Chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zakale zomwe sizinathetsedwe ndi manda a Alexander Wamkulu. Wolemba mbiri yake Arrian / Arrian wa Nicomedia, kapena Flavius Arrian, ndi Mgiriki yemwe amakhala mu Ufumu wa Roma, wolemba mbiri, wandale komanso wafilosofi. Amatengedwa ngati gwero lodalirika la moyo wa Alexander Wamkulu. Sakunena za kukonzekera maliro, koma Diodorus Siculus/Siculus (90 BC - c. 30 BC) wolemba mbiri wakale wachi Greek, wolemba Bibliotheca historica (“Library of History”) yopangidwa ndi mabuku 40, ogawidwa m'magawo atatu, zovuta mu "laibulale" yake. Diodorus akusimba kuti mtembo wa Alexander unadulidwa mumpangidwe wa Aigupto (iye anali, pambuyo pake, Farao wakale wa ku Igupto) ndipo anaikidwa mu sarcophagus yagolide ya anthropoid (yofanana ndi sarcophagus ya Tutankhamun), yomwe kenako inayikidwa m'bokosi lina la golide, lophimbidwa ndi porphyry. . Manda a Alexander aikidwa m'ngolo yaikulu komanso yokongoletsedwa bwino. Amanyamuka, atakokedwa ndi nyulu 64 kuchokera ku Perisiya pa ulendo wautali wopita ku malo omaliza a Alexander. Gulu lamotoli lilinso ndi gulu lake la omanga misewu kuti asanthule msewu. Malo omaliza akuti ndi Egypt, makamaka kachisi wa Amun Ra m'dera la Siwa, ku Western Desert. Komabe, Ptolemy Soter, mmodzi wa akazembe a Alesandro amene anadzatulukira mzera wa Agiriki ndi Aigupto wa afarao a Ptolemaic a ku Igupto, anaguba gulu lake lankhondo kupita ku Suriya kukakumana ndi gulu lankhondo. Ptolemy akupereka lingaliro lakuti Alexandria (m’malo mwa Siva) ndiye mathero a sarcophagus ya Alexander.
Ena amanena kuti Perdiccas, mmodzi mwa akuluakulu a asilikali a Alexander, anaperekeza gululo kubwerera ku Aigai ku Makedoniya—kumene anaikidwa m’manda makolo a Alexander. Perdiccas adatchedwa regent wa Alexander IV, mwana wakhanda wa Alexander the Great, motero nthawi zambiri amaganiziridwa, monga momwe Aelian akulembera, kuti Ptolemy Soter adalanda mokakamiza sarcophagus ya Alexander the Great kuchokera kwa General Perdiccas ndikupita nayo ku Alexandria pazabodza. .
Zikanakhala zomveka kuti manda a Alesandro akhale ku Igupto: motero zonena za mpando wachifumu wa Alexander IV, wa Ptolemy mwiniyo, zikanakhala zovomerezeka. Alexander IV anali woyenerera kulowa ufumuwo, ndipo mkhalidwe wokhawo umene unakana choloŵa chake unali chenicheni chakuti iye sanali Mgiriki weniweni; monga mwana wa Roxana, mkazi wa Alexander wa Perisiya (Bactrian). Ndiye kodi Ptolemy akanachita chiyani ndi mawu a Alesandro kuti apititse patsogolo zonena zake za ufumu wa Igupto?
Ndizotheka kuti Ptolemy adabisa sarcophagus ku Levan, Foinike, ngati njira yochepetsera chikoka cha mzera wachifumu waku Alexandria. Atakumana ndi sitimayo, akuti Ptolemy anatenga sarcophagus n’kupita naye ku Suriya, dera lomwe linali ndi gombe lonse la Levantine.
Vuto ndiloti manda a Alexander Wamkulu akusowa m'mbiri yonse. Malo ake ndi chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zazikulu za dziko lofukula mabwinja. Ndiye kodi sarcophagus yokongola ya Alexander imapuma kuti?
Ndipo kufufuza kwakukulu kumayamba. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, akatswiri a mbiri yakale, olemba ndi ofufuza kwa zaka zambiri akhala “akutulukira” manda a Alexander Wamkulu.
Mu 1887, Osman Hamdi Bey, mkulu wa Ottoman Imperial Museum ku Istanbul, anasimba nkhani yaikulu yopezeka ku Sidon, Lebanon. Zipinda ziwiri zapansi panthaka zapezeka ndi kutsegulidwa. Pali chiwerengero chachikulu cha sarcophagi. Chimodzi mwa zimenezi ndi mwala wokongola kwambiri wosema kuchokera ku miyala ya miyala ya Chigiriki yachipenteliya (yomwenso imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati Acropolis), yomwe ili ndi zina mwa ziboliboli zabwino kwambiri zachigiriki zomwe zapezedwapo. Sarcophagus ndi ya m'badwo woyenera ndi nkhani yogwirizana ndi Alexander; koma “kutulukira” kumeneku kumabweretsanso mavuto angapo, popeza kuti malongosoledwe a sarcophagus mu “Laibulale ya Mbiri Yakale” ya Diodorus samafanana ndi nsangalabwi ya miyala ya marble imeneyi, ndipo malo amene anapezedwanso akuoneka kukhala osatheka. Poyang'anizana ndi zovuta izi, sarcophagus adanenedwa kuti Abdalonim, mfumu ya Foinike ya Sidoni yosankhidwa ndi Alexander mwiniwake.
Pambuyo pa zaka zikwi zambiri za kufufuza, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amakhulupirira kuti apeza manda a Alexander Wamkulu. Tsopano ofufuza osachepera aŵiri ali ndi chidaliro chakuti athetsa chinsinsicho.
Akatswiri awiri amakono angakhale atathetsa chinsinsi chakale chimenechi. Wolemba komanso wofufuza Dr. Andrew Michael Chugg (“The Lost Tomb of Alexander the Great”) ndi ofukula zamabwinja Liana Suvaltsi, aliyense mwa njira yakeyake, amakhulupirira kuti akuyandikira chowonadi…
Pali mafunso ambiri okhudza kuikidwa kwa Alexander kuposa - mayankho omveka bwino. Malinga ndi kunena kwa National Geographic, akatswiri a mbiri yakale amavomereza kwambiri kuti mfumu yakaleyo inaikidwa m’manda ku Alexandria, Egypt.
Pamene anamwalira ali ndi zaka 32, alangizi ake poyamba anamuika ku Memphis, ku Egypt, asanasankhe Alexandria. Manda ake amakhala malo olambirira. Nyengo ya zivomezi ndi kukwera kwa madzi a m’nyanja ikuyamba, kuwopseza mzindawo.
Suvaltsi amakhulupirira kuti manda a Alexander ali m'mabwinja a malo achitetezo akale ku Siwa, Egypt. Mu 2019, Calliope Limneos-Papakosta, director of the Hellenic Research Institute of the Alexandrian Civilization, adachita bwino kukumba pansi pa Alexandria wamasiku ano ndipo adachita bwino kwambiri popeza manda a wolamulirayo.
“Aka n’koyamba kuti maziko oyambirira adziŵike,” akutero katswiri wofukula m’mabwinja Fredrik Hibbert. "Zinandichititsa mantha pamene ndinaziwona."
Ngakhale kuti manda a Alexander sanapezekebe. Mbiri yakale imanena kuti thupi lake linazimiririka pamene mfumu ya Roma Theodosius analetsa kulambira kwachikunja mu 392. Ngakhale kuli tero, zikhulupiriro ziŵiri zopikisana za Chug ndi Suvaltsi zimakumana.
Malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya Express, Suvaltsi amakhulupirira kuti chikhumbo cha Alexander chinali choti aikidwe m’kachisi wa mulungu wa Aigupto Amun Ra. Izi zinachititsa kuti apemphe chilolezo chofukula malo otsetsereka a ku Siwa mu 1984, omwe akuluakulu a ku Egypt anamupatsa mu 1989. Iwo anapeza ziboliboli za mikango, khomo lolowera komanso manda achifumu okwana 5,651 sq. Suvaltsi amakhulupirira kuti zosemasema ndi zozokotedwa zonena za kunyamula thupi zinalembedwa ndi Ptolemy, mnzake wotchuka wa Alexander.
Panthaŵiyo Suvaltsi ananena kuti: “Sindikukayika kuti awa ndi manda a Alexander… Ndikufuna [Mgiriki mnzanga] aliyense adzinyadire chifukwa manja Achigiriki apeza chipilala chofunika kwambiri chimenechi.”
Ngakhale mu 1995 adalengezedwa kuti manda a mfumu yakale adapezeka, boma la Greece linapempha boma la Aigupto kuti liyimitse zofukulazo - pamene mikangano pakati pa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ikukula. Suvaltsi akupitilizabe kumenya nkhondo kuti ayambirenso kukumba pomwe Chug apeza zomwe apeza posachedwa.
Dr. Andrew Chugg amakhulupirira kuti sarcophagus ya Nectaneb II mu British Museum ku London ili ndi zizindikiro zenizeni za malo enieni a mabwinja a Alexander.
Chug ali ndi chiphunzitso chosiyana pankhani ya manda a Alexander Wamkulu. Akufotokoza m’buku lake kuti kachisi woyambirira wa Alexander, pafupi ndi Memphis ku Egypt, m’bwalo la Serapeum, anamangidwa ndi Farao Nectaneb II. Tsopano, zaka 16 pambuyo pa kusindikizidwa kwa bukhu lake, umboni watsopano ukuwoneka wochirikiza chiphunzitsochi. Chidutswa cha zomangamanga chomwe chinapezeka pamaziko a St. Mark's Cathedral ku Venice chikufanana ndendende ndi kukula kwa Nectaneb II's sarcophagus ku British Museum - zomwe zingatsimikizire malo a manda a Alexander.
Popeza thupi lake linazimiririka mu 392 ndipo manda a St. Mark adawonekera nthawi yomweyo, Chug amakhulupirira kuti thupi la Alexander linabedwa ku Alexandria ndi amalonda a Venetian omwe ankaganiza kuti ndi St. Kenako adatumizidwa ku Venice ndipo wakhala akulemekezedwa ngati Saint Mark mu tchalitchi chachikulu kuyambira pamenepo.
Kwa Chugg, yemwe amati chidutswa chopezeka ku Venice ndi “utali ndi utali woyenerera” kupanga chigoba chakunja cha sarcophagus ku Britain, izi zikutanthauza kuti zotsalira, ku Venice, ndi za Alexander Wamkulu.
Ngakhale Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yaku Britain tsopano yatsimikiza, itasintha magawo ena a Ndemanga za Curator kuti awonetse umboni watsopanowu:
"Chinthu ichi chinkaganiziridwa molakwika kuti chikugwirizana ndi Alexander Wamkulu pamene adalowa mu 1803," imawerengedwabe ... - kusowa mawu ofunikira "olakwika".
"Zofukufuku" zidzapitirira. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale adzatsutsa. Koma mwinamwake manda otayika a Alexander Wamkulu sadzapezeka konse.
Chitsanzo: Alexander the Great - Roman mosaic
