Tiyenera kuzolowera lingaliro lakuti sitiyenera kutsegula mazenera a mpweya wabwino ndi kuyeretsa mpweya, akufotokoza Prof. Bojan Milovanovic, mkulu wa dipatimenti ya yunivesite ya Civil Engineering and Architecture ku Zagreb.
Kuyankhulana kwa Raya Lecheva, 3e-news.net/ Бизнес.dir.bg, ndi Boyan Milovanovic tikukamba za mfundo za nZEB pafupifupi nyumba zopanda mphamvu za zero komanso mwayi wofalitsa njira zatsopano zopangira ndi kumanga nyumba zopanda mpweya. Ngati kwa zaka 4000 tamanga nyumba zathu m'njira imodzi, m'zaka 20 zapitazi tikuyamba kusintha kwambiri moyo wathu ndikuzindikira kuti tikhoza kupanga nyumba zathu zogwira mtima komanso zokhazikika. Ndi mavuto ndi zovuta ziti zomwe timakumana nazo kuti tikwaniritse nyumba zopanda ndale za carbon pofika 2050. Mavuto aakulu kwambiri mwa onse EU mayiko akugwirizana ndi kusowa kwa ogwira ntchito yomanga ndi zipangizo.
Yunivesite ya Civil Engineering and Architecture ku Zagreb, Croatia ndi m'modzi mwa omwe akuthandiza nawo polojekiti ya Horizon 2020 nZEB Roadshow pamodzi ndi Center for Energy Efficiency EnEfect, Bulgaria; Chamber of Builders, Bulgaria; Hellenic Passive House Institute - Greece; Cluster Pro nZEB-Romania, Institute for Zero Energy and Passive Buildings- Italy (ZEPHIR), Pro-Academy (Poland), LNEC (Portugal), etc.
Ku Croatia, muli ndi nyumba yam'manja yoyendera mphamvu kwambiri ngati gawo la polojekiti ya nZEb Roadshow, ikusiyana bwanji ndi nyumba zina?
Ichi ndi chionetsero choyamba cha nyumba zam'manja zomwe zili pansi pa pulojekiti ya nZEB Roadshow ndipo ndi ntchito yoyesa yomwe ikuwonetsa ubwino wa nyumba zopanda ndale komanso za carbon kwa anthu wamba, komanso kwa mainjiniya, omanga mapulani ndi akatswiri ena. Cholinga chake ndikuwonetsa kuti dongosololi limagwira ntchito ndikukwaniritsa mfundo za nyumba pafupifupi zero mphamvu. Choyamba, nyumbayo ndi yopanda mphamvu, yokhala ndi mpweya wabwino wamakina, kulimba kwa mpweya wambiri komanso zitseko ndi mazenera osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Zimapanga mphamvu m'njira ziwiri - kuchokera ku photovoltaics padenga ndi pampopi ya kutentha yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kuchokera kunja kwa mpweya kuti itenthe kapena kuziziritsa nyumba yonse ndipo imapulumutsa mphamvu zambiri. Tinayesetsa kuzipanga kukhala zodziyimira pawokha monga momwe tingathere ndi mpweya wabwino wamakina ndi kubwezeretsa kutentha kuti tipereke mpweya wabwino popanda kuwononga mphamvu. Timayesa CO2 m'nyumba ndi kunja, timayesa kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka zomwe zingakhale zovulaza kwa anthu okhalamo, monga carcinogenic elements ndi fumbi lina la fumbi, kuti tidziwe zambiri zokhudza momwe chilengedwe chikuyendera. Tagwiritsa ntchito njira zina zokomera eco pamipando yonse ndi zinthu zamkati.
Chifukwa chiyani anthu ku Croatia, komanso momwemo Bulgaria, kumanga nyumba zofanana? Mukuganiza kuti mavuto ake ndi otani?
Malingaliro anga, anthu sakhulupirira kuti nyumba zoterezi zilipo ndipo izi ndi zotheka. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito potsegula mazenera kuti pakhale mpweya wabwino. Ngati zenera latsekedwa, anthu sakhulupirira kuti angapeze mpweya wabwino. Ndi makina opangira mpweya wabwino izi zitha kuchitika. Pambuyo pa zaka 4000 tazolowera kutsegula mazenera kuti tikhale ndi mpweya wabwino, m'zaka 20-25 zapitazi tiyenera kuzolowera kuganiza kuti sitiyenera kutsegula mazenera kuti tipeze mpweya wabwino komanso kuyeretsa mpweya. Ndizovuta kusintha kumvetsetsa kwatsopano kumeneku. Ngakhale akatswiri amakayikira kuti izi ndizotheka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake tidayesa nyumba yoyendayi kuti tiwonetse pang'ono kuti izi ndizotheka ndipo zimagwira ntchito. Mfundo zonse za nyumba yomanga pafupifupi zero-mphamvu zitha kusamutsidwa kuti mumange nyumba yanu. Ngati ili ndi maonekedwe abwino kum'mwera, zipangizo zamakono ndi zosankha zopangira magetsi monga photovoltaics ndi kutentha monga mapampu otentha, nyumbayi sidzafunika mphamvu zowonjezera. Nyumbayi ili ndi ma TV, mapiritsi, firiji, zowunikira, ndipo zonsezi zimagwira ntchito chifukwa cha mphamvu zomwe nyumbayo imapanga kuchokera kudzuwa ndi mpweya.
Kodi mungapange nyumba yanu motere?
Inde, ndikufuna kutero ndipo ndikuganiza kuti ndizotheka.
Kodi ndalama yotereyi ndi yamtengo wapatali bwanji?
Kwa msika wa ku Croatia, mawerengedwewa akuchokera zaka zingapo zapitazo, zomwe sizingafanane ndi msika lero, chifukwa mitengo imakhala yochuluka nthawi zambiri. Detayo idawonetsa kuti nyumba yabanja ndalamazo zimakhala zokwera mpaka 15% kuposa nyumba yofananira yomwe sagwirizana ndi mfundo za nyumba yokhala ndi mphamvu pafupifupi ziro, koma pakapita nthawi, poganizira za moyo wazaka 30-50. nyumba, ndizotsika mtengo ndipo zimalipira mwachangu kwambiri.
Kodi pali chithandizo cha mabanja omwe amamanga nyumba zofanana ku Croatia mwachitsanzo pansi pa Recovery and Resilience Plan kapena mapulogalamu ena?
Muyezo wa nZEB womanga nyumba zamphamvu zomwe zili pafupi ndi zero ku Croatia tsopano ndizovomerezeka ndipo zilibe zothandizira. Pali zothandizira ndi zolimbikitsa zomangira RES, mwachitsanzo photovoltaics, kukonzanso nyumba zomwe zilipo. Koma paboma palibe ndalama zothandizira kumanga nyumba za nZEB. Koma pali zolimbikitsa pamlingo wamba, mwachitsanzo kusalipira misonkho ndi chindapusa ngati mumanga nyumba ya nZEB. Ndalamayi si yaying'ono, choncho zolimbikitsa ngati izi zokhudzana ndi misonkho ndi zabwino komanso zothandiza. Uku ndikupulumutsa € 10-15,000 pabanja lililonse pamisonkho ndi zolipiritsa zakomweko. Izi ndi ndalama zokwanira kugula makina olowera mpweya kapena mazenera otchinga bwino, koma banja lililonse lingasankhe kugula ndi kupulumutsa kumeneku.
Kodi mukuganiza kuti, monga mkulu wa dipatimenti ku yunivesite ya zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga ku Zagreb, ndi vuto lokhudzana ndi ogwira ntchito komanso kupezeka kwa akatswiri pamakampani?
Ndivuto lalikulu ndipo liyenera kuchita ndi anthu omwe sakhulupirira kuti ndizotheka. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa sanaphunzitsidwe, sadziwa, zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito kwa akatswiri, aphunzitsidwa m'mayunivesite m'njira imodzi kwa zaka zambiri. Amaphunzitsidwa kuti mumafunikira boiler yamafuta a 25 kW munyumba ya 55 sq m. Sangasinthe kuti 1 kW ndiyokwanira kutentha chipinda chomwecho. Ku Croatia timaphunzitsa 30% ya mainjiniya ndipo amapeza chidziwitso cha nZEB. Ngati nyumba zonse zokhala ndi mabanja ambiri komanso zabanja limodzi ziyenera kukonzedwanso, zomwe ziyenera kukonzedwa pofika chaka cha 2050, tiyenera kukhala ndi mainjiniya 15,000, omanga, ndi zina zambiri. Ndi nyumba pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni ndi nyumba 60,000 zomwe zikufunika kukonzanso pambuyo pa zivomezi zazaka zaposachedwa. . Timafunikira akatswiri ambiri omwe alibe chidziwitso chofunikira, ziyeneretso, zokumana nazo.
Chifukwa chiyani, zifukwa zake ndi zotani?
Dongosolo silimasinthasintha kwambiri. Sichilola kusintha kwakukulu. Takhala tikugwira ntchito motsatira miyezo imeneyi kwa zaka 20. Mavuto mu Bulgaria ndi antchito ndizofanana. Pali ndalama, koma palibe anthu, palibe mainjiniya omwe angagwiritse ntchito kukonzanso. Tikufuna antchito owonjezera 15,000, chifukwa gawoli lili ndi antchito 60,000. Tikufuna osachepera 25-30% ogwira ntchito m'gawoli kuti akonzenso zomanga mdziko muno, zomwe ndi zazikulu kwambiri. Timalemba ganyu anthu ochokera kumayiko ena - ochokera ku Nepal, Ukraine, kum'mawa konse Europe, ku Egypt, ndi wamisala. Kusintha kwathunthu mu dongosolo la maphunziro ndikofunikira.
Tiyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira monga mayiko onse a EU, tiyenera kukwaniritsa 100% nyumba zopanda carbon ndi 2050. Ife ku Croatia tikukonzanso pansi pa 1% pachaka, ndipo zolinga za ku Ulaya ndi 3% pachaka, koma pafupifupi mayiko onse omwe ali mamembala. sunthani mu dongosolo ili la 1-1.5% pachaka. Ndizovuta kwambiri kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Mavuto ambiri amabwera chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zipangizo zomangira zoti akonzere nyumbazi. Mwina tingathe, koma palibe zipangizo, ngati tili ndi zipangizo, mwina tidzapambana, koma palibe antchito. Ndi chizungulire choyipa chomwe tiyenera kutulukamo mwanjira ina. Pali chidwi kuchokera kwa eni ake, kuchokera kwa osunga ndalama, chifukwa ndi opindulitsa komanso omveka. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kulipira ma euro 20 kapena 120 pamwezi pamagetsi.
Kodi mabungwe amagetsi amagwira ntchito ku Croatia? Ndipo mwayambitsa RES Directive ku Croatia?
Iwo ndi mayunitsi. Pali chidwi chomanga RES, koma ambiri ndi makina akuluakulu a photovoltaic. Pali zolimbikitsa zomanga ma solar ang'onoang'ono, koma tidakali kutali. Ku Croatia, malamulo amakulolani kuti mupange mphamvu zambiri monga momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito pa gridi. Ngati mutenga 1 kWh pachaka kuchokera ku gridi, muyenera kutulutsa zambiri. Ngati mutulutsa zambiri, mulibe njira ina - palibe njira yobwezera pa gridi ndikupambana. Choncho, n'zovuta kupanga msika uwu mokwanira.
Kodi mukukonzekera zotani ndi foni yam'manja m'miyezi ikubwerayi?
Timakonzekera nZEB Roadshows, maphunziro a injiniya ndi omanga, timakonzekera zitseko zotseguka kwa ana ndi ophunzira, kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika ndi zikondwerero m'dziko lonselo kuti tisonyeze ubwino wa nyumba za mphamvu zapafupi ndi zero. Anthu oposa 1,500 anachezera nyumba yonyamula katundu mu May mokha.
