" thiab "kev lag luam loging", twb tau ntxiv lawm. [39]
Nws yog nyob ntawm no uas peb yuav tsum tawm mus rau ib lub sijhawm ntev lub davhlau ntev dhau los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev nkag mus rau Islamic nkag mus rau sab hnub poob Africa thiab ua tib zoo saib rau ib qho xwm txheej uas feem ntau yuav tsis raug xwm txheej. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tib neeg cov peev txheej rau lawv qhov laj thawj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab raug tso tseg ntau los ntawm Tuareg cov tub rog tom qab tsis ua tiav ntawm kev tawm tsam nyob rau sab qaum teb Mali, Islamic radicals tau tig mus rau Fulani, cov neeg ib nrab ntawm cov neeg yug tsiaj yug tsiaj uas koom nrog kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw nyob hauv. ib txoj siv los ntawm Gulf of Guinea mus rau Hiav Txwv Liab, sab qab teb ntawm cov suab puam Sahara.
Lub Fulani (tseem hu ua Fula, Fulbe, Hilani, Philata, Fulau, thiab txawm Pyol, nyob ntawm seb hom lus twg hais hauv cheeb tsam) yog ib qho ntawm thawj haiv neeg African hloov mus rau Islam thiab tsim txiaj ntawm lawv txoj kev ua neej thiab kev ua neej nyob yog nyob rau qee qhov marginalized thiab kev ntxub ntxaug. Qhov tseeb, thaj chaw faib khoom ntawm Fulani zoo li no:
Tus naj npawb Fulani kwv yees li 16,800,000 hauv Nigeria tawm ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm 190 lab; 4,900,000 hauv Guinea (nrog peev Conakry) tawm ntawm 13 lab tus neeg nyob hauv; 3,500,000 hauv Senegal tawm ntawm ib lub tebchaws ntawm 16 lab; 3,000,000 hauv Mali tawm ntawm 18.5 lab tus neeg nyob hauv; 2,900,000 hauv Cameroon tawm ntawm 24 lab tus neeg nyob hauv; 1,600,000 hauv Niger tawm ntawm 21 lab tus neeg nyob; 1,260,000 hauv Mauritania tawm ntawm 4.2 lab tus neeg nyob; 1,200,000 hauv Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) tawm ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm 19 lab; 580,000 hauv Chad tawm ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm 15 lab; 320,000 hauv Gambia tawm ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm 2 lab; 320,000 hauv Guinea-Bissau tawm ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm 1.9 lab; 310,000 hauv Sierra Leone tawm ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm 6.2 lab; 250,000 nyob rau hauv Central African koom pheej ntawm 5.4 lab inhabitants (nrog cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias qhov no yog ib nrab ntawm lub teb chaws Muslim cov pej xeem, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog hais txog 10% ntawm cov pejxeem); 4,600 hauv Ghana tawm ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm 28 lab; thiab 1,800 hauv Côte d'Ivoire tawm ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm 23.5 lab. [38] Ib lub zej zog Fulani kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv Sudan raws txoj kev taug kev mus rau Mecca. Hmoov tsis zoo, Sudanese Fulani yog cov zej zog kawm tsawg tshaj plaws thiab lawv cov lej tsis raug txheeb xyuas thaum lub sijhawm suav suav pej xeem.[38]
Raws li ib feem pua ntawm cov pej xeem, Fulani ua 38% ntawm cov pej xeem hauv Guinea (nrog peev Conakry), 30% hauv Mauritania, 22% hauv Senegal, qis dua 17% hauv Guinea-Bissau, 16% hauv Mali thiab Gambia, 12% hauv Cameroon, yuav luag 9% hauv Nigeria, 7.6% hauv Niger, 6.3% hauv Burkina Faso, 5% hauv Sierra Leone thiab Central African Republic, tsuas yog qis dua 4% ntawm cov pej xeem hauv Chad thiab feem me me hauv Ghana thiab Côte Ivory ntug dej hiav txwv. [38]
Ob peb zaug hauv keeb kwm, Fulani tau tsim empires. Peb qhov piv txwv tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias:
• Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, lawv tau tsim lub xeev theocratic ntawm Futa-Jalon hauv Central Guinea;
• Nyob rau xyoo 19th, Massina Empire nyob rau hauv Mali (1818 – 1862), tsim los ntawm Sekou Amadou Barii, ces Amadou Sekou Amadou, uas tau ua tiav kev kov yeej lub nroog loj Timbuktu.
• Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau xyoo 19th, Sokoto Empire tau tsim nyob rau hauv Nigeria.
Cov empires no tau ua pov thawj tias yog lub xeev tsis ruaj khov, txawm li cas los xij, thiab niaj hnub no, tsis muaj lub xeev uas tswj hwm los ntawm Fulani. [38]
Raws li twb tau sau tseg lawm, ib txwm muaj Fulani yog cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, ib nrab tus neeg ua yeeb yam. Lawv tau nyob twj ywm li ntawd rau feem ntau, txawm hais tias nws tau txiav txim siab tias qee tus ntawm lawv tau maj mam hloov mus, ob qho tib si vim muaj kev txwv rau lawv los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov suab puam nyob rau qee thaj tsam, thiab vim lawv qhov kev tawg, thiab vim qee lub tseem fwv tau tsim cov kev pab cuam los coj cov neeg nomadic mus rau kev ua neej nyob sedentary. [7], [8], [11], [19], [21], [23], [25], [42]
Feem coob ntawm lawv yog Muslims, yuav luag tag nrho lawv nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Keeb kwm, lawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag mus ntawm Islam mus rau West Africa.
Tus kws sau ntawv Malian thiab tus kws xav Amadou Hampate Bâ (1900-1991), uas nws tus kheej koom nrog cov neeg Fulani, nco qab txog txoj hauv kev uas lawv pom los ntawm lwm cov zej zog, ua rau kev sib piv nrog cov neeg Yudais, ntau npaum li cov neeg Yudais ua ntej kev tsim. Cov neeg Ixayees, lawv tau tawg mus rau ntau lub tebchaws, qhov chaw uas lawv tsim kev thuam ntau dua los ntawm lwm lub zej zog, uas tsis txawv ntawm ib lub tebchaws mus rau ib lub tebchaws: Fulani feem ntau pom los ntawm lwm tus raws li kev coj noj coj ua, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev ntxeev siab. [38]
Cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ib txwm nyob hauv thaj chaw tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm Fulani, nruab nrab ntawm lawv, ntawm ib sab, raws li cov neeg yug tsiaj ib nrab thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ntawm cov pab pawg sib txawv, ntawm lwm tus, thiab qhov tseeb tias lawv muaj ntau dua li lwm haiv neeg hauv ib pawg. coob tus ntawm lub teb chaws (thiab yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog ntau pab pawg neeg ntawm cov pejxeem), tsis muaj kev poob siab pab rau kev piav qhia ntawm no lub koob npe nrov, ib yam nkaus thiab feem ntau tswj los ntawm cov pejxeem uas lawv nkag mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb. [8], [19], [23], [25], [38]
Lub tswv yim hais tias lawv yog pre-emptively tsim vectors ntawm jihadism yog ntau tsis ntev los no thiab yuav piav qhia los ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub Fulani nyob rau hauv lub sau tseg tsis ntev dhau los nce kev ua phem nyob rau hauv lub central ib feem ntawm Mali - nyob rau hauv lub Masina cheeb tsam thiab nyob rau hauv lub khoov ntawm tus dej Niger. [26], [28], [36], [41]
Thaum tham txog cov ntsiab lus tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm Fulani thiab "Jihadists", nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov nco ntsoov tias keeb kwm thoob plaws teb chaws Africa, kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau tshwm sim thiab tseem muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov xibhwb, uas feem ntau yog neeg nom tswv lossis ib nrab haiv neeg. thiab muaj kev xyaum tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab txav nrog lawv pab tsiaj. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb liam cov tsiaj nyeg ntawm kev rhuav tshem lawv cov qoob loo nrog lawv cov tsiaj, thiab cov tsiaj nyeg yws ntawm tub sab tub nyiag, kev nkag tau yooj yim rau hauv dej thiab cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev txav mus los. [38]
Tab sis txij li xyoo 2010, qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntau ntxiv thiab tuag taus tau coj mus rau qhov sib txawv kiag li, tshwj xeeb hauv cheeb tsam Sahel. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tes thiab sib ntaus sib tua tau hloov los ntawm kev tua nrog Kalashnikov phom phom. [5], [7], [8], [41]
Kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm thaj av ua liaj ua teb, tsim los ntawm cov pej xeem loj hlob sai heev, maj mam txwv cov cheeb tsam rau grazing thiab tsiaj txhu. Lub caij no, kev kub ntxhov hnyav nyob rau xyoo 1970 thiab 1980s ua rau cov neeg yug tsiaj tsiv mus rau sab qab teb mus rau thaj chaw uas cov neeg nyob tsis sib haum xeeb rau kev sib tw nrog nomads. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tau muab rau cov cai rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev loj hlob tsiaj txhu zoo li marginalize nomads. [12], [38]
Tawm ntawm txoj cai kev loj hlob, cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw feem ntau xav tias muaj kev ntxub ntxaug los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, xav tias lawv nyob hauv ib puag ncig tsis txaus ntseeg thiab npaj los tiv thaiv lawv txoj kev nyiam. Tsis tas li ntawd, pawg neeg ua phem thiab cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab Central Africa tab tom sim siv lawv txoj kev ntxhov siab los yeej lawv. [7], [10], [12], [14], [25], [26]
Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, feem ntau ntawm cov xibhwb nomads nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yog Fulani, uas kuj yog tib nomads uas muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb chaws ntawm lub cheeb tsam.
Qhov xwm txheej ntawm qee lub tebchaws Fulani tau hais los saum toj no, nrog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua sib txawv ntawm Fulani, tau ua rau ntau tus neeg saib xyuas ntseeg tias Fulani kev koom tes hauv kev tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg ua phem jihadism hauv nruab nrab Mali txij li xyoo 2015 yog nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam keeb kwm thiab tus kheej ntawm cov neeg Fulani, uas tau nthuav tawm raws li bête noire ("dub beast"). Kev koom tes ntawm Fulani hauv kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev hem thawj ua phem no hauv Burkina Faso lossis txawm nyob hauv Niger zoo li lees paub qhov kev pom no. [30], [38]
Thaum tham txog keeb kwm yav dhau los, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Fulani tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tawm tsam Fabkis txoj kev tswj hwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Futa-Jalon thiab cov cheeb tsam ib puag ncig - thaj chaw uas yuav dhau los ua Fabkis txoj kev nyob hauv Guinea, Senegal thiab Fabkis Sudan. .
Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau ua tias thaum lub sijhawm Fulani tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim lub chaw ua phem tshiab hauv Burkina Faso, qhov xwm txheej hauv Niger yog qhov sib txawv: nws muaj tseeb tias muaj kev tawm tsam ib ntus los ntawm cov pab pawg suav nrog Fulani, tab sis. cov no yog cov neeg tawm tsam sab nraud. tuaj ntawm Mali. [30], [38]
Hauv kev xyaum, txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej ntawm Fulani txawv ntawm lub tebchaws mus rau ib lub tebchaws, txawm tias nws yog lawv txoj kev ua neej (degree ntawm kev sib hais haum, theem ntawm kev kawm, thiab lwm yam), txoj kev uas lawv pom lawv tus kheej, lossis txawm tias txoj kev, raws li. uas lawv pom los ntawm lwm tus.
Ua ntej pib nrog kev soj ntsuam ntau qhov tob ntawm ntau hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm Fulani thiab cov jihadists, yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb, uas peb yuav rov qab mus rau qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no. Nws tau hais tias Fulani nyob hauv Africa - los ntawm Gulf of Guinea ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic sab hnub poob, mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv Liab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Lawv nyob ua ke raws ib txoj kev lag luam qub tshaj plaws hauv Africa - txoj kev khiav tam sim ntawd raws ntug qab teb ntawm Sahara suab puam, uas rau hnub no kuj yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nrog rau kev ua liaj ua teb tsiv teb tsaws chaw nyob hauv Sahel.
Yog tias, ntawm qhov tod tes, peb saib daim duab qhia ntawm cov teb chaws uas PMC "Wagner" ua cov haujlwm tseem ceeb, hauv kev pab cuam ntawm tsoomfwv cov tub rog (tsis hais seb tsoomfwv puas raug cai lossis los ua lub zog los ntawm kev tawm tsam tsis ntev los no - pom tshwj xeeb yog Mali thiab Burkina Faso), peb yuav pom tias muaj kev sib tshooj loj ntawm cov tebchaws uas Fulani nyob thiab qhov chaw "Wagnerovites" ua haujlwm.
Ntawm ib sab, qhov no tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau coincidence. PMC "Wagner" kuj ua tiav cov kab mob parasitises lub teb chaws uas muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb loj, thiab yog tias lawv yog kev tsov kev rog - txawm zoo dua. Nrog Prigozhin lossis tsis muaj Prigozhin (qee tus neeg tseem xav tias nws muaj sia nyob), PMC "Wagner" yuav tsis tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Ua ntej, vim hais tias nws yuav tsum ua kom tiav cov ntawv cog lus uas cov nyiaj tau txais, thiab qhov thib ob, vim tias qhov no yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv hauv nruab nrab hauv Lavxias Federation.
Tsis muaj kev dag ntau dua li qhov tshaj tawm ntawm "Wagner" raws li "lub tuam txhab tub rog ntiag tug" - PMC. Ib tug yuav nug yog dab tsi yog "tus kheej" txog ib lub tuam txhab uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub behest ntawm lub hauv paus tsoom fwv, armed los ntawm nws, muab cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb (thawj nyob rau hauv Syria, ces nyob rau lwm qhov), muab nws yog "cov neeg ua hauj lwm tus kheej", los ntawm lub parole ntawm cov neeg raug kaw nrog cov lus hnyav. Nrog xws li "kev pab cuam" los ntawm lub xeev, nws yog ntau tshaj kev dag, nws yog downright perverse, hu ua "Wagner" ib tug "private tuam txhab".
PMC "Wagner" yog ib qho cuab yeej ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm Putin txoj kev xav hauv thaj chaw thiab yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev nkag mus ntawm "Russky Mir" nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas nws tsis yog "kev nyiam huv" rau cov tub rog Lavxias niaj hnub tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv tag nrho nws cov kev ua yeeb yam. Lub tuam txhab feem ntau tshwm sim qhov twg muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nom tswv zoo los muab nws cov kev pabcuam zoo li Mephistopheles niaj hnub no. Lub Fulani muaj qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev nyob hauv qhov chaw uas muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv siab heev, yog li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag lawv cov kev sib cav nrog PMC Wagner yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv kuj muaj tseeb. "Wagner" PMCs tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig "txav" raws txoj hauv kev ntawm txoj kev lag luam qub uas twb tau hais tseg lawm - niaj hnub no txoj kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw tseem ceeb, ib feem ntawm qhov uas txawm tias koom nrog ntau lub tebchaws African rau Hajj hauv Mecca. Lub Fulani muaj txog peb caug lab tus tib neeg thiab yog tias lawv muaj kev kub ntxhov, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb uas yuav muaj tus cwj pwm ntawm tsawg kawg yog ib qho kev tsov rog African.
Txog rau lub sijhawm no hauv peb lub sijhawm, suav tsis txheeb cov kev tsov rog hauv cheeb tsam tau tawm tsam hauv Africa nrog cov neeg raug tsim txom loj heev thiab suav tsis txheeb thiab puas tsuaj. Tab sis muaj tsawg kawg yog ob qhov kev tsov rog uas tau lees tias txawm tias cov ntawv tsis raug cai ntawm "African ntiaj teb kev tsov kev rog", nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus - kev tsov kev rog uas koom nrog ntau lub teb chaws nyob rau sab av loj thiab dhau mus. Cov no yog ob qhov kev tsov rog hauv Congo (hnub no lub koom pheej ywj pheej ntawm Congo). Thawj zaug tau los ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 24, 1996 txog Lub Tsib Hlis 16, 1997 (ntau tshaj li rau lub hlis) thiab coj mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub teb chaws Zaire - Mobuto Sese Seko nrog Laurent-Désiré Kabila. 18 lub teb chaws thiab cov koom haum tsis sib haum xeeb tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua, txhawb nqa los ntawm 3 + 6 lub teb chaws, qee qhov tsis qhib kiag li. Kev ua tsov ua rog kuj yog qee qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev tua neeg hauv Rwanda uas nyob sib ze, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg tawg rog hauv DR Congo (ces Zaire).
Thaum Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb xaus, cov neeg sib tw yeej tau sib cav sib ceg thiab nws tau tig mus rau hauv Tsov Rog Zaum Ob, los yog hu ua "Great African War", uas kav ntev li tsib xyoos, txij lub Yim Hli 2, 1998 mus txog. Lub Xya Hli 18, 2003. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov koom haum tub rog koom nrog hauv kev ua tsov rog no yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem paub tseeb, tab sis txaus nws hais tias nyob rau sab ntawm Laurent-Désiré Kabila tab tom sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm Angola, Chad, Namibia, Zimbabwe thiab Sudan, thaum tawm tsam. Cov nom tswv hauv Kinshasa yog Uganda, Rwanda thiab Burundi. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb ib txwm hais txog, qee qhov "cov neeg pab" cuam tshuam tsis tau caw.
Thaum tsov rog, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm DR Congo, Laurent-Désiré Kabila, tuag thiab raug hloov los ntawm Joseph Kabila. Dhau li ntawm txhua qhov kev ua phem thiab kev puas tsuaj, kev ua tsov ua rog tseem nco txog tag nrho kev tua neeg ntawm 60,000 pygmy civilians (!), nrog rau txog 10,000 pygmy warriors. Kev ua tsov ua rog tau xaus nrog kev pom zoo uas pom qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog txawv teb chaws los ntawm DR Congo, kev xaiv tsa Joseph Kabila ua tus thawj tswj hwm ib ntus, thiab kev cog lus ntawm plaub tus thawj tswj hwm uas tau pom zoo ua ntej, nyob ntawm qhov kev txaus siab ntawm txhua pawg neeg sib ntaus sib tua. Hauv xyoo 2006, kev xaiv tsa dav dav tau muaj, raws li lawv yuav muaj nyob rau hauv Central African lub teb chaws uas tau ntsib ob qhov kev tsov kev rog sib law liag hauv ntau dua rau xyoo.
Qhov piv txwv ntawm ob qhov kev tsov rog hauv Congo tuaj yeem ua rau peb muaj lub tswv yim ntxhib ntawm qhov yuav tshwm sim yog tias muaj kev ua tsov ua rog tshwm sim hauv Sahel koom nrog 30 lab tus neeg Fulani. Peb tsis tuaj yeem ua xyem xyav tias qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau raug txiav txim siab ntev hauv cov tebchaws hauv cheeb tsam, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv Moscow, qhov chaw lawv xav tias nrog kev koom tes ntawm PMC "Wagner" hauv Mali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, CAR thiab Cameroon (nrog rau hauv DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Mozambique thiab Madagascar), lawv "tso tes rau ntawm lub txee" ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb loj uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsim nyog.
Moscow lub ambitions los ua ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa tsis yog los ntawm nag hmo kiag li. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb npaj lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm txawj ntse tub ceev xwm, diplomats thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, cov tub rog tshwj xeeb uas npaj txhij los cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv ib los yog lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws yog tsim nyog. Ib feem loj ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa tau mapped los ntawm Soviet General Administration ntawm Geodesy thiab Cartography (rov qab rau hauv 1879 - 1928) thiab "Wagners" tuaj yeem suav nrog kev txhawb nqa cov ntaub ntawv zoo heev.
Muaj cov lus qhia muaj zog ntawm cov neeg Lavxias muaj zog hauv kev ua kom muaj kev tawm tsam hauv Mali thiab Burkina Faso. Nyob rau theem no, tsis muaj kev iab liam ntawm Lavxias kev koom tes hauv Niger kev tawm tsam, nrog rau US Secretary of State Blinken tus kheej tso tseg qhov muaj peev xwm no. Qhov kawg, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tau txhais hais tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws lub neej Prigozhin tsis txais tos cov tub rog plotters thiab tsis muab cov kev pab cuam ntawm nws lub tuam txhab "private" tub rog.
Nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm yav tas los Marxist kev lig kev cai, ntawm no ib yam nkaus thiab Russia ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug yam tsawg kawg nkaus kev pab cuam thiab ib tug siab tshaj plaws kev pab cuam. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus yog "tso taw" hauv ntau lub teb chaws, txeeb "tshaj tawm", tsim kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv zos, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tub rog, thiab siv cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig hauv zos ntau li ntau tau. PMC "Wagner" twb tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig hauv qhov no.
Qhov kev pab cuam siab tshaj plaws yog kom tswj tau tag nrho cheeb tsam Sahel thiab cia Moscow txiav txim siab seb yuav muaj dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau ntawd - kev thaj yeeb lossis kev ua tsov ua rog. Ib tug neeg yuav hais tias: "yog, tau kawg - nws ua rau kev nkag siab los sau cov nyiaj ntawm tsoomfwv cov thawj coj thiab khawb cov pob zeb muaj txiaj ntsig ntau li ntau tau. Tab sis dab tsi yog ntuj raug txim ua li cas cov Russians yuav tsum tau tswj lub hav zoov ntawm lub Sahel lub teb chaws? "
Cov lus teb rau cov lus nug tsim nyog no nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tub rog teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub Sahel, ntws ntawm cov neeg tawg rog yuav maj mus rau cov teb chaws Europe. Cov no yuav yog cov neeg coob coob uas tsis tuaj yeem muaj los ntawm tub ceev xwm ib leeg. Peb yuav ua tim khawv rau scenes thiab dab phem pom nrog ib tug loj propaganda nqi. Feem ntau, cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe yuav sim lees txais ib feem ntawm cov neeg tawg rog, ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev ntes lwm tus hauv Africa, leej twg yuav tsum tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm EU vim lawv tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tag nrho.
Rau Moscow, tag nrho cov no yuav yog ib tug paradisiacal scenario uas Moscow yuav tsis yig mus teem nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm, yog hais tias muab lub sijhawm. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lub peev xwm ntawm Fab Kis los ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj hwm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb yog nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug, thiab tseem muaj lus nug yog qhov kev xav ntawm Fabkis kom ua haujlwm li no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab rooj plaub hauv Mali thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm UN lub luag haujlwm. nyob ntawd. Hauv Moscow, lawv tsis txhawj xeeb txog kev ua txhaum cai nuclear, tab sis dab tsi tseem tshuav rau detonating "migration foob pob", uas tsis muaj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, tab sis cov nyhuv tseem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj.
Raws nraim rau cov laj thawj no, cov txheej txheem hauv Sahel lub teb chaws yuav tsum tau ua raws thiab kawm hauv qhov tob, suav nrog cov kws tshawb fawb Bulgarian thiab cov kws tshaj lij. Bulgaria yog nyob rau ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab cov tub ceev xwm hauv peb lub tebchaws yuav tsum tau siv lub zog tsim nyog rau txoj cai ntawm EU txhawm rau npaj rau "kev sib kis".
Ntu ob ua raws li
Cov peev txheej siv:
[1] Detchev, Teodor Danailov, Sawv ntawm Ntiaj Teb Kev Ua Phem Txhaum Cai. Kev ua phem franchising thiab rebranding ntawm pawg neeg phem, Jubilee sau nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm 90th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Prof. DIN Toncho Traandafilov, VUSI Publishing House, pp. 192 – 201 (hauv Bulgarian).
[2] Detchev, Teodor Danailov, "Ob chav hauv qab" lossis "schizophrenic bifurcation"? Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ethno-nationalist thiab kev ntseeg-extremist motives nyob rau hauv cov dej num ntawm ib co neeg ua phem pab pawg, Sp. Kev nom kev tswv thiab kev ruaj ntseg; Xyoo kuv; tsis muaj. 2; 2017; pp. 34–51, ISSN 2535-0358 (hauv Bulgarian).
[3] Detchev, Teodor Danailov, Cov neeg ua phem "franchises" ntawm Islamic lub xeev tuav cov choj taub hau hauv Philippines. Ib puag ncig ntawm pawg Mindanao cov kob muaj cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev ntxiv dag zog thiab kev loj hlob ntawm pab pawg neeg ua phem nrog "ob npaug hauv qab", Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Kev Ruaj Ntseg thiab Kev Lag Luam; Ntim III; 2017; pp. 7–31, ISSN 2367-8526 (hauv Bulgarian).
[4] Fleck, Anna, Ib tug tshiab nthwv dej ntawm coups nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa?, 03/08/2023, blacksea-caspia (hauv Bulgarian).
[5] Ajala, Olayinka, Cov neeg tsav tsheb tshiab ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Nigeria: Kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov kws saib xyuas, Lub Peb Hlis Lub Peb Hlis, Ntu 41, 2020, Nqe 12, (tshaj tawm online 09 Cuaj hlis 2020), pp. 2048-2066
[6] Benjaminsen, Tor A. thiab Boubacar Ba, Fulani-Dogon tua neeg hauv Mali: Cov Neeg Ua Teb-Herder Teeb Meem Raws Li Kev Tawm Tsam thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv, Neeg Asmeskas Kev Ruaj Ntseg, Vol. 14, 2021, Issue 1, (Published online: 13 May 2021)
[7] Boukhars, Anouar thiab Carl Pilgrim, Nyob rau hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb, lawv vam meej: Yuav Ua Li Cas Txog Kev Nyuaj Siab Hauv Nroog Fuels Kev Ua Tub Rog thiab Banditry hauv Central Sahel, Lub Peb Hlis 20, 2023, Middle East Institute
[8] Brottem, Leif thiab Andrew McDonnell, Pastoralism thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Sudano-Sahel: Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Cov Ntawv Sau, 2020, Tshawb Nrhiav Hauv Paus
[9] Burkina Faso txoj kev tawm tsam thiab kev nom kev tswv: Txhua yam koj yuav tsum paub, Lub Kaum Hli 5, 2022, Al Jazeera
[10] Cherbib, Hamza, Jihadism hauv Sahel: Exploiting Local Disorders, IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook 2018, European Institute of the Mediterranean (IEMed)
[11] Cissé, Modibo Ghaly, Nkag siab Fulani Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Sahel Crisis, Lub Plaub Hlis 22, 2020, Africa Center for Strategic Studies
[12] Clarkson, Alexander, Scapegoating Fulani yog Fueling Sahel's Cycle of Violance, Lub Xya Hli 19, 2023, Kev Tshawb Fawb Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees (WPR)
[13] Kev nyab xeeb, kev thaj yeeb thiab kev ruaj ntseg Fact Sheet: Sahel, Plaub Hlis 1, 2021, JSTOR, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI)
[14] Cline, Lawrence E., Jihadist Movements hauv Sahel: Sawv ntawm Fulani?, Lub Peb Hlis 2021, Kev Ua Phem Txhaum Cai thiab Kev Ua Phem Txhaum Cai, 35 (1), pp. 1-17
[15] Cold-Raynkilde, Signe Marie thiab Boubacar Ba, Unpacking "kev nyab xeeb tsov rog tshiab": Cov neeg ua yeeb yam thiab cov neeg tsav tsheb ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Sahel, DIIS - Lub koom haum Danish rau International Studies, DIIS REPORT 2022: 04
[16] Courtright, James, haiv neeg tua neeg los ntawm West African Army yog Undermining Regional Security. Los ntawm kev koom tes nrog cov tub rog uas tsom Fulani cov pej xeem, lub xeev cov tub rog muaj kev pheej hmoo ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, Lub Peb Hlis 7, 2023, Txoj Cai Txawv Tebchaws
[17] Durmaz, Mucahid, Yuav ua li cas Burkina Faso los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Sahel. Cov neeg raug tsim txom hauv lub xeev West Africa tab tom thim cov neeg nyob hauv nws cov neeg zej zog mali, qhov chaw yug ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, 11 Lub Peb Hlis 2022, Al Jazeera
[18] Equizi, Massimo, Lub luag haujlwm tseeb ntawm haiv neeg hauv Sahelian herder-neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis sib haum xeeb, Lub Ib Hlis 20, 2023, PASRES – Pastoralism, Uncertinity, Resilience
[19] Ezenwa, Olumba E. thiab Thomas Stubbs, Herder-neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Sahel xav tau cov lus piav qhia tshiab: vim li cas "eco-violance" haum, Lub Xya Hli 12, 2022, Kev Sib Tham
[20] Huab Tais, Dab tsi yog nyob hauv lub npe? Ua Cov Ntaub Ntawv rau Sahel tsis sib haum xeeb li "Eco-kev ua phem, Lub Xya hli ntuj 15, 2022
[21] Ezenwa, Olumba E., Nigeria "kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov dej thiab cov nyom nyom tau nce zuj zus - ntawm no yog vim li cas, Smart Water Magazine, Kaum Ib Hlis 4, 2022
[22] Daim ntawv qhia tseeb: Tub rog Coup hauv Niger, 3 Aug 2023, ACLED
[23] Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb-Herder tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Fulani thiab Zarma hauv Niger, Huab cua Diplomacy. Xyoo 2014
[24] Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Fab Kis liam Wagner ntawm "Preying" ntawm Mali, Tus sau - Cov neeg ua haujlwm sau ntawv nrog AFP, Tus Kws Tiv Thaiv Post, Lub Xya Hli 22, 2022
[25] Gaye, Sergine-Bamba, Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov neeg yug tsiaj tawm tsam qhov keeb kwm ntawm kev hem thawj asymmetric hauv Mali thiab Burkina Faso, 2018, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Peace and Security Center of Competence Sub-Saharan Africa, ISBN: 978-2-490093-07-6
[26] Higazy, Adas thiab Shidiki Abubakar Ali, Pastoralism thiab Security hauv West Africa thiab Sahel. Mus rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, Lub Yim Hli 2018, UNOWAS Txoj Kev Kawm
[27] Hunter, Ben thiab Eric Humphery-Smith, Sahel's downward kauv fueled los ntawm kev tswj tsis muaj zog, kev hloov pauv huab cua, 3 Kaum Ib Hlis 2022, Verisk Maplecroft
[28] Jones, Melinda, Lub Sahel ntsib 3 qhov teeb meem: Kev nyab xeeb, tsis sib haum xeeb thiab muaj neeg coob coob, 2021, Vision of Humanity, IEP
[29] Kindzeka, Moki Edwin, Cameroon Hosted Sahel Cross-Boundary Pastoralists Lub Rooj Sab Laj Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Ncaj Ncees, Lub Xya hli ntuj 12, 2023, VOA - Africa
[30] McGregor, Andrew, Lub Fulani Crisis: Kev ua phem hauv zej zog thiab radicalization hauv Sahel, CTC Sentinel, Lub Ob Hlis 2017, Vol. 10, Qhov Teeb Meem 2, Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Ua Phem Txhaum Cai ntawm West Point
[31] Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv zos hauv Sahel. Butkina Faso, Mali thiab Niger, Center for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD), 2022
[32] Moderan, Ornella thiab Fahiraman Rodrigue Koné, Leej twg ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam hauv Burkina Faso, Lub Ob Hlis 03, 2022, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg
[33] Moritz, Mark thiab Mamediarra Mbake, Qhov txaus ntshai ntawm ib zaj dab neeg txog Fulani pastoralists, Pastoralism, Vol. 12, Tshooj xov tooj: 14, 2022 (Published: 23 March 2022)
[34] Tsiv Tawm Ntawm Duab Ntxoo: Hloov pauv hauv Wagner Pawg Kev Ua Haujlwm Thoob Ntiaj Teb, 2 Aug 2023, ACLED
[35] Hlo, Ezenwa, Peb xav tau txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev nkag siab txog kev ua phem hauv Sahel, Lub Ob Hlis 28, 2023, London School of Economics Blogs
[36] Population at Risk: Central Sahel (Burkina Faso, Mali thiab Niger), 31 Lub Tsib Hlis 2023, Lub Chaw Thoob Ntiaj Teb rau Lub Luag Haujlwm Tiv Thaiv
[37] Sahel 2021: Kev Ua Tsov Rog Hauv Zej Zog, Kev Sib Cais Sib Cais Sib Cais thiab Kev Sib Koom Tes, 17 June 2021, ACLED
[38] Neeb, Boukary, Cov neeg Fulani thiab Jihadism hauv Sahel thiab West African lub tebchaws, Lub Ob Hlis 8, 2019, Observatoire ntawm Arab-Muslim Ntiaj Teb thiab Sahel, Lub Fondation pour la recherche strategique (FRS)
[39] Soufan Center Special Report, Wagner Group: Kev hloov pauv ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog, Jason Blazakis, Colin P. Clarke, Naureen Chowdhury Fink, Sean Steinberg, Lub Chaw Soufan, Lub Rau Hli 2023
[40] Nkag siab txog Burkina Faso's Last Coup, Los ntawm Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Lub Kaum Hli 28, 2022
[41] Kev nruj kev tsiv hauv Sahel, Lub Yim Hli 10, 2023, los ntawm Center for Preventive Action, Ntiaj Teb Kev Sib Haum Xeeb Tracker
[42] Waicanjo, Charles, Transnational Herder-Farmer Conflicts thiab Social Instability nyob rau hauv SahelLub Tsib Hlis 21, 2020, African Liberty
[43] Wilkins, Henry, Los ntawm Lake Chad, Fulani Cov Poj Niam Ua Daim Ntawv Qhia Uas Txo Cov Neeg Ua Teb - Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Herder; Lub Xya hli ntuj 07, 2023, VOA - Africa
Hais txog qhov kev sau:
Teodor Detchev tau ua tus xibfwb qhia ntawv puv sijhawm ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Kev Ruaj Ntseg thiab Kev Lag Luam (VUSI) - Plovdiv (Bulgaria) txij li xyoo 2016.
Nws qhia ntawm New Bulgarian University - Sofia thiab ntawm VTU "St. St. Cyril thiab Methodius”. Tam sim no nws qhia ntawm VUSI, nrog rau ntawm UNSS. Nws cov kev qhia tseem ceeb yog: Kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ruaj ntseg, European kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo, Economic sociology (ua lus Askiv thiab Bulgarian), Ethnosociology, Ethno-political thiab lub teb chaws tsis sib haum xeeb, Kev ua phem thiab kev tua neeg - teeb meem nom tswv thiab kev noj qab haus huv, Kev loj hlob ntawm cov koom haum.
Nws yog tus sau ntau tshaj 35 kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm ntawm hluav taws tsis kam ntawm cov qauv tsim thiab tsis kam ntawm cylindrical steel plhaub. Nws yog tus sau ntau tshaj 40 tej hauj lwm ntawm sociology, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo, nrog rau cov monographs: Muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ruaj ntseg – part 1. Social concessions in collective bargaining (2015); Institutional Interaction thiab Industrial Relations (2012); Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham hauv Private Security Sector (2006); "Cov Hom Phiaj Ua Haujlwm" thiab (Post) Kev Sib Raug Zoo hauv Central thiab Eastern Europe (2006).
Nws co-authored cov phau ntawv: Innovations nyob rau hauv collective bargaining. European thiab Bulgarian yam; Bulgarian cov tswv haujlwm thiab cov poj niam ua haujlwm; Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Cov Poj Niam hauv Kev Siv Biomass hauv Bulgaria. Tsis ntev los no nws tau ua haujlwm rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ruaj ntseg; txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb no neeg phem disorganizations; teeb meem ethnosociological, haiv neeg thiab haiv neeg-kev ntseeg tsis sib haum xeeb.
Tus tswv cuab ntawm International Labor thiab Employment Relations Association (ILERA), American Sociological Association (ASA) thiab Bulgarian Association for Political Science (BAPN).
Social democrat los ntawm kev cai lij choj. Nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1998 - 2001, nws yog Tus Tuav Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Ncaj Ncees. Editor-in-Chief ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Svoboden Narod" los ntawm 1993 txog 1997. Tus Thawj Coj ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Svoboden Narod" hauv 2012 - 2013. Tus Lwm Thawj Coj thiab Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm SSI nyob rau lub sijhawm 2003 - 2011. Tus Thawj Coj ntawm "Industrial Policy" ntawm AIKB txij thaum 2014 .to hnub no. Tus tswv cuab ntawm NSTS los ntawm 2003 txog 2012.
