Moyo ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo (gawo 2), Cannabis

Chamba ndichomwe chimadyedwa kwambiri ku Europe ndi 15.1% ya anthu azaka zapakati pa 15-34 pomwe 2.1% amagwiritsa ntchito chamba tsiku lililonse (EMCDDA European Drug Report June 2023). Ndipo ogwiritsa 97 adalowa mankhwala okhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa cannabis mu 000 ndipo adachita nawo 2021% ya ziwonetsero zapoizoni, nthawi zambiri zosakanikirana ndi zinthu zina. Chamba chili ndi mowa njira yopita ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa achinyamata omwe amatsogolera kudziko lonse la mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Chamba ndi chomera cha dioecious (chomera chachikazi ndi chomera chachimuna). Cannabis ili ndi mitundu itatu: Cannabis sativa sativa L., ndi 1.80 m mpaka 3 m kutalika, ndi ulusi wautali wogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale (wotchedwa "hemp"), ndi nthawi yamaluwa ya masiku 60-90; chaching'ono C.s. indica (1m), maluwa msanga 50-60 masiku ndi C.s. ruderalis, mtundu wamtchire. France ndiye wopanga kwambiri hemp ku Europe komanso wachitatu padziko lonse lapansi.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, maluwa okha a sativa ndi indica ndi osangalatsa chifukwa olemera mu cannabinoids omwe ali m'matumba ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono, ma trichomes, omwe amakhala mozungulira duwa kuti atetezedwe ku zilombo zomwe zimadya motsutsana ndi mitundu yazakudya. kupulumuka!

Poyamba ndi c. sativa ankaganiziridwa chifukwa cha zotsatira zake zokondweretsa, kupanga "mkulu" pamene C. indica kumatulutsa mpumulo wa ntchito yaubongo, kupanga "mwala", womwe umamatira. Malinga ndi UNODC, Morocco, ku Rif, ndiyomwe imapanga zomera zambiri za psychoactive cannabis kupanga hashish (mawonekedwe a utomoni) koma kuyambira 2021 chikhalidwechi chikuyendetsedwa.

Zinthu za Cannabinoid zidapezeka mu 1960s ku Israel ndi gulu la Raphael Mechoulam. Zinthu zopitilira 113 zapatulidwa muzomera koma zotsatira zake zambiri ndi ntchito zake zikukambidwa. Zonse zimasungunuka mu lipids, ma alcohols ndi zosungunulira organic koma pafupifupi zosasungunuka m'madzi.

Pali mitundu itatu ya cannabinoids: - phytocannabinoids ya chomera chatsopano; amasandulika pansi pa kutentha, kuwala, ndi kuyanika; - ma cannabinoids opangidwa mu labotale; - endocannabinoids: 3 adalembedwa pano. Amapangidwa ndi zamoyo zina, zochokera kumafuta acids mu cell membranes, amapanga dongosolo la endocannabinoid.

A) Pakati pa phytocannabinoids (mamolekyu okhala ndi ma atomu a carbon 21): -CBG (Cannabigerol) amachokera ku cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), kuphatikiza mu chomera cha olivetolic acid ndi geranyldiphosphate. CBGA, yomwe ili acidic, imasweka mosavuta kukhala CBG ndi kutayika kwa CO2. CBG (yosakwana 1% ya mbewu) imatengedwa ngati "cannabinoid strain" yokhala ndi kuwira kochepa (52 ° C) motero imasinthika mosavuta! Iyenera kukhala yopanda psychotropic. -THC (TetraHydroCannabinol). Delta 9-THC ndiye mankhwala a psychotropic omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale kutukuka komanso kufooka kwa psychotropic isomer, Delta 8-THC. THC imachokera ku non-psychoactive acid: THCA. -HHC (HexaHydroCannabinol-a hydrogenated THC) idasiyanitsidwanso pang'ono mumbewu ndi mungu, yopangidwa mu 1947 ndi Adams Roger. Ma psychotropic ake amafanana ndi THC, amasintha kawonedwe ka nthawi. Mu 2023 HHC ndiyoletsedwa kale m'maiko angapo a EU (Onaninso infra).

Tikumbukire kuti mosiyana ndi mamolekyu a alkaloid psychotropic monga cocaine ndi morphine, Delta 8-THC ndi Delta 9-THC ndi mankhwala a tricyclic terpenoid. The cannabinoids ndi gulu la mamolekyu a lipophilic, osungidwa m'matupi amafuta kuphatikiza muubongo (60% ya lipids) ndikuwoloka mosavuta ma cell a phospholipid. Choncho, THC ndi detectable kwa masiku 14 m'magazi, masiku 30 mu mkodzo ndi 3 miyezi tsitsi. - CBD yotchuka (Cannabidiol) yomwe idapezeka mu 1940 ilipo muzomera. Amachokera ku cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) koma ndi njira yophatikizira yosiyana ndi THC. Mafuta a CBD amatha kuchotsedwa m'maluwawo ndi kuzizira kozizira kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wozizira wa carbon dioxide (CO2) kapena ndi mankhwala osungunulira (ethanol, butane, ...) kapena zosungunulira zachilengedwe (mafuta a azitona, kokonati mafuta, ...). Mafuta a CBD ndiye nkhani yofunika kwambiri pazamalonda ndi zotsatsa zoyamika mapindu ake azaumoyo.

CBD sinkaonedwa kuti ndizovuta ngati ili yoyera, koma mu 2016 Merrick J. et al. adawonetsa kuti m'malo okhala acidic, CBD imasintha pang'onopang'ono kukhala Delta-9 ndi Delta-8 THC. Ndipo chapamimba chilengedwe ngati si malo acidic! Komanso, zawonetsedwa ndi Czégény et al, 2021, kuti 25% mpaka 52% ya CBD yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndudu za e-fodya (kutentha kozungulira 300 ° C) imasinthidwa kukhala THC. Momwemonso ntchito za Love CA Et al, 2023, ikuwonetsa kuopsa kwa thanzi la kupuma kwa ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a CBD. Palinso lingaliro lophatikiza CBD ndi THC pazochizira, pomwe CBD ikuchepetsa zovuta za psychotropic za THC. Todd Et al (2017) akuwonetsa kuti ngati kuwongolera limodzi kungakhale kopindulitsa kwakanthawi kochepa, m'malo mwake kungakhale ndi zotsatira za THC pakapita nthawi.

CBD ndiye chinthu champhamvu chotsatsa malonda kwa anthu. Komabe, mu June 2022 bungwe la EFSA (European Food Safety Authority Panel) poganizira kusatsimikizika kwakukulu ndi kuperewera kwa deta, likuti chitetezo cha CBD monga Novel Food sichingakhazikitsidwe panopa: palibe deta yokwanira pa zotsatira za CBD pachiwindi, m'mimba thirakiti, endocrine dongosolo, mantha dongosolo ndi pa maganizo a anthu bwino. ZINDIKIRANI: The semi-synthetic cannabinoids HHC (Hexahydrocannabinol) imapezeka kale m'maiko 20 aku Europe ngati 'malo a chamba' komanso 3 zatsopano: HHC-acetate, HHcannabiphorol ndi Tetrahydrocannabidiol zonse zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito CBD yotengedwa kuchokera ku low-THC. cannabis (Lipoti la EMCDDA 2023). Kupezeka kwawo kukukweza nkhawa za achinyamata ndi thanzi la anthu ndipo HHC ndiyosaloledwa kale m'maiko angapo a EU.

B) Ma cannabinoids opangidwa ndi omwe amadyedwa kwambiri monga Spices poyambira kudzipha, a Buddha Blues, osakwera mtengo, ofanana ndi 95% ya zinthu zosokoneza bongo, zodziwika kwambiri ndi achinyamata, zimazungulira m'makoleji ndi masukulu apamwamba. Mayina ena : Black Mamba, AK-47, Shooting Star, Yucatan, Moon Rocks,… Zowonongeka kapena zolowetsedwa, zopanga cannabinoids zimayambitsa kukomoka, kusokonezeka kwamtima ndi minyewa komanso psychosis. Chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuchitapo kanthu chimakhala pakati pa 2 ndi 5 maola mpaka 20 maola.

Opangidwa kuchokera ku 1960's poyambirira kuti afufuze zolandilira muubongo, ndi ma molekyulu a lipophilic a 22 mpaka 26 ma carbons, okhala ndi mgwirizano wapamwamba kwambiri mpaka 100%, kusankha kapena ayi, kwa ma receptor omwewo monga THC ndi omwe amakhala ndi ma ligands amkati. . Chifukwa chake tili ndi mabanja 18 omwe adalembedwa mu 2019 pomwe CP (cyclohexylphenols), HU (the HU-210 analogi ya THC ndi yamphamvu kuwirikiza ka 100), JWH, AM, AB-FUBINACA, XLR, ndi zina zambiri.

Kafukufuku wa Scientific Reports (2017, 7: 10516), akuwonetsa kuti cannabinoids opangidwawa amakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa komanso zosokoneza (Schneir AB et al, 2012) pomwe olemba ena amawonetsa zotsatira za anticonvulsive pakakhala khunyu (Devinsky O. et al, 2016).

ZINDIKIRANI: Zomwe zili mu THC muzakudya zamphwando (komanso zosaloledwa) nthawi zambiri zimakhala 15% mpaka 30% poyerekeza ndi 0.2-0.3% ya mbewu yoyambirira isanasinthe ma genetic. Synthetic THC ndi yamphamvu kuwirikiza 100 ndipo imapanga Zombies.

C) EndoCannabinoid System (ECS) ndi imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri komanso zovuta zolankhulirana za thupi zomwe zimathandiza kuti homeostasis ipangidwe. Ndi phylogenetically yakale kwambiri, ilipo kuchokera ku zinyama zam'mimba kupita ku zinyama zokhala ndi vertebrates kupatula mu protozoa ndi tizilombo (Silver RJ, 2019). ECS imapangidwa ndi:

1) Ma membrane receptors omwe ali ndi 7 transmembrane helices okhala ndi 3 owonjezera ndi 3 ma intracellular loops. NH2-terminal ndi extracellular ndi COOH-terminal intracytoplasmic. Zolandilira zimaphatikizana ndi mapuloteni a G (chomangirira cha guanosine triphosphate) chomwe chili mkati ndipo chimatumiza chizindikiro. Ndi: a) -The CB1 Receptor, yomwe idapezeka mu 1988 (William et al.) kenako anazindikiritsidwa ndi Matsuda L. et al. (1990). Zimakhala makamaka mu neurons ya Central Nervous System ndipo mofooka mu ubongo. M'mphepete mwake, amapezeka m'mapapo, m'mimba, m'matumbo ndi m'mimba. Kutanthauzira kwake kumakhala koyambirira kwa synaptic. Zimakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira za psychotropic. The exogenous agonist ndi THC. Sagan S. et al. (2008), akuwonetsa kuti ma cell a glial (astrocyte) alinso ndi mapuloteni a G, omwe amapangidwa ndi cannabinoids, koma osiyana ndi CB1 receptor. b) -The CB2 cholandilira (1993 ndi Munro S. et al.) ndi yozungulira kwambiri. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi ma cell a chitetezo chamthupi, kuphatikiza ndulu ndi amygdala. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi immunomodulatory effects.

2) Endogenous ligands. Momwemonso momwe ma opioid amkati amagwiritsira ntchito endorphins, dongosolo la endocannabinoid lili ndi mamolekyu ake omwe amawonetsa: ma endocannabinoids (8 adalembedwa). Awa ndi ma neuromediators ndi ma neuromodulators opangidwa m'maselo a mitsempha ndi astrocyte "pakufunika" nthawi yomweyo ndi kulowa kwa calcium mu neuron ndipo samasungidwa mu vesicles. Amapangidwa mu nembanemba ya neuronal kuchokera ku phospholipids. Amakhala ndi zoletsa pakutulutsa kwa dopamine, serotonin, glutamate ndi ena. Iwo ali ndi retrograde synaptic siginecha (kuchokera postsynaptic neuron kuti pre-synaptic). Zophunzira kwambiri ndi izi: a)- AEA ya N-ArachidonoylEthanolAmide yotchedwa Anandamide (kuchokera ku Sanskrit ananda=felicity) yodzipatula ku 1992 ndi gulu la Mechoulam; AEA imawonetsedwa kwambiri mu hippocampus, cerebral cortex ndi cerebellum komanso mu hypothalamus ndi ubongo. AEA ili ndi kuyanjana kwakukulu kwa CB1 receptor komanso kuyanjana kochepa kwa CB2. AEA imagwiranso ntchito pamakina ena monga vanilloid, peroxisome ndi glutamate receptors ndikuyambitsa zinthu zolembera kudzera munjira ya MAP-kinase. AEA idapezekanso ku cacao (di Tomaso E. Et al, 1996). b)- 2-AG ya 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, monoglyceride ester kapena ether, yodzipatula mu 1995. Ali ndi chiyanjano chachikulu cha CB2 receptors, komanso CB1. Kumanga kwa ligand (AEA kapena 2-AG) pa cholandirira chake (CB1 kapena CB2) ndi kuyambitsa kwa G-protein (GTP/GDP) ndi njira ziwiri zoyambirira zomwe zimafunikira potumiza chizindikiro mkati mwa cell kudzera pa kutsatizana kwa zomwe zimachitika. Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi adenylate cyclase, kusinthasintha kwa mayendedwe a ayoni kuphatikiza calcium (Ca 2+) ndi potaziyamu (K+), komanso kulowerera kwa phospholipase C.

3) Ma enzymes ophatikizika monga N-acyltransferase, phospholipases A2 ndi C.

4) Kuwonongeka kwa michere. Malinga ndi Cravatt BF Et al. 2001; Uda N. Et al. 2000, 2 zazikuluzikulu ndi : a) -Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) yokhala ndi transmembrane domaine imodzi, imasokoneza kalasi ya bioactive fatty acid amides kuphatikizapo AEA (anandamide) ndi 2-AG. FAAH imapezeka mu post-synaptic neurons. b) -Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inactivates 2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglycerol) pa 85% komanso AEA.

Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wawonetsedwa kuti EndoCannabinoid System imakhudzidwa ndi: kukumbukira, malingaliro, chilakolako, kugona, kuyankha kupweteka, nseru, kutengeka mtima, thermoregulation, chitetezo chokwanira, kubereka kwa amuna ndi akazi, ntchito zoberekera, dongosolo la mphotho ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosokoneza bongo. .

Zinthu za Psychoactive zimagwira ntchito pa ECS iyi posintha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a Nervous System, yomwe, osati kuyendetsedwa mwachilengedwe komanso moyenera, imakhudza kuwongolera mayendedwe ndi malingaliro, kupanga chisangalalo ichi ndi chinyengo chakukhala bwino ndikupangitsa kudalira kwambiri kapena kuchepera. pang'onopang'ono, malinga ndi Thorndike's Law of Effect (1911): "Kuyankha kumakhala kosavuta kubwerezedwanso ngati kumabweretsa kukhutira kwa chamoyo ndikusiyidwa ngati kumabweretsa kusakhutira".

Zinthu za psychoactive zimasokoneza madera ena a muubongo, omwe amapangidwa ndi magawo atatu omwe malinga ndi chiphunzitsocho amatanthauzira umunthu wathu ndi mikhalidwe malinga ndi mphamvu zawo:

-ubongo wa reptilian kapena wakale wakale wazaka 400 miliyoni. Ndizodalirika, zachangu, zimayendetsa malingaliro ndi ntchito zoyambira: chakudya, kugonana, homeostasis, kupulumuka (kuukira kapena kuthawa), koma mokakamiza. -ndipo pamabwera ubongo wa limbic wa zinyama, zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo ndi zigawo za 2: Paleolimbic ya zinyama zotsika ndi Neolimbic zomwe zimasiyanitsa zabwino ndi zoipa. Imakulitsa kuphunzira, kukumbukira ndi malingaliro, ndiye mtima wa mphotho ndi dongosolo la chilango mwa anthu. -ndipo potsiriza cerebral cortex kapena neo-cortex ya anyani kenako anthu. Ndilo malo owunikira, kupanga zisankho, nzeru, kulenga, ali ndi malingaliro amtsogolo, ndipo adapangitsa kuti chinenerocho chitheke. Ubongo umapangidwa ndi maselo pafupifupi 90 biliyoni, opangidwa ndi ma neuroni opangidwa kwambiri ndi ma cell a glial. Kukula kwake kumathera zaka za 25 ndi kusintha kwakukulu paunyamata, kusintha kuchokera ku kudalira ubwana kupita ku ufulu wa munthu wamkulu.

Pa mulingo waubongo, Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) ya masolimbic midbrain ndi amodzi mwa zigawo zakale zaubongo. Ma neurons ake amapanga neurotransmitter dopamine yomwe ma axon awo amatsogolera ku nucleus accumbens. VTA imakhudzidwanso ndi endorphins ndipo ndi chandamale cha mankhwala a opiate (morphine ndi heroin). -The nucleus accumbens imatenga gawo lalikulu mu gawo la mphotho (Klawonn AM ndi Malenka RC, 2018). Ntchito yake imasinthidwa ndi dopamine yomwe imalimbikitsa kulakalaka ndi mphotho pomwe serotonin ili ndi gawo loletsa. Khungu ili limalumikizidwanso ndi malo ena omwe akukhudzidwa ndi dongosolo la mphotho, kuphatikiza hypothalamus. -The prefrontal cortex, dera laposachedwa kwambiri, ndilofunikira kwambiri pagawo la mphotho. Ntchito yake imasinthidwanso ndi dopamine. -Malo ena awiri a limbic system amachita nawo gawo la mphotho: hippocampus, yomwe ndi chipilala cha kukumbukira ndi amygdala, yomwe imalemba malingaliro.

-The neurotransmitter dopamine (mamolekyu osangalatsa) amatenga gawo lalikulu pakulimbitsa bwino komanso kumathandizira kuledzera. -GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), inhibitor yomwe imapezeka kwambiri mu neurons ya cortex, imagwira nawo ntchito yoyendetsa galimoto ndikuyendetsa nkhawa. -Amino acid Glutamate ndiye neurotransmitter yochuluka kwambiri muubongo. Zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira. Imawongolera kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine mu nucleus accumbens. (Glutamate ndiwowonjezera chakudya: E621). Cholandira chake cha membrane ndi NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic).

Chiyambi cha "mkulu" kapena euphoria ndi chifukwa cha katundu wa THC omwe amamangiriza mokhazikika kuposa AEA ku CB1 zolandilira (60% vs. 20%) zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa dopamine kumasulidwa ndi kutengeka kwa nthawi yaitali kwa meso-limbic dopaminergic. neurons, meso-accumbic (nucleus accumbens) ndi maso-cortical neurons muubongo, mu dongosolo la mphotho ndikupereka chisangalalo, zomwe zidzatsogolera kukusaka mankhwala kenako kudalira.

Unyamata:

Khalidwe launyamata nthawi zambiri limadziwika ndi kuchita zinthu mopupuluma, kufuna kutengeka komanso kuchita zinthu mwangozi. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kukhwima kwaubongo kotsatizana ndi kufulumira kwa kukhwima kwa ziwalo za limbic (kukhudzidwa ndi zizindikiro zamaganizo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu) ndiyeno za prefrontal cortex (zomveka ndi zolinga zamtsogolo) zomwe kusinthika kwa kukhwima kumachedwa ndipo kuchedwa (Giedd, JN et al. 1999; Casey, BJ et al. 2008). Choncho, achinyamata akhoza kukhala ndi maganizo ozama komanso ovuta koma sangathe kuwalamulira mokwanira. Chifukwa chake kutenga pachiwopsezo komanso kuchita zinthu mopupuluma popanda kuganizira zotsatira zake. Izi zimapangitsa nthawi yaunyamata kukhala nthawi yowopsa m'moyo, komanso yodzaza ndi mwayi komanso wosinthika kwambiri chifukwa cha pulasitiki yaubongo ndi kudulira kwa synaptic.

Ma Pathologies:

Cannabis imalumikizidwa ndi epidemiologically ndi vuto lalikulu la fetal komanso kulowetsedwa kwa khansa mwa ana ndi anthu akuluakulu.

1) Khansara ya testicular imapezeka kwambiri mwa achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 15-35 pogwiritsa ntchito chamba malinga ndi Cancer Research Foundation. Pali chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha chotupa cha testicular germ cell (Gurney J. Et al. 2015) pochotsa dongosolo la hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Zowonadi, CB1 ndi CB2 zolandilira zilipo mu:

- hypothalamus kumene THC imatsekereza timadzi timene timayang'anira kukhwima kwa kugonana pakutha msinkhu ndi kubereka, timadzi ta ovulation lutein ndi testosterone;

-pa minofu ya testicular, THC imachepetsa kupanga testosterone m'maselo a Leydig ndipo imakhala ndi zotsatira za apoptotic pa maselo a Sertoli;

-pa spermatozoa, THC imasintha ndende, kuwerengera ndi kuyenda ndi mavuto a infertility ndi kuwonongeka kwa spermatogenesis (Gundersen TD) Et al. 2015). THC ikhoza kuwononga DNA mpaka chromotripsis (kuphulika) kwa chromosome ndi kuthekera kwa kufalitsa majini (Reece AS ndi Hulse GK 2016).

2) Dong et al. 2019, idawonetsa kale mphamvu ya neural ndi chitetezo chamthupi cha cannabinoids pakukula kwa fetal ndi ana.

3) Hjorthoj C. Et al 2023, idawonetsa bwino mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito chamba ndi schizophrenia zomwe zimakhudza momwe munthu amaganizira, momwe amamvera komanso momwe amachitira.

4) Ndikuyang'ana kumbuyo kwa zaka 20, kuvomerezeka kwamankhwala a cannabis ku Colorado mu 2000 kwawonetsa (Reece ndi Hulse, 2019) mwa amayi osakwana zaka 24 omwe amamwa THC pa nthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati, kuwonjezeka ka 5 kwa zochitika za teratogenic mwa makanda. monga spina bifida, microcephaly, trisomy 21, kusowa kwa magawo pakati pa atria ya mtima kapena ventricles, etc. Zolakwika izi zikhoza kugwirizanitsidwa ndi zochita za cannabinoids zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimasintha histones (kuphatikizapo H3) komanso methylation ya Cytosine-Phosphate- Malo a Guanine a DNA, motero amasintha machitidwe oyendetsera jini.

Costentin J. (CNPERT, 2020) amakumbutsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito THC kumabweretsa kusintha kwa epigenetic komwe kumakhudza chitetezo cha mthupi, zochitika zamaganizo, kukula kwa ubongo, ndi chitukuko cha matenda a maganizo. M'zinthu zochotsa mimba kuchokera kwa amayi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chamba, ma nucleus accumbens (mu limbic system) a fetus amawonetsa kuchepa kwa codec ya mRNA (RNA messenger) ya dopaminergic D2 receptors komanso kusapezeka kwa zolandilira izi. Mawu osalongosokawa osintha gawo la mphotho angathandize kuti pambuyo pake chidwi chamankhwala chikhale cha achinyamata.

Chifukwa chake, ponena za ubale wa cannabis-achinyamata, -tiyenera kuthana ndi zinthu zodziwika bwinozi mozama kwambiri ndikusonkhanitsa umboni wotsutsana ndi zoyipa za mikangano yokondera komanso yamalonda, -tiyenera kudziwitsa zambiri izi kuti titeteze achinyamata. poyera komanso chifukwa cha mibadwo yamtsogolo.

Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zingakhudze achinyamata monga zoteteza komanso/kapena zoopsa. Iwo ndi: banja, sukulu ndi aphunzitsi, anzawo, oyandikana nawo, zosangalatsa, TV, chikhalidwe ndi malamulo. Koma chachikulu chimakhala makolo ndi machitidwe olerera. Ndithudi, angathandize (kapena ayi) kuteteza ana mwa kumvetsera ndi kuwatsogolera mwa chitsanzo.

Kutengera kulumikizana komwe kunakhazikitsidwa ku Europe konse ndi anthu odzipereka omwe ali ndi achinyamata, makolo, mabungwe, aphunzitsi, ogwira ntchito zachitukuko, akatswiri azaumoyo, atsogoleri amderalo ndi mayiko, chitetezo ndi apolisi, Zoona Zake Zokhudza Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo kampeni idapangidwa mwachangu. Iyi ndi kampeni yopewera matenda omwe ali ndi maphunziro okhudza kuopsa kwa thanzi, cholinga cha achinyamata komanso kudziwitsa anthu za kuvulazidwa kwa chamba ndi mankhwala ena oletsedwa, kuti kuopsa kwake kumveke bwino.

«Ndi kusadziwa kumene kumatichititsa khungu ndi kutisokeretsa. Tsegulani maso anu Ô anthu omvetsa chisoni » anati Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519). Choncho, kupatsidwa mphamvu ndi mfundo zenizeni za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, achinyamata adzatha kukumana ndi lucidity mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kupanga chisankho choyenera ndikutha kuzindikira zomwe angathe.

Njirayi ikugwirizana bwino ndi mutu wa 2023 wa Tsiku Lapadziko Lonse la UN: "Anthu choyamba: lekani tsankho ndi tsankho, limbitsani kupewa" .

"Zinthu zikadadziwika ndikumveka bwino, tonse tikanakhala ndi moyo wosangalala” L.Ron Hubbard (1965)

Zothandizira:

Onaninso malamulo mu EU: -Kugwiritsa ntchito mosangalala chamba - Malamulo ndi mfundo m'maiko osankhidwa a membala wa EU https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/749792/EPRS_BRI(2023)749792_EN. pdf

-Tsiku Lapadziko Lonse Loletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo ndi Kugulitsa Mosaloledwa - EU kuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2022/733548/EPRS_ATA(2022)733548_EN.pdf

Za mankhwala pitani: www.fdfe.eu ; www.drugfreeworld.org