Xylazine imatchedwa "mankhwala a zombie" chifukwa ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi izi, zosokoneza, zosaka komanso zochepetsetsa zomwe zimawapatsa maonekedwe a akufa.
Padziko lonse lapansi, masoka achilengedwe, umphawi, kusagwirizana ndi kupanda chilungamo kwa anthu zikuchuluka. umoyo chisamaliro ndi chonyozeka, chimodzimodzi pa maphunziro ndi makhalidwe abwino; zizindikirikanso kukhazikitsa zida za zipembedzo ndi ufulu wa anthu; mizinda ikuluikulu ikukhudzidwa ndi kuipitsidwa, umbanda, kuzembetsa anthu komanso misika yamankhwala yosavomerezeka yomwe ikukula. Ndipo pakati pa mndandanda wautali, wochititsa chidwi komanso wowopseza moyo wamankhwala osaloledwa ndi New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) -omwe amapangidwa nthawi zambiri kuti azembe malamulo amankhwala-kutuluka kwatsopano, Xylazine, akulandira chisamaliro cha akuluakulu okhudzidwa (Rodriguez N. ndi al., 2008)."Xylazine ikuwopseza kwambiri mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe dziko lathu lidakumanapo nawo, fentanyl, kupha kwambiri," adatero Administrator Milgram-USA Drug Enforcement Administration (2023).
Xylazine (C12H16N2S) si opioid ngati fentanyl koma methyl benzene yochokera m'gulu la phenothiazines. Idapangidwa ndi mitundu ina yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira ku Germany (Bayer Pharmaceutics, 1962). Ichi ndi chinthu champhamvu kwambiri cha lipophilic, chomwe chimawoloka mosavuta nembanemba ndikufikira ma receptor a ubongo komanso omwe ali m'thupi.
Awa ndi mankhwala omwe poyamba ankaganiziridwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mwa anthu monga antihypertensive wothandizira, koma chifukwa cha zotsatira zoipa mwa anthu (kuchepa kwambiri kwa hypotension ndi Central Nervous System depressant effects), ntchito yake yachipatala inathetsedwa.
Mu 1972 kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kunavomerezedwa ndi US Food and Drug Administration kokha mu mankhwala a Chowona Zanyama (kwa maola 1-4), analgesia (15-30 min), anesthesia popanga opaleshoni, komanso monga otsitsimula minofu, nyama monga akavalo, ng’ombe, nkhosa, agalu, ndi ena.
Xylazine pakugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kwa anthu amadziwika pansi pa mayina a mankhwala odyetsera nyama, tranq, tranq-dope, mankhwala a zombie, odulidwa ogona, ndi Philly dope. Amatchedwa "Zombie mankhwala" chifukwa ogwiritsa ntchito amakhala ndi mayendedwe, osokonezeka, osakayika komanso ochedwetsa kapena nthawi zina amakhala ngati chikomokere, chomwe chimawapatsa mawonekedwe a akufa omwe anthu amawafotokoza ngati zombie. .
Mu 2022, apolisi aku Estonia adanenanso kuti adalanda zosakaniza zomwe zili ndi ma opioid atsopano ndi nyama yoziziritsa komanso yochepetsa ululu xylazine. Nthawi zambiri, xylazine imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala otsika mtengo (pa intaneti, pa madola 6-20 pa kilogalamu) kuti awonjezere mlingo wa mankhwala okhwima, kuphatikizapo opioid fentanyl omwe kusakaniza kwake kumawononga thanzi. Imfa yoyamba ku Europe yokhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa xylazine idanenedwa ku England (UK) mu 2022 ndi kuzindikiridwa kwa postmortem kwa heroin, cocaine, fentanyl, ndi xylazine (Rock KL). et al., 2023).
Monga mankhwala oletsedwa, xylazine imatha kudyedwa pakamwa, kusuta, kupukuta, ndi jekeseni wa intramuscular, subcutaneous, kapena intravenous. Nthawi yogwira ntchito ya mankhwalawa ndi yayitali kuposa fentanyl. Kusintha kwa fentanyl ndi xylazine kumathandizira kukulitsa kumverera kwa chisangalalo ndi kukhumudwa komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha fentanyl komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa jakisoni (Gupta R. et al. 2023).
Xylazine ingakhale yamphamvu nthawi 50 kuposa heroin, ndipo nthawi 100 yamphamvu kuposa morphine. Xylazine pakali pano ali ndi udindo wa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a imfa za overdose ku United States. Zowonadi, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Report 30 (June 2023), imanena kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo okhudzana ndi xylazine chinali 102 mu 2018, 627 mu 2019, 1 499 mu 2020, ndi 3 468 mu 2021.
Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, xylazine imayambitsa kukomoka, ndipo kukomoka komanso kubaya jekeseni kungayambitse zotupa zapakhungu, ndi zilonda zomwe, zogwidwa mosavuta, zingayambitse gangrene ndi necrosis nthawi zambiri zomwe zimafuna kuti adulidwe kuchotsa chiwalo ndi minofu yowola. Pulofesa wa Neurobiology S. Kourrich (2023) amalankhula za zotsatira zowononga, kupitirira kuledzera, za xylazine pa thanzi, kuphatikizapo zilonda zapakhungu zoyenera mafilimu owopsya.
Zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro za xylazine overdose ndizofanana ndi heroin, fentanyl, ndi ma opioid ena. Pamene xylazine ikuwonjezeredwa ku opioids, poizoni woopsa ndi imfa zimatha kuchitika chifukwa cha zotsatira zophatikizana za mankhwala. Koma, chifukwa xylazine si opioid, Naloxone (mankhwala abwino kwambiri a opioid overdose - Jordan MR ndi Morrissonponce D., 2023) sangakhale othandiza pochiza anthu. Palibe mankhwala otetezeka a xylazine oti agwiritse ntchito!
Xylazine imagwira ntchito mkati mwa ubongo kuti ipangitse sedation ndi kupuma pang'onopang'ono, kupuma koopsa kwa moyo (komwe kungapemphe tracheostomy) kumayambitsa kumangidwa kwa mtima ndi imfa. Zotsatira za kuledzera kwakukulu kwa xylazine zimatha masiku angapo.
Xylazine ndi adrenergic agonist, wokhala ndi zochita zofanana ndi adrenaline, hormone ndi neurotransmitter (Chavez-Arias). et al., 2014). Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake chokhala ndi lipophilic kwambiri, xylazine imalimbikitsa mwachindunji Central Nervous System alpha (α) 2-adrenergic receptors komanso zotumphukira zina za α-adreno receptors mumitundu yambiri yamitundu. Zawonetsedwa kuti placenta yamunthu imawonetsa ma α2-adrenergic receptors omwe amatha kukhudzidwa ndi pathogenesis ndi kuletsa kukula kwa fetal (Motawea HKB). ndi al., 2018).
Zindikirani: Mitundu 5 yayikulu yosiyanasiyana ya ma adreno-receptors ndi:
(Alpha) α-1: kupezeka pamitsempha yosalala ya ziwiya; α-2: pre-synaptic localization (inhibitory effect pa synapse) yomwe ili mkati mwa dongosolo lamanjenje ndi mtima. α-2 imapangidwa ndi timagulu 3 tating'ono A, B, C.
(Beta) β-1: kupezeka mu mtima komwe kumalimbitsa ntchito (kugunda kwachangu komanso kolimba); β-2: kupezeka kwanuko pamatenda ena ndipo amalola kuti mitsempha yamagazi iwonongeke kapena kufalikira kwa bronchi; β-3: kupezeka pa adipocytes, kumapangitsa thermogenesis.
Ma receptor awa ndi gulu la G protein-coupled receptors, banja la transmembrane receptors mu nyama zoyamwitsa, chandamale cha ma catecholamines ambiri monga ma ligand achilengedwe a α2-receptors omwe ndi: noradrenaline (norepinephrine) yomwe ili ndi kuyanjana kwakukulu, adrenaline. epinephrine), ndi dopamine (molekyu ya chisangalalo, gawo la dongosolo la mphotho mu ubongo).
Xylazine imalepheretsa kutulutsidwa kwa ma neurotransmitters onse a dopamine ndi norepinephrine pa neuronal synapse, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhumudwa kwa Central Nervous System kusokoneza kusinthasintha kwamakhalidwe, kukumbukira kukumbukira, ndi kuwongolera kwa nociceptive ndipo kumayambitsa kuletsa kwa Sympathetic Nervous System (zochita zokha za thupi). ) monga pamitsempha yosalala ya minofu ndi pamtima pamtima bradyarrhythmia, motero amachititsa kuchepa kwa tcheru, nociception, minofu ndi kuyankha kumenyana kapena kuthawa.
Xylazine imapangidwa m'chiwindi ndi cytochrome P450 enzymes, ndiyeno 70% imatulutsidwa ngati mkodzo (Barroso M. et al., 2007). Choncho, mkodzo ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira xylazine kupyolera mu metabolites yake koma mkati mwa maola ochepa, amatsika mpaka osadziwika bwino.
Kodi zimatheka bwanji kuti anthu afikire mwakufuna kwawo pazifukwa zodziwononga, zofowoka ndi zowawa zakuthupi ndi kudalira?
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (umbombo ndi kudalira) zakhala zikugwirizana ndi kufooka kwamalingaliro koyambirira komwe kumapangitsa kulephera kulekerera malingaliro ndikuwongolera kudzidalira komanso ubale ndi ena (Krystal H., 1982).
Asanafikire pamenepa pali njira yayitali yoti apite, kuyambira nthawi zambiri mowa ndi chamba (ndi mankhwala ena). Sikuti ndi kuvomerezeka, kuletsa milandu, kapena zipinda zowombera kuti vuto la mankhwala lithe, njira izi zimawoneka ngati zikuthawa maudindowo pankhani ya kupewa.
Ngakhale ngati palibe msinkhu woti unene za kuipa kwa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, achichepere ayenera kudziŵitsidwa za ngozi zimenezi mwamsanga momwe angathere. Udindo wa makolo - pamene si okha chiopsezo factor- mwa kumvetsera, kukambirana ndi kupereka mfundo zolondola ndi bwino kupewa. Izi ziyenera kulimbikitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi ophunzitsidwa bwino ndi aphunzitsi omwe amaphunzitsidwa mosalekeza chaka ndi chaka mogwirizana ndi msinkhu komanso njira zopewera zomwe maboma, madera, mabungwe ndi mabungwe, pakati pa achinyamata ndi makolo amachitira.
Izi ndi zomwe odzipereka a Say No To Drugs ku Europe konse ndi Foundation for a Drug-Free Europe amayesetsa kukwaniritsa kudzera muzophunzitsa. Zoona Zake Zokhudza Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo*.
Wafilosofi wachigiriki Epictetus (50-135 AD) anati: Ophunzira okha ndi omwe ali mfulu. Poyeneradi, maphunziro amapereka chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso cha zinthu zofunika za moyo ndikupatsa mphamvu kusiyanitsa chabwino ndi cholakwika ndikusankha bwino. Chifukwa monga adanenera wolemba anthu L. Ron Hubbard mu 1956: Ndi vuto kusazindikira. Makhalidwe, makhalidwe, kuthekera kwabwino, kulingalira bwino zimadalira luso lozindikira.
M'malo mokhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo akuzunzika kwa munthu wokonda mankhwala osokoneza bongo yemwe sangathenso kuyimilira moyo waukapolo wa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kodi sikwabwino kutha kuyang'anizana ndi moyo moyenera, momasuka, ndikuchita mwachidwi ndi chipiriro? kukwanilitsa maloto?
ZOKHUDZA
www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2023/
www.desdiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/Xylazine.pdf
www.poison.org/articles/what-is-xylazine
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr030.pdf
https://www.dea.gov/alert/dea-reports-widespread-threat-fentanyl-mixed-xylazine
(*) Pitani:
- www.drugfreeworld.org (zaulere m'zinenero 20)
- Maziko a Europe Yopanda Mankhwala: https://fdfe.eu
