Pazaka makumi aŵiri zapitazi, kufunikira ndi kupezeka kwa mankhwala oletsedwa kwawonjezeka kwambiri monga umboni wa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ozunguza bongo. wogwidwa mu 2020 malinga ndi European Drug Report: 739tons of cannabis, matani 213 a cocaine, matani 21.2 a amphetamines, matani 5.1 a heroin, matani 2.2 a methamphetamine, 1 toni ya MDMA (ecstasy). Pakati pa mankhwala oletsedwa sapezeka achikhalidwe okha komanso osakaniza a mankhwala oletsedwa, chigololo ndi mankhwala ena, mankhwala opangidwa kumene (monga NPS: New Psychoactive Substances: matani 5.1 agwidwa) opangidwa m'ma laboratories achinsinsi, ndipo potsirizira pake kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa ndi nkhanza. za mankhwala olembedwa.
Mibadwo yachinyamata, pofunafuna zosangalatsa, zokumana nazo komanso zosangalatsa masiku ano ali ndi mwayi wopeza mitundu ingapo yamankhwala osavomerezeka amisalawa kudzera mwa ogulitsa, mashopu komanso pa intaneti (darknet). Pofuna kuthana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa nkhanza komanso kuopsa kwenikweni komwe akuyimira kwa ogula achichepere, mu Chigamulo cha UNGASS April 2016 A/S-30/L.1 Final Document, chatchulidwa kale mu Kupewa kwa mankhwala Abuse, ndime (a) mpaka:
"Chitani njira zodzitetezera zomwe zimateteza anthu, makamaka ana ndi achinyamata, kuti asayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo powapatsa chidziwitso cholondola chokhudza kuopsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, powalimbikitsa luso ndi mwayi wosankha moyo wathanzi komanso kulera ana komanso thanzi labwino. malo okhala ndi anthu komanso powonetsetsa kuti pali mwayi wofanana wamaphunziro ndi maphunziro aukadaulo. ”
Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kenako ndikumvetsera, kudutsa Europe, kwa makolo, ana ngakhalenso kwa aphunzitsi enieniwo, palibe kupita patsogolo kapena pang’ono chabe kumene kumachitika m’nkhani imeneyi mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwake kwa thanzi, chikhalidwe ndi chuma.
M'malo mwake, pansi pa zikakamizo zamakampani ndi makampani kapena kulowa mukatangale kapena zofuna zobisika maboma ena akukana kuwona kuwonongeka kwa anthu komwe kumachitika chifukwa chamankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: mowa ndi kuchuluka kwa cannabis. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, takhala tikuwona kukakamizidwa kwenikweni kuti tiletse kapena kuvomereza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pambuyo pautali wautali wa World Health Organisation (WHO) ndi akatswiri a United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) ataphunzira ndikukambirana, izi zidapangitsa kuti mu Disembala 2020, kuchepetsedwa kwa cannabis mu 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drug kuchokera ku Schedule IV (mankhwala omwe ali ndi 'zinthu zowopsa kwambiri' kotero pansi pa njira zowongolera kwambiri monga za ma opioid ndi heroin) ku Ndandanda I (yomwe imapezeka kokha pazachipatala ndi kafukufuku). Tsopano mukudziwa kuti " Mapulogalamu achipatala osayendetsedwa bwino atha kukulitsa 'kugwiritsa ntchito mosangalatsa' kwa mankhwalawa ndikuchepetsa nkhawa za anthu pazovuta zake " (Nkhani UN, 2020)
Kutengera ziwerengero za Eurostat 2020, anthu 447.3 miliyoni akukhalamo Europe ndipo pali achinyamata 73.6 miliyoni azaka zapakati pa 15-29.
Mu 2019, kwa azaka zapakati pa 15 ndi kupitilira apo, m'modzi mwa anthu khumi ndi awiri amamwa mowa tsiku lililonse ndipo m'modzi mwa asanu mwa ogulawa amakhala ndikumwa mowa kwambiri mwezi uliwonse (kuposa 60 gm ya ethanol yoyera nthawi imodzi).
Avereji kumwa mowa ndi malita 10 a mowa weniweni pa munthu wamkulu (2018) ndipo amachititsa kuti anthu 255,000 mpaka 290,000 afa chaka chilichonse (World Health Organisation, 2019). Chiwerengero cha ana azaka 15 omwe anena kuti amaledzera chatsika kwambiri EU Mayiko pakati pa 1998 ndi 2018 kuchokera 41% kufika 24% kwa anyamata ndi 29% mpaka 20% kwa atsikana.
EMCDDA ikuti kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa cannabis pakati pa achinyamata (15-34 yo) ndi 15.5%. Mu 2020, 46% ya ogwiritsa ntchito chamba ku Europe akugwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse ndipo 21% amagwiritsa ntchito pakati pa masiku awiri kapena asanu ndi limodzi pa sabata.
Ogwiritsa ntchito chamba 86,600 adalandira chithandizo chaka chatha, gwero la kutumizidwako ndi: odziyimira pawokha (42%), kuchokera ku chilungamo chaupandu (28%) ndi machitidwe azaumoyo (22%).
Kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumakhudzana ndi ziwawa, katangale wa maloya ndi akuluakulu, kuba, kuwopseza komanso kupha anthu, monga mu Julayi 2021 kuphedwa kwa mtolankhani waku Dutch yemwe amawulula anthu ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo mu Julayi XNUMX. Komanso, kuchuluka komwe kukuchulukirachulukira komwe kumachitika m'malo otseguka kukusokoneza chitetezo chapafupi.
"Kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kukupitirizabe kulamulira zigawenga zazikulu komanso zamagulu mu EU, ndipo pafupifupi 40% ya maukonde a zigawenga omwe akugwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi omwe adanenedwa ku Europol akugwira nawo ntchito yogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kulimbana ndi malonda oletsedwawa ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri ku Europol ndi EU " Adatero Executive Director wa Europol (2022).
Mankhwala osaloledwa ndi msika waukulu wamabizinesi omwe amapeza ndalama zosachepera ma Euro 30 biliyoni pachaka (EMCDDA & Europol 2019). Izi ndiye gwero lalikulu la ndalama zamagulu azigawenga a EU. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumawononganso anthu ammudzi chifukwa cha: kudalira ndi zipinda zowombera, chithandizo, matenda opatsirana, kufa (8,300 overdose), ndi mtengo wapagulu womwe umayimira 2% ya Gross Domestic Product (GDP) yadziko. .
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu za psychoactive kunatsimikiziridwa bwino pambuyo pa kusintha kwa neolithic mu 10,000 BC ndi kukhazikitsa ndi chitukuko cha ulimi ndi miyambo. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito chomera cha cannabis kudapezeka mu 8,100 BC ku Asia; mowa umene umapangidwa ndi fermentation yachilengedwe ya yisiti ya shuga kuchokera ku zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, ndi mbewu, umagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi nyama zina.Mowa wopangidwa ndi munthu woyamba umachokera ku 7,000 BC ku China, kenako ku Caucasus (6,000 BC), kutsatiridwa ndi anthu a ku Sumer. (3,000 BC ndi mowa) ndi Aztec (pulque). The cocaine idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale mu 6,000 BC ndi opiamu mu 5,700 BC, ndi masamba ena ambiri pambuyo pawo. Uku kunali kusamuka kwa anthu komwe kunayamba kufalitsa zopezekazo kenako kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu izi.
Mu 2,700 BC ku China Emperor Shen Nung analemba mndandanda wa zomera zamankhwala, kufotokoza mankhwala a 365 ndipo ambiri akugwiritsidwa ntchito lero. Zolemba zoyambirira zimawonekera mu 2,600 BC m'malemba a cuneiform a ku Sumerian pamapiritsi adongo. Iyi ndiyonso nthawi yoyamba apothecary masitolo omwe amapezeka ku Baghdad, makamaka omwe amapereka zomera, kuthandiza ansembe ndi madokotala pazosowa zawo zokhudzana ndi chisamaliro cha odwala. Ku India kuyambira 2,000 BC zolemba zoyambirira zachikhalidwe Ayurveda (sayansi ya moyo) ili ndi njira yonse. Linafotokozanso za zomera 700 za mankhwala ndiponso matenda oposa 1,000 amene angathe kuchiza bwino. Pambuyo pake ku Egypt wakale mu 1,500 BC Papepala la Ebers anatchula mitundu yosachepera 700 ya zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa. Ku Greece Yakale, Hippocrates (460-370 BC), adapanga mankhwala omveka bwino ndipo adalongosola zamankhwala pafupifupi 300 ndikusiyira mbadwa za madokotala ake otchuka. Lumbiro.
Panthawiyi, ku China kuyambira 168 BC mndandanda wa mankhwala adapezeka ndipo m'zaka za zana loyamba AD, mu nthawi ya ufumu wa Han adapangidwa buku la "umulungu" la zitsamba. Galen (129-201 AD), katswiri wachigiriki wodzipereka wa Asclepius (Mulungu wa luso la machiritso), adalenga Theriac: Chinsinsi cha zitsamba zosakaniza 60. Dokotala ndi botanist Dioscorides (cha m'ma 30-90 AD) analemba De materia medica, insaikulopediya yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri yokhudza mankhwala azitsamba yomwe pambuyo pake inapangidwa m’zaka za m’ma 8 mpaka 14, Middle East Islamic Golden Age, ndi asayansi monga m’mabuku otchuka kwambiri. Canon of Medicine wa Ibn Sina wotchedwa Avicenna (980-1037). Panalinso ntchito zofunika mu Chilatini cha Al-Maridini ndi Ibn al-Wafid.
M'zaka za zana la 10 Al-Muwaffaq analemba Maziko a Zida Zowona Zothandizira. M'zaka za zana la 11 zolembedwazi zidadziwika kwambiri ku Europe chifukwa cha gawo la Asilamu Spain ndi kumasulira mabuku achiarabu m’Chilatini ndi pulofesa wa zachipatala wa ku Italy Pietro d’Abano komanso Constantinos, katswiri wamaphunziro a Salerno wa ku Italy. Palinso zolemba za Paracelsus (1493-1541) wolemba zachipatala waku Swiss German wolemba mawu akuti: "Zinthu zonse nzoipa, ndipo palibe cinthu copanda ciphe; Mlingo wokha umapangitsa kuti chinthu chisakhale chakupha." The English classic herbalist Culpeper (1616-1654) ndiye mlembi wa bukuli A Complete Herbal ndandanda. Kutchula ochepa a iwo! (Kuti mumve zambiri, onani Wikipedia.org)
Mawu oti 'mankhwala' adawonekera m'zaka za zana la 14 kuchokera ku French 'drogue' (ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito) kuchokera ku Dutch 'droge' kutanthauza 'zowuma' komanso kunena za zomera zouma zomwe zidakonzedwa ndikugulitsidwa poyambirira ndi apothecaries (kuchokera ku Greek. 'apotheke' kutanthauza kusungirako). Ntchito yoyamba ya apothecary ndi shopu zidayambika m'nthawi ya BC ku Babulo ndikukulitsidwa kumayiko akumadzulo. Iwo anapezeka ku Ulaya m'zaka za 1,100-1,200 ndipo mayiko ambiri asunga mpaka lero kutchulidwa kwa 'Apothecary'.
Mbiri ya pharmacy imayamba mofanana ndi mbiri ya zamankhwala koma monga ntchito zolekanitsa. 'Pharmacy' amachokera ku Greek 'pharmakeia': kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, potions, poizoni, mankhwala, mankhwala. Pharmacy yakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi idakhazikitsidwa mu 1,221 muzojambula zokongola ndi zokongoletsera za Chapel of San Nicolo ku Basilica ya Santa Maria Novella ku Florence.onani apa).
Masiku ano, mankhwala monga mankhwala angatanthauzidwe ngati mankhwala aliwonse odziwika bwino, kupatulapo zakudya kapena zakudya zomwe zimapangidwira pofuna kupewa, kufufuza, kuchiza, kuchiza kapena kuchiritsa matenda kapena vuto linalake.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, kukula kwa chemistry kunayamba kusintha mawonekedwe amakampani opanga mankhwala. Mankhwala ambiri amene anatengedwa kuchokera ku zomera ndi zinyama tsopano amapangidwa ndi mankhwala m’ma laboratories komanso m’zinthu zatsopano. Nthawi zambiri zaka za m'ma XNUMX zimatengedwa ngati 'zaka khumi zamankhwala zazaka zam'zaka zamankhwala' chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe alipo.
Padziko lonse lapansi mankhwalawa amagawidwa malinga ndi Misonkhano itatu ya United Nations ya 1961, 1971 ndi 1988. Mu European Union malamulo a mankhwala ofotokozera magulu a precursors amachokera ku zolinga za EU za kayendetsedwe kaufulu kwa katundu. Iwo ndi Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 kusinthidwa ndi Regulation (EU) No1258/2013 kwa malonda intra-Community ndi Council Regulation (EC) No111/2005 kusinthidwa ndi Regulation (EU) No 1259/2013 (onani EMCDDA-gulu la mankhwala olamulidwa).
Mankhwalawa amagawidwa molingana ndi momwe thupi lawo limayendera. Kotero iwo akhoza kutchulidwa, ndi zitsanzo, monga:
-Anesthetics & Dissociatives: Nitrous oxide (NO2-propellant yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "kuseka gaz"), Ketamine, Methoxetamine (MXE), GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "mankhwala osokoneza bongo") ndi kalambulabwalo wake GBL (gamma-butyrolactone, mafakitale zosungunulira). Ma hallucinogens / psychedelics amasintha malingaliro a munthu ndipo amakhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu m'maganizo monga kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo, chisangalalo, kusokonezeka maganizo: Ibogaine, LSA (ergine), LSD, Mescaline, Peyotl, Ayahuasca, PCP (phencyclidine, "Angel" Fumbi”),…
-Cannabinoids: THC (Delta 9 TetraHydroCannabinol), Haschisch (resine), Butane hashi mafuta (BHO), kusokoneza physiology ya Endocannabinoid System yofunika kwambiri. Zinawonetsedwanso (John Merrick Et al, 2016) kuti CBD kapena Cannabidiol mu sing'anga acidic, monga m'mimba, amasintha pang'onopang'ono mu psychotrope THC (Delta 9 ndi Delta 8 TetraHydroCannabinols).
Ma cannabinoids opangidwa (monga Spice, K2, Black Mamba) omwe amayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi mibadwo yachichepere kuyambira m'ma 2000 ndi owopsa komanso osokoneza bongo kuposa THC. Akupitiliza kuwonekera pamsika waku Europe ndipo nthawi zambiri amasakanikirana ndi cannabis zachilengedwe popanda kudziwa kwa ogula. European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) idatsimikiza kuti chiwopsezo cha zinthu zopangidwa ndi cannabinoids opangira zidatsimikizika ku France, Germany, Netherlands, Slovenia ndi Sweden (2021).
-Deliriants & Entactogens/Empathogens: Betel nut, Muscimol (Amanita muscaria), Saponins (oneirogenic), Scopolamine ndi Atropine kuchokera ku chomera cha Belladona, ...
-Depressants: zochita pa Central Nervous System (CNS) zimapereka kumverera kwa mpumulo, kuchepetsa kutengeka, kuchitapo kanthu pogona komanso kuchepetsa ululu: Mowa, Barbiturates (Phenobarbital); amaphatikizanso ma opioid monga zotuluka za opium (kapena opiates): Opium, Morphine, Codeine, Heroin, ndi semi- kapena synthetic opioids: Oxycodone, Tramadol, Fentanyl, Methadone ndi Buprenorphine omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi kudalira opioid komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika,…
- Mankhwala osokoneza bongo: Atomoxetine (Strattera), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Haloperidol (Haldol), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Paroxetine (Paxil), Sertraline (Zoloft), Ritaline (kuchiza 'hyperactivity' ya ana), ...
-Benzodiazepines (mankhwala osokoneza bongo): Xanax (Alprazolam), Valium (Diazepam), Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam), ... akaphatikizidwa ndi opioids amawonjezera chiopsezo chakupha kwambiri.
-Zolimbikitsa maganizo ndi thupi:
zachilengedwe: caffeine, koka, khat, chikonga, theine, theobromine (wa koko) , ...
zopangira: amphetamines, methamphetamine (osokoneza kwambiri), MDMA (ecstasy), 2C-B (phenethylamine), cathinones 3-MMC (njira yatsopano yotsika mtengo ya cocaine) ndi 4-MMC (mephedrone). Ma cathinones opangidwa ku Europe ndi chinthu chachiwiri chodziwika bwino cha psychoactive (NPS) pambuyo pa ma cannabinoids opangira. Amakhalanso ndi zovuta zambiri.
“Kuchulukirachulukira kwa kupanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku European Union kumatiwonetsa kulimbikira kwa magulu a zigawenga kuti apindule ndi malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo…” Anatero Ylva Johansson, European Commissioner for Home Affairs (EMCDDA Drug Report-2022):
Mankhwala onsewa ali ndi chizolowezi chokhala ndi psychoactive, nthawi zambiri osokoneza bongo komanso poizoni. Makhalidwe awo akuluakulu ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe a neuronal, malingaliro, luso la kulingalira ndi kukumbukira. Chifukwa chake, zikagwiritsidwa ntchito mosaloledwa, zimakhala zovulaza kwambiri ndipo zimatha kupha thanzi la munthu.
Mfundo ina yofunika kuiganizira ndi kupezeka kwa mankhwala, makamaka mowa ndi kuchuluka kwa chamba, kwa achinyamata ndi achinyamata. Zowonadi, ubongo wawo usanafikire kukhwima kwathunthu ndi dongosolo losakhwima la limbic system (malo opatsa mphotho) ndi prefrontal cortex (ntchito zanzeru komanso zotsogola), achinyamata akadali pachiwopsezo choyang'anizana ndi kukakamizidwa kwa anzawo, atolankhani, malonda, popanda upangiri wamaphunziro komanso kusowa chidziwitso chenicheni pankhaniyi. Ndipo izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa achinyamata, kuti J. Kessel (in Mermoz, 1938) wofotokozedwa ngati "M'badwo womwe kufunikira kosinthana, chifukwa cha chidaliro, kumakhala kowawa kwambiri chifukwa chazovuta zake. Mphamvu zosasunthika, chiyembekezo chosokoneza komanso champhamvu ndi nkhawa, zimakweza ndi kulemetsa mtima nawonso. Ziyenera kunenedwa, kuti zigawidwe. "
Malinga ndi lipoti la European School Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) Report 2019 komanso za ophunzira azaka 16 aku Europe:
- zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndizo zinthu zosokoneza maganizo zomwe zimatchuka kwambiri komanso zosavuta kupeza. 35% ya ophunzira ku Ulaya amamwa osachepera 5 magalasi mowa pa nthawi yomweyo ndi zotsatira kwambiri kawopsedwe;
- Chamba ndi mankhwala osaloledwa omwe amafalitsidwa kwambiri ndi achinyamata aku Europe, pafupifupi 7.1% ndipo malinga ndi Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST), munthu m'modzi mwa atatu aliwonse atha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chogwiritsa ntchito movutikira kapena kudalira. thupi kapena/ndi maganizo.
- pakati pa mankhwala ena oletsedwa: ecstasy ndiyomwe imayesedwa kawirikawiri (2.3%), yotsatiridwa ndi LSD ndi hallucinogens (2.1%), cocaine (1.9%) ndi amphetamines (1.7%). Methamphetamines, crack cocaine ndi heroin zimakhudza wachinyamata mmodzi mwa achinyamata 100 aliwonse.
"Maphunziro ndi kutulukira kwapang'onopang'ono kwa umbuli wathu" William J. Durant (1885-1981). Kwa zaka mazana ambiri masukulu anali malo okonzekera moyo ndi kuphunzira, kukhazikitsa malamulo a unzika, kumanga umodzi mwa anthu ndi kupereka ziyeneretso. Koma kuyambira m'ma 1970 ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe chamakono ndi mankhwala omwe akufalikira mofulumira pakati pa achinyamata a ku Ulaya, maphunziro achikhalidwe adasinthidwa ndipo masukuluwo adakhalanso ndi malo a ziwawa zakuthupi ndi zamaganizo kwa omwe ali pachiopsezo kwambiri. Zowonadi, za "Zokhudza madera" (European Commission, 2022) "Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumawonedwanso kuti ndi chifukwa cha umbanda wa achinyamata ndi 72%, kuba, kuba kapena kuba (66%) ndi chiwawa kapena kupha anthu (58%) komanso katangale (39%)". Kuwonjezera pa ntchito yoteteza chitetezo m'dera ndi m'banja, akuluakulu a zamaphunziro adapanga njira zatsopano zophunzitsira kuphatikizapo chidziwitso cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ndipo umu ndi momwe mabungwe omwe si aboma angati Maziko a Europe Yopanda Mankhwala, anabwera kudzathandiza akuluakulu a boma pa ntchito yovuta, yosayamikira koma yofunikira yopewera matenda monga momwe inalongosoledwera m’Pangano la Mayiko ndi Mayiko a ku Ulaya lonena za Ufulu wa Mwana ndipo motero,
"Pamodzi, titha kutsata njira zopewera komanso chitetezo, kuti tikhale olimba pamene tikumanganso bwino, osasiya aliyense."(UNODC, 2020)
