Pa 6 August 1890, mtundu wina wakupha wotchedwa mpando wamagetsi unagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ku United States. Munthu woyamba kuphedwa anali William Kemmler. Patapita zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, mu 1899, mkazi woyamba, Martha M. Place, anaphedwa m’ndende ya Sing Sing.
Koma sizinali mpaka zaka 45 pambuyo pake, mu 1944, pamene mnyamata wazaka 14 wotchedwa George Stinney anaphedwa. Mnyamata wakuda uyu anapezeka ndi mlandu wopha atsikana awiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo anaweruzidwa ndi khoti la azungu kuti afe imfa yowawa pampando wamagetsi. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti kuukira kwankhanza kwa ufulu wa anthu kumeneku kunali ndi chiyambi chake mu 2014 pamene khoti la apilo, chifukwa cha bungwe la ufulu wa anthu akuda, lomwe linali ndi umboni wa mlanduwo, linanena kuti iye ndi wosalakwa, osati wolakwa, koma wosalakwa.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, ndikugwira ntchito monga wojambula mafilimu, ndinali ndi mwayi wochita nawo zopelekedwa zokhudza mitundu ya imfa ndipo pakati pawo, chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa mantha kwambiri chinali kuona mmene munthu anakhazikitsira pampando wake. miyendo inamangidwa pampando ndi zingwe. Kenaka adayikidwa mkamwa mwake kuti asameze lilime lake ndikutsamwitsa panthawi ya kugwedezeka, maso ake anatsekedwa, nsalu kapena ubweya wa thonje anaikidwa pamwamba pawo, ndiyeno tepi yomatira inayikidwa kuti ikhale yotsekedwa.
Pamwamba pa mutu wake, chisoti cholumikizidwa ndi mawaya ku ukonde wamagetsi ndipo potsirizira pake chizunzo chowopsa cha kumukazinga chinachitidwa. Kutentha kwa thupi lake kumakwera kufika pa madigiri 60 ndipo, atavutika ndi kukomoka koopsa, amayenera kudzipumula ndi kusanza kangapo komwe, chifukwa cha nsonga ndi lamba lomwe limamangiriridwa pachibwano chake, adangosiya thovu loyera likusuzumira. m'ngodya za mkamwa mwake, akanafa. Imeneyi inkaonedwa ngati imfa yaumunthu, chifukwa chakuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 19, inaloŵa m’malo mwa kudzipachika, kumene kunkaoneka koipa kwambiri.
Masiku ano mchitidwewu sugwiritsidwanso ntchito, ngakhale kuti mayiko ena a ku America, kuphatikizapo South Carolina, nthawi zambiri amapereka ngati njira kwa akaidi. Palibe umboni wogwiritsira ntchito masiku ano, ngakhale kuti njira zofananira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mazunzo ena olembedwa omwe amachitidwa ndi anzeru apakati kapena zigawenga padziko lonse lapansi. Kuzunzika posinthana kapena kusinthana ndi madzi akadali pakati pa njira khumi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
M'mawu ena, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ngati mawonekedwe a imfa kapena kuzunzika kuti apeze chidziwitso kumatchulidwa kale kuti ndi mlandu waufulu wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo mayiko okhwima kwambiri padziko lapansi, omwe nthawi zambiri amasaina zolemba zosiyanasiyana za United Nations zomwe zimatsutsa izi. machitidwe.
Nanga n’chifukwa chiyani gulu lankhondo la akatswiri amisala padziko lonse lapansi likulimbikira kupitiriza kuchita zinthu zomwe zatsutsidwa ndi anzawo ambiri, zosemphana ndi malangizo ndi malangizo a World Health Organisation, United Nations komanso mabungwe osiyanasiyana ogwirizana nawo. European Union mu gawo ili? Kodi akuyesera kutsimikizira chiyani?
Mu 1975, mu chipatala cha Oregon State ku Salem, chipatala cha amisala chomwe chidakalipo lero, mkati mwa mafilimu odziwika kwambiri m'mbiri adawomberedwa: Winawake Anawuluka Pa Nest ya Cuckoo. Kanema wampatuko, adayikidwa pa nambala 33 mwa makanema 100 abwino kwambiri azaka za zana la 20. Awa simalo opangira chiwembucho, koma zimatitengera ku moyo wachipatala cha amisala komwe chithandizo cha electroconvulsive chimachitika m'ma 1960.
Chiwembucho chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1965 ndipo chikuwonetsa chithandizo cha odwala omwe ali pakati. Anamwino achiwawa, amatanganidwa ndi kulamulira odwala. Madokotala omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito poyesera ndipo koposa zonse kupondereza zomwe amawona kuti ndizovuta zawo. Electroconvulsion makamaka msuweni wake woyamba lobotomy ndi gawo, mufilimuyi, zomwe gulu la amisala linkachita panthawiyo, ndipo ngakhale zaka zambiri pambuyo pake.
Pomalizira pake, zochitika, zimene zikuchitikabe lerolino m’madera ambiri a dziko lapansi, nthaŵi zonse zimakhala zofanana. Wodwalayo amachitidwa ngati mkaidi, amalandidwa mwayi uliwonse wokhala ndi chonena pa zomwe zidzamuchitikire, ndipo ndi woweruza, akusewera Pilato, yemwe amasamba m'manja pa pepala losavuta lofotokoza kuti nkhaniyi. , munthuyu, akudwala m'maganizo ndipo amafunikira chithandizochi, malinga ndi akatswiri amisala omwe ali pantchito.
Amakhala pampando, kapena atagona pa machira, osamvera, ngati ali ozindikira komanso osadzaza ndi antidepressants ndi tranquilizer, ndipo maelekitirodi amamangiriridwa pakhungu la mutu wawo, kudzera momwe amaperekera masiku ano, osadziwa chomwe chithandizocho chimaperekedwa. adzabala. Kachidutswa kanayikidwa mkamwa mwawo kuti asameze malilime awo kuti madziwo agwiritsidwe ntchito popanda chisoni.
Inde, pali kafukufuku amene amanena za kusintha kwinakwake pakati pa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la kuvutika maganizo kwambiri, ngakhale nthawi zina ziwerengerozo zimafika 64%. Momwemonso, m'maiko a schizophrenia yachiwawa, zikuwoneka kuti umunthu wa odwalawa umakhala bwino ndipo sakhala aukali. Choncho n’zotheka kukhala nawo limodzi. Ndi odwala omwe amatsutsidwa moyo wawo wonse ku chithandizo champhamvu cha electroconvulsive, ambiri aiwo alibe chonena pakuyenera kwa chithandizo chawo. Nthawi zonse ndi ena amene amasankha, koma kodi wodwalayo amafuna chiyani?
Poyang'anizana ndi maphunziro osawerengekawa, omwe amachitidwa makamaka m'madera amisala, omwe amalipidwa ndi mafakitale ogulitsa mankhwala omwe amafunitsitsa kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zolephera zimanyalanyazidwa, mazana mazana a anthu omwe mankhwalawa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito zaka zingapo zapitazi, popanda zotsatira zilizonse. Ziwerengero zoterezi sizimasindikizidwa konse. Chifukwa chiyani?
Mipata m’maganizo, kulephera kukumbukira, kulephera kulankhula, kusokonezeka kwa magalimoto nthaŵi zina, ndipo koposa zonse ukapolo wa mankhwala oletsa kugwiritsira ntchito psychotic ndi mliri umene, ngakhale kuti mabungwe akuyesetsa kutsutsa mchitidwe woterowo, sikuthandiza.
Ku United States, kapena ku European Union, pamene mtundu uwu wa chithandizo chaukali ndi chodzudzula, kuzunzidwa kwachipatala, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachidule, anesthesia nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa wodwalayo. Amatchedwa therapy ndi zosintha. Komabe, m'mayiko ena, mwachitsanzo ku Russia, 20% yokha ya odwala amachitira izi ndi chithandizo chotsitsimula. Ndiyeno m'mayiko monga Japan, China, India, Thailand, Turkey, ndi mayiko ena kumene, ngakhale kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito, palibe deta yowerengera pa nkhaniyi, ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito kale.
Electroconvulsion ndi, koposa zonse, njira yomwe imaphwanya ufulu waumunthu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo omwe panthawi inayake angawoneke kuti akufunikira. Komanso, popanda kukhala ndi kafukufuku wamba, zomwe zingakhale zosangalatsa kwambiri, ndikukhulupirira kuti zowonjezereka za njirazi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zipatala zamaganizo padziko lonse lapansi kuti anthu athetsedwe, kuti achite maphunziro kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vutoli. vuto. Anthu omwe safuna chilichonse kwa anthu komanso omwe atha kukhala opanda ntchito.
Kodi machitidwe onse amisala akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apindule ndi anthu, kapena m'malo mwa makampani akuluakulu ochepa?
Mafunso amapitirirabe ndipo, kawirikawiri, akatswiri amisala alibe mayankho. Ngakhale pamene, pambuyo pa kuyesedwa kwa kulakwitsa kwachipambano amachita machiritso awo a electroconvulsive, ndipo izi zimawapatsa chinthu chofanana ndi yankho lokondweretsa, amatha kupeza kusintha kochepa kwa wodwalayo, palibe chotsimikizika; sadziwa momwe angafotokozere chifukwa chakusintha kumeneku. Palibe mayankho, chabwino kapena choipa chomwe chingatulutse sichidziwika. Ndipo zomwe tinganene ndikuti odwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhumba. Palibe dokotala wa zamaganizo padziko lapansi amene angatsimikizire kuti mchitidwe woterowo ukhoza kuthetsa vuto lililonse limene akuti wagwiritsidwa ntchito. Palibe katswiri wa zamaganizo padziko lapansi. Ndipo ngati sichoncho, ndimawalimbikitsa kuti afunse molemba phindu lenileni la kumwa mapiritsi kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa chithandizo chankhanza chomwe angapangire.
Kumbali ina, ndipo pomaliza, ambiri mwa anthu omwe amawapeza kuti ndi odwala omwe ali ndi chidwi cholandira magetsi ku ubongo amathandizidwa ndi antipsychotic kapena antidepressants, ngakhale odzaza ndi anxiolytics. Mwachidule, ubongo wawo wakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala, zotsutsana zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuposa vuto laling'ono lomwe akuyesera kuthetsa.
N'zoonekeratu kuti madera omwe nthawi zonse amapanga matenda amafunikanso kuwapangira mankhwala. Ndilo bwalo langwiro, kutembenuza anthu, anthu omwe amapanga, kukhala anthu odwala m'maganizo, makamaka, kutipanga odwala osatha kuti athe kumwa mapiritsi omwe angapulumutse malingaliro athu ku dispensary yathu yapafupi ya mankhwala.
Mwina, panthawiyi, ndikufuna kufunsa funso limene akatswiri ambiri azachipatala, ena mwa iwo amisala owona mtima, akudzifunsa kuti: Kodi tonsefe timadwala maganizo? Kodi timayambitsa matenda amisala abodza?
Yankho la funso loyamba ndi AYI; ku funso lachiwiri, ndi Inde.
Source:
Electroshock: chithandizo chofunikira kapena kuzunzidwa kwamisala? - BBC News World
Ndi ena.
