Moyo ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo, Gawo 1, Chidule

mankhwala // "Ndikwabwino komanso kothandiza kuthana ndi vuto munthawi yake kusiyana ndi kupeza chithandizo pakawonongeka" akufotokoza mwambi wachilatini wa m’zaka za m’ma 13. Malinga ndi Council of the European Union (Review August 2022):

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mbiri yakale

Chodabwitsa, mbiri ya mankhwala ikugwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa moyo pa Dziko Lapansi, zomwe zinawonekera zaka 3.5 biliyoni zapitazo, poyamba zamadzi ndipo kenako pamwamba. Mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha moyo, pali vuto lalikulu: momwe mungapulumuke ndikukhala gawo la chakudya ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zamoyozo zikhalepo.

Choncho zamoyo zapanga njira zodzitetezera: a woyambitsa zina monga zikhadabo, nyanga, nsana, etc. ndi otchedwa osavomerezeka omwe ali pa chiyambi cha kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu zapoizoni mu mawonekedwe a sekondale metabolites si zofunika kwa moyo wa chamoyo koma zofunika kuti apulumuke ndi adani. Ndipo munthu ndi mmodzi wa adani owopsa awa! Kotero pali ubale wapamtima pakati pa kupulumuka ndi poizoni omwe alipo kapena mankhwala.

Pachiyambi cha nthawiyo, thanzi la munthu linali m’dziko la mizimu, zamatsenga ndi zikhulupiriro. Njira zochiritsira zachikhalidwe zabwereranso kunthawi zakale ndipo miyambo yochiritsa idaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu za psychoactive. Mu Europe, munali ku Greece Yakale, m’zaka za m’ma 5 BC, pamene Hippocrates anayala maziko a zamankhwala oganiza bwino ndi makhalidwe abwino a zamankhwala. Lumbiro lake lidatengedwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi World Medical Association, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1947, kenako mu Geneva Declaration ya 1948 (yosinthidwa mu 2020) komanso ndi azamankhwala / apothecaries ndi mano.

Kusiyana pakati pa mankhwala ndi mankhwala. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwagona pa cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito kapena kugwiritsa ntchito:

-Mankhwalawa ali ndi mlingo wake, cholinga chake chochiza, kuchitapo kanthu molondola komanso kubwerezabwereza. Koma mankhwala si nthawi zonse opanda poizoni. Paracelsus (1493-1541) dokotala wa ku Switzerland, wafilosofi komanso wazamulungu adanenanso kuti:

-A mankhwala ndi chinthu chilichonse, chachilengedwe kapena chopangidwa, chomwe chimakhala ndi kusintha kwa chidziwitso, zochitika zamaganizidwe ndi machitidwe, zomwe zingayambitse kuledzera. Mankhwala ena amatha kugwirizana ndi tanthauzo ili koma mankhwalawa amamwa popanda kuuzidwa ndi dokotala ndipo kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake kamene kalibe cholinga chochiza. Kutha kukhala kumva zatsopano kapena zosangalatsa, kuthawa zenizeni, nkhawa, mavuto paubwenzi, zowawa zakale, chifukwa chotsatira kapena kupanduka, kuchita bwino kapena kupirira kukakamizidwa. Koma, ziribe kanthu zifukwa ndi machitidwe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo sikuli koopsa ndi zotsatira zosalamulirika ...

Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo ndi Umunthu

Mbiri ya mankhwala imalumikizananso ndi mbiri ya anthu monga:

a) ndi Ikani (cannabis) yomwe imadziwika ku Asia kuyambira Neolithic, pafupifupi 9000 BC. Mbewuzo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Egypt chifukwa cha anti-kutupa, komanso ku China chifukwa cha zakudya zawo zopatsa thanzi komanso mu 2737 BC hemp imaphatikizidwa muzakudya. Mgwirizano wa mankhwala azitsamba za mfumu Shen Nong; nzimbe za hemp zimawonekera ku Europe zotumizidwa ndi Aroma komanso kuwukira kosiyanasiyana kochokera ku Asia. Chinalinso “chitsamba chopatulika” cha miyambo ya asing’anga ndiponso mbali ya mankhwala a amonke a m’zaka za zana la 12.

b) ndi Coca masamba, kuchokera ku chomera Erythroxylum coca, adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira zaka 3000 BC ku Andes. Kwa Ainka, chomerachi chinalengedwa ndi Mulungu Dzuwa kuti athetse ludzu, kuchepetsa njala ndi kukupangitsani kuti muiwale kutopa. Ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa miyambo yachipembedzo monga ku Peru ndi Bolivia. Azungu adapeza kugwiritsa ntchito coca ndi katundu m'zaka za zana la 16 ndi "ogonjetsa" aku Spain a Pizarro (1531), amishonale ndi okhazikika. Kenako masamba a Coca anagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupanga akapolo ndi kutumiza Amwenye kukagwira ntchito m’migodi ya siliva, golide, mkuwa ndi malata. Mu 1860, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Germany, Albert Niemann, anapatula mankhwala ogonetsa m’masamba a coca. Mu 1863, katswiri wa zamankhwala ku Corsican Angelo Mariani adayambitsa vinyo wotchuka wa ku France "Vin Mariani" wopangidwa ndi vinyo wa Bordeaux ndi masamba a coca. Panthawiyi, mu 1886, John Stith Pemberton (1831-1888), katswiri wazamankhwala wochokera ku Atlanta (USA), anavulazidwa pankhondo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. cocaine, mouziridwa ndi vinyo wa Mariani adapanga chakumwa cholimbikitsa chopangidwa kuchokera ku coca, mtedza wa kola ndi soda. Ndiye wabizinesi Asa Griggs Candler (1851-1929) anagula chilinganizo ndipo mu 1892 anapanga Coca-Cola Company. Mu 1902 caffeine inalowa m'malo mwa cocaine ku Coca-cola. 

 Cocaine ndi stimulant wamphamvu wa chapakati mantha dongosolo. Pambuyo pa "mkulu" (15-30 min), munthuyo akhoza kukhala ndi nkhawa, kupsinjika maganizo, ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kogwiritsanso ntchito cocaine kachiwiri. Cocaine ndi amodzi mwa mankhwala ovuta kusiya.

Munali m’zaka za m’ma 1960, zotchuka ndi nyimbo ndi zoulutsira mawu, kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo anakhala zizindikiro za kupanduka kwachinyamata, chipwirikiti cha anthu ndikuyamba kuukira mbali zonse za anthu. Munjira zambiri, iyi inali zaka khumi zamankhwala m'zaka za zana lino ndi unyinji wa zinthu zatsopano - ndi mankhwala - omwe alipo.

Mankhwala m'magulumagulu

Ngati titalowa m'dziko la mankhwala osokoneza bongo, tikhoza kuwaika m'magulu malinga ndi zotsatira zake, monga:                                                                

• Dissociatives: Nitrous oxide (N2O, mpweya woseka) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala oletsa ululu komanso ochepetsa ululu mu opaleshoni ndi mano. Iwo amayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi achinyamata pa maphwando chifukwa euphoric kwenikweni koma zingachititse kwambiri minyewa, hematological ndi matenda a mtima. Zimawononga vitamini B12. Zimaphatikizapo Ketamine, PCP (fumbi la angelo), GBL (sedative) ndi GHB (zosungunulira), ndi zina zotero.
• Delusional ndi entactogenic (chilakolako chokhudzana, chifundo): Scopolamine, Atropine, etc.
• Zokhumudwitsa: mowabarbiturates (Amytal, Pentobarbital), opium, codeine,…
• Mankhwala osokoneza bongo (Katemera, hashi): Delta9-THC, CBD, CBN, etc.
• Benzodiazepines: Alprazolam (Xanax), Valium, Rohypnol, ...
• Mankhwala amisalaFluoxetine (Prozac), Haloperidol (Haldol), Zoloft, Paroxetine (Paxil), etc.
• Zolimbikitsa zachilengedwe: cocaine, caffeine, theophylline, cocoa theobromine, etc.;
• Zolimbikitsa: amphetamines, crystal meth, methamphetamine (WWII Pervitine), etc.
• Zolimbikitsa mankhwala: Adrafinil, Modafinil, Bupropion, etc.
• Psychedelic stimulants (hallucinogens): LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), Psilocybin, Bufotenin (alkaloid yotulutsidwa ndi khungu la chule lomwe amateurs amanyambita) ndi Ibogaine (wa ku Central African Iboga chomera) onse amachokera ku banja la tryptamines yochokera ku neurotransmitter serotonin. .

Iyeneranso kutchulidwa The New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) yomwe imatsanzira zinthu zachikhalidwe zama psychoactive -cannabis, cathinone (kuchokera ku masamba a khat), opium, cocaine, LSD kapena MDMA (amphetamine). Koma, iwo ndi amphamvu kwambiri komanso osokoneza bongo. Mankhwala opitilira 900 apezeka kale ku Europe, osalamulirika, komanso osaloledwa koma amagulitsidwa pa intaneti, ndipo amagawidwa m'magulu. (zambiri mu Mbiri ya EMCD Drug).

Zitsanzo za NPS:

1) Synthetic cannabinoids, amapezeka mu: Spice, Yucatan, etc. monga JWH-18 & 250, HU-210, CP 47 & 497, etc., kukhala ndi chiyanjano cha CB1 receptors.

2) Zopangidwa kuchokera ku cathinone (alkaloid yotengedwa ku tsamba la khat, sympathicomimetic): 3-MMC (3-methylmethcathinone) ndi 4-MMC (Mephedrone) yomwe imapanga euphoria, blue-knee syndrome, chiopsezo cha mtima, etc.

• MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone), kuchokera ku "bath-salts".
• Mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumabweretsa hyperthermia, matenda a mtima, arrhythmia, magawo a psychosis ndi khalidwe lachiwawa.

3) Chopangidwa cha psychoactive opioid: fentanyl, 100 wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa morphine komanso osokoneza bongo, okhala ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka. Amaonedwa kuti ndi akupha kwambiri mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

4) Krokodil, mankhwala a ku Russia "odya nyama". Kutengera desomorphine yopangidwa ku Germany mu 1922 kuchokera ku morphine/codeine, sedative yamphamvu komanso yochepetsa ululu yomwe idasiyidwa. Zosungunulira, mafuta, HCl, ndi zina zotero zimawonjezedwa kuti apange mankhwalawa ndi necrosis yosasinthika.

2022 lipoti la ku Europe la mankhwala osokoneza bongo

European Drug Report 2022 ya EMCDDA (European Monitoring Center for Drug and Drug Addiction), inanena kuti ku Ulaya kunali anthu 83.4 miliyoni a zaka zapakati pa 15-64 omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, 29% ya anthu. Izi zikuyimira:

• 22.2 miliyoni kwa cannabis, mankhwala omwe amadyedwa kwambiri (7% ya Azungu), pomwe 16 miliyoni anali azaka zapakati pa 15 mpaka 34;
• 3.5 miliyoni a cocaine, kuphatikiza 2.2 miliyoni azaka 15-34;
• Ecstasy kapena MDMA imakhudza anthu 2.6 miliyoni;
• 2 miliyoni kwa amphetamines, makamaka azaka zapakati pa 15-34;
• 1 miliyoni za heroin ndi ma opioid ena, pomwe 514,000 akulandira chithandizo cholowa m'malo.

Osuta kwambiri chamba ndi achinyamata ku Czech Republic omwe ali ndi 23% azaka 15-34, akutsatiridwa ndi France (22%) ndi Italy (21%). Netherlands ndi Belgium zokhala ndi matani 110 a cocaine omwe adagwidwa padoko la Antwerp mu 2021, pano ndi malo ogulitsa mankhwala ku Europe.

EMCDDA inanena kuti m'maiko 25 aku Europe, anthu 80,000 ali ndi chithandizo chogwiritsa ntchito chamba, kuyimira 45% ya onse omwe adalandira chithandizo chamankhwala mu 2020.

Kupezeka kwamitundumitundu yamankhwala osaloledwa kuphatikiza NPS kwadzetsa njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo zomwe zimasokoneza chithunzi chachipatala. Chiwerengero cha kufa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo osaloledwa m'thupi EU akuyembekezeka kukhala mu 2019 osachepera 5,150 ndi 5,800 kuphatikiza Norway ndi Turkey. Gulu lazaka zomwe zakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi 35-39 ndikuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafa pafupifupi.

*Ku State of Washington (USA), kafukufuku wa 2021 akuwonetsa kuti kufa chifukwa chodzipha kudakwera ndi 17.9% mwa azaka zapakati pa 15-24 pambuyo pakuvomerezeka kwa cannabis.

Pofuna kuteteza thanzi laumunthu ndi makhalidwe abwino komanso malinga ndi Misonkhano ya 1925 ndi 1931, Misonkhano Yapadziko Lonse Yotsutsana ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo ya United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) inasaina. Awa ndi Misonkhano Yachigawo ya 1961, 1971 ndi 1988 yotsutsana ndi magalimoto osaloledwa amankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zinthu za psychotropic.

Ana, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kuchotsa milandu

Mu 1989, Pangano la Ufulu wa Mwana linavomerezedwanso. Ndime yake 33, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayiwalika ndi maboma, imati:

Ku Europe, mayiko angapo adaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito cannabis. Izi ndizochitika makamaka mu Spain, Portugal, Italy ndi Netherlands, kumene ogula sakuyenera kulipira chindapusa kapena kumangidwa ngati akugwiritsa ntchito payekha.

Dziko la Malta lokha ndilomwe lidaloleza kugwiritsa ntchito cannabis mosangalatsa kutsatira lamulo lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa mu Disembala 2021 lomwe limalola osati kungomwa komanso kulima.

Ku Germany, Unduna wa Zaumoyo akufuna kutsata izi ndikulembetsa mwalamulo kugwiritsa ntchito cannabis mosangalatsa pofika chaka cha 2024. Cholinga chake poletsa cannabis ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo chabwino kwa ana ndi achinyamata komanso kupereka chitetezo chabwino chaumoyo!

France ikuwona kuti zotsatira za kuletsa / kuvomerezeka sizinali zotsimikizika komanso kuti kuvomerezeka kwa cannabis kwapangitsa kuti malondawo achepetse, osachepetsa kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso osaletsa ogulitsa kuti apitirize kugulitsa zinthu zina zosaloledwa.

Ku Czech Republic, Report 2022 on Illicit Drugs idatero

Ku Hungary cannabis ndiyoletsedwa koma a" kuchuluka kwamunthu" (1 gramu) amaloledwa.

Zomwe zili pamwambazi zikutsimikizira njira zotsatizana za EU Drugs Strategies monga 2021-2025 ya Council of the European Union cholinga chake. "Kuteteza ndi kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa anthu ndi anthu, kuteteza ndi kulimbikitsa thanzi la anthu, kupereka chitetezo chokwanira komanso thanzi labwino kwa anthu onse komanso kuonjezera luso lodziwa kuŵerenga ndi kulemba" komanso pa mfundo yake 5: Pewani kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kudziwitsa anthu za kuipa kwa mankhwalawo.

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo, anthu otchuka komanso maphunziro

Kuyambira m'ma 1960-70ies, kuyambira ndi Beat Generation, kenako ndi anthu otchuka (ambiri adakumana ndi tsoka losayembekezereka), achinyamata omwe alibe chidziwitso chodziwika bwino komanso chidziwitso pazamankhwala osokoneza bongo, adakhala zosavuta komanso zowopsa. Pakali pano, achinyamata amakumana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kale kuposa kale lonse chifukwa cha kupezeka mosavuta kwa mankhwala, kukwezedwa mwaukali pawailesi yakanema ndi pa intaneti, komanso chifukwa cha luso lokhazikika pamsika wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a digito.

Zimamveka bwino polankhula ndi achinyamata komanso makolo kuti amafunitsitsa kudziwa zambiri za zotsatira zoyipa za mankhwalawa kuti athe kukhala ndi zowona kuti apange chisankho choyenera komanso kuti makolo azikambirana bwino ndi ana awo. Chifukwa chake, poyang'anizana ndi vuto la mankhwala osokoneza bongo, liwu lalikulu ndi Maphunziro! Poyeneradi:

Maphunziro ndi kutulukira kwapang'onopang'ono kwa umbuli wathu analemba wafilosofi Will Durant (1885-1981). Ichi ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yopewera komanso kuchitapo kanthu potsutsa kukakamizidwa ndi kukopa kwa makampani opanga mankhwala.

Chinthu chimodzi chowononga kwambiri chomwe chilipo mu chikhalidwe chathu chamakono ndi mankhwala adatero L. Ron Hubbard (1911-1986). Ku Europe, chamba (chamba) ndi mowa womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi 15,5% mwazaka 15-34. Ndipo chamba chikuwoneka ngati chipata cholowera m'chilengedwe chowononga chamankhwala.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake zochita za Foundation for a Drug-Free Europe ndi mazana ake a Say No To Drugs mabungwe ndi magulu a anthu odzipereka ku Europe konse, akudziwa kuti chaka chilichonse mankhwala osokoneza bongo amawononga zikwi za miyoyo ndi ziyembekezo, akuthandizira kwambiri Zoona Zake Zokhudza Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo kampeni, yophunzitsa achinyamata ndi anthu onse modziteteza ndi zowona zokhuza kuwononga kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Zambiri mu:

https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2022_en

https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/eu-drug-markets-report

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2022.html

Dziwani zambiri za mankhwala pa: www.drugfreeworld.org or www.fdfe.eu

Dziwani posachedwa The European Times, gawo lotsatira la nkhaniyi: Moyo ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo: (2) Chamba.