Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya lasankha kusavomereza pempho la uphungu la Council of Europe’s Committee on Bioethics (DH-BIO) pa Article 29 ya lamuloli. Convention on Human Rights ndi Biomedicine (“Msonkhano wa Oviedo”). The chisankho ndi chomaliza. Bungwe la DH-BIO linapempha Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya kuti lipereke lingaliro lauphungu pa mafunso awiri okhudzana ndi kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu ndi ulemu wa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo pamene akuyang'aniridwa ndi kuikidwa mwadala ndi/kapena kulandira chithandizo. Khotilo linakana pempholi chifukwa, ngakhale linatsimikizira, kuti lili ndi mphamvu zopereka uphungu malinga ndi Ndime 29 ya Pangano la Oviedo, mafunso omwe anafunsidwawo sanagwirizane ndi luso la Khotilo.
Aka kanali koyamba kuti Khoti la ku Ulaya lilandire pempho lopereka uphungu pa Gawo 29 la Pangano la Oviedo. Zopempha zoterezi siziyenera kusokonezedwa ndi zopempha za malingaliro a uphungu pansi pa Protocol No. za ufulu ndi kumasuka zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Pangano la Mayiko a ku Ulaya la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe kapena ndondomeko zake.
Background
Pempho la lingaliro laupangiri lidayambitsidwa pa 3 Disembala 2019.
Mafunso ofunsidwa ndi Komiti ya Bioethics anali ndi cholinga chofuna kumveketsa bwino mbali zina za kumasulira kwalamulo kwa Gawo 7 la Oviedo Convention, ndi cholinga chopereka malangizo kwa ntchito yake yamakono ndi yamtsogolo m'derali. Mafunso anali motere:
(1) Mogwirizana ndi cholinga cha Msonkhano wa Oviedo “chotsimikizira aliyense, popanda tsankho, kulemekeza umphumphu wawo” (Ndime 1 Oviedo Convention), ndi “zitetezo” zotani zotchulidwa m’Ndime 7 ya Oviedo Convention zimene Boma Limembala liyenera kulamulira kuti likwaniritse zofunika zochepa za chitetezo?
(2) Pankhani ya chithandizo cha matenda a maganizo kuti aperekedwe popanda chilolezo cha munthu amene akukhudzidwa komanso ndi cholinga choteteza ena ku chivulazo chachikulu (chomwe sichinafotokozedwe ndi Ndime 7 koma chili mkati mwa Ndime 26 (1) ya Msonkhano wa Oviedo), kodi mikhalidwe yotetezera imodzimodziyo igwire ntchito monga momwe yatchulidwira mu funso 1?
Mu June 2020 a Contracting Parties to the European Convention on Human Rights (“European Convention”) anapemphedwa kuti ayankhe funso la ulamuliro wa Khotilo, kupereka ndemanga zawo pa pempho la DH-BIO, ndi kupereka mfundo zokhudza malamulo apakhomo ndi machitidwe. Mabungwe otsatirawa adapatsidwa chilolezo kuti alowererepo pazokambirana: Kuvomerezeka; a International Disability Alliance, ndi European Disability Forum, Inclusion Europe, Autism ku Europe ndi Mental Health Europe (mogwirizana); ndi Center for the Human Rights of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry.
Pempho lomasulira lidawunikidwa ndi Grand Chamber.
Chigamulo cha Khoti
Khotilo linazindikira kuti lili ndi mphamvu zopereka uphungu malinga ndi Ndime 29 ya Mgwirizano wa Oviedo, ndipo linasankha mtundu, kukula ndi malire a ulamuliro umenewo. Ndime 29 ya Oviedo Convention ikupereka kuti Khotilo lipereke malingaliro a upangiri pa "mafunso azamalamulo" okhudza "kutanthauzira" kwa "mgwirizano wapano". Mawu akuti mawu amenewa anayambika m’chaka cha 1995 pamene Khotilo linagwirizana ndi mfundo yoti pakhale ntchito yomasulira, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu amene panopa ndi Article 47 § 1 ya European Convention. Popeza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa adjective "zalamulo" m'nkhaniyo kumasonyeza cholinga choletsa ulamuliro uliwonse kumbali ya Khoti pa nkhani za ndondomeko ndi mafunso aliwonse omwe amapitirira kutanthauzira malembawo, pempho lomwe lili pansi pa Ndime 29 liyenera kuperekedwa mofanana. malire ndi mafunso aliwonse ofunsidwa ayenera kukhala a "lamulo".
Mchitidwewu udaphatikizanso kumasulira kwa mgwirizano, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Ndime 31-33 za Msonkhano wa Vienna. Pamene Khoti likuwona Msonkhanowo ngati chida chamoyo kuti limasuliridwe mogwirizana ndi mmene zinthu zilili masiku ano, linaona kuti panalibe maziko ofanana m’Gawo 29 loti atenge njira yofanana ndi ya Msonkhano wa Oviedo. Poyerekeza ndi Msonkhano wa ku Ulaya, Msonkhano wa Oviedo unayesedwa ngati chida chothandizira / pangano lomwe limapereka ufulu waumunthu ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri pazamankhwala a biomedicine, kuti apitirire patsogolo pokhudzana ndi madera ena kudzera mu ndondomeko.
Makamaka, ngakhale kuti zofunikira za Panganoli sizinaletse kuperekedwa kwa khoti lamilandu pamilandu ina yaufulu wa anthu yomwe inachitika mkati mwa bungwe la Council of Europe, izi zinali zogwirizana ndi chigamulo choti ulamuliro wake pansi pa ulamuliro wake. chida chake chokhazikika sichinakhudzidwe. Sizikanatha kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zomwe zaperekedwa mu Gawo 29 la Oviedo Convention m'njira yosagwirizana ndi cholinga cha Article 47 § 2 ya Mgwirizanowu, yomwe inali kusunga ntchito yake yoweruza milandu ngati khoti lapadziko lonse loyendetsa chilungamo pansi pa Msonkhanowu.
M’zidziwitso zimene analandira kuchokera ku Maboma, ena ankaona kuti Khotilo silinali loyenerera kuyankha mafunsowo, malinga ndi Ndime 47 § 2 ya Pangano la Mayiko a ku Ulaya. Ena anapereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana onena za “mikhalidwe yotetezera” imene iyenera kulamuliridwa ndi maiko a mbali ya Msonkhano wa Oviedo. Ambiri aiwo adawonetsa kuti malamulo awo apakhomo amalola kulowererapo mwachisawawa pokhudzana ndi anthu omwe akudwala matenda amisala pomwe izi zinali zofunikira kuteteza ena kuvulazidwa kwambiri. Kawirikawiri, kuchitapo kanthu kotereku kunkalamulidwa ndi zomwezo, ndipo zinali zotetezedwa mofanana ndi njira zomwe zimatetezera anthu okhudzidwa kuti asadziwononge okha. Kuyesera kusiyanitsa pakati pa maziko awiriwa kuti alowerere mwachisawawa kunali kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa chakuti ma pathologies ambiri ankaika chiopsezo kwa munthu wokhudzidwayo komanso kwa anthu ena.
Mutu wamba wa zopereka zitatu zomwe adalandira kuchokera ku mabungwe omwe adalowererapo unali wakuti Ndime 7 ndi 26 za Oviedo Convention sizinagwirizane ndi Pangano la Ufulu wa Anthu olumala (CRPD). Lingaliro lokhazikitsa chithandizo popanda chilolezo linali lotsutsana ndi CRPD. Mchitidwe woterewu umatsutsana ndi mfundo za ulemu, kusasankhana komanso ufulu ndi chitetezo cha munthu, ndikuphwanya mndandanda wazinthu za CRPD, makamaka Article 14 ya chidacho. Onse omwe adachita nawo Pangano la Oviedo adavomereza CRPD, monga momwe adachitira onse kupatula amodzi mwa mayiko 47 omwe adachita nawo mgwirizano ku European Convention. Khotilo liyenera kuyesetsa kutanthauzira mogwirizana pakati pa zomwe zili mu European Convention, Oviedo Convention ndi CRPD.
Koma malinga ndi ganizo la Khotilo, “zitetezero” zimene mayiko a m’bungweli “ankafunika kuzilamulira kuti akwaniritse zofunika kutetezedwa” pansi pa Ndime 7 ya Pangano la Oviedo sizikanatha kufotokozedwa momveka bwino pomasulira makhothi. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti lamuloli likusonyeza chisankho chadala chosiya gawo laling'ono ku mayiko omwe ali nawo kuti adziwe, mwatsatanetsatane, chitetezo chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malamulo awo apakhomo pankhaniyi. Ponena za lingaliro loti ligwiritse ntchito mfundo za Panganoli, Khotilo linanenanso kuti upangiri wake pansi pa Oviedo Convention uyenera kugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi kusunga ulamuliro wake pansi pa European Convention, koposa zonse ndi ntchito yake yayikulu yoweruza monga khoti lapadziko lonse lapansi. chilungamo. Chifukwa chake siziyenera kutanthauzira munkhaniyi zigamulo zilizonse zovomerezeka kapena mfundo zalamulo za Msonkhano. Ngakhale kuti maganizo a Khotilo pansi pa Ndime 29 anali a uphungu choncho osamangika, kuyankha kukanakhalabe kovomerezeka komanso kumayang'ana kwambiri Pangano la Mayiko a ku Ulaya monga momwe zilili pa Oviedo Convention ndipo zikhoza kusokoneza ulamuliro wake womwe unali wovuta kwambiri.
Ngakhale zili choncho, Khotilo linanena kuti, ngakhale kuti Mgwirizano wa Oviedo ndi wosiyana kwambiri, zofunikira za mayiko pansi pa Gawo 7 zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zili pansi pa European Convention. omangidwa ndi omaliza. Chifukwa chake, zotetezedwa m'malamulo apanyumba zomwe zimagwirizana ndi "zotetezedwa" za Ndime 7 ya Oviedo Convention zikuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zapangano la European Convention, monga momwe Khotilo linapanga kudzera m'malamulo ake ambiri okhudzana ndi chithandizo cha matenda amisala. Komanso, lamuloli limadziwika ndi njira ya Khothi yomasulira Mgwirizanowu, womwe umatsogozedwanso ndikusintha malamulo azamalamulo ndi azachipatala mdziko lonse lapansi. Choncho, akuluakulu a m'mayiko oyenerera ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo a dziko akugwirizana ndi mfundo zomwe zili mu European Convention, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimapatsa mayiko kuti azisangalala ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe.
Pazifukwa izi, ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa zofunikira zochepa za "malamulo" pansi pa Ndime 7 ya Oviedo Convention, kapena "kukwaniritsa kumveka bwino" pazifukwa zotere potengera zigamulo za Khothi ndi zigamulo zokhudza kulowererapo mwadala kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la misala. kukhala mutu wa lingaliro laupangiri lofunsidwa pansi pa Ndime 29 ya chida chimenecho. Chifukwa chake funso 1 silinali mu kuthekera kwa khothi. Ponena za funso 2, lomwe linatsatirapo loyamba ndipo linali logwirizana kwambiri nalo, Khotilo linaonanso kuti silinali m’manja mwalo kuliyankha.
