Ufulu wachipembedzo ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wa munthu, ndipo pamene bungwe la European Union (EU) limadziŵika ndi kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa ufulu umenewu padziko lonse lapansi, mayiko ena omwe ali m’bungweli akulimbanabe ndi mfundo za tsankho zomwe zimakhudza magulu a zipembedzo zing’onozing’ono. Mollie Blum, wofufuza wa bungwe la United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), akuunika nkhaniyi, akuunikira malamulo ndi machitidwe a EU omwe amalepheretsa ufulu wa zipembedzo zing'onozing'ono ndikuthandizira tsankho pakati pa anthu.
Pano ndifufuza zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za ndondomekozi, kuphatikizapo zoletsa zovala zachipembedzo, kupha mwamwambo, komanso kufalitsa za "zotsutsana ndi mpatuko" zomwe USCIRF ikukhudzidwa nazo. Lipoti la Blum likukambirana za mwano ndi malamulo olankhula udani, komanso kukhudza mfundo zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri Asilamu ndi Ayuda. Kuti timvetse bwino mmene zinthu zilili, tiyeni tifufuze nkhani zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane. (LUMIKIZANI KUTI LIPOTI LONSE PASI).
Zoletsa Zovala Zachipembedzo
USCIRF idapeza zochitika ndi mfundo zomwe zimalimbana ndi azimayi achisilamu m'maiko osiyanasiyana a EU, zoletsa zophimba kumutu zachipembedzo, monga hijab yachisilamu, yarmulke yachiyuda, ndi Chovala cha Sikh, zomwe zikupitirirabe mpaka lero mu 2023. Malamulo oterowo, monga momwe lipotilo likusonyezera, ali ndi zotsatira zosagwirizana ndi amayi achisilamu, kulimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti kuvala chovala chamutu kumatsutsana ndi mfundo za ku Ulaya komanso kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Zochitika zaposachedwapa ku France, Netherlands, ndi Belgium zimasonyeza kupereŵera kowonjezereka kwa zovala zachipembedzo, likutsutsa lipotilo. Mwachitsanzo, France idayesa kukulitsa zoletsa zachipembedzo m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, pomwe dziko la Netherlands ndi Belgium lidaletsanso kuphimba kumaso. Njira zimenezi zimathandiza kuti anthu azipembedzo zing'onozing'ono azidzipatula komanso kusankhana mitundu, zomwe zimakhudza moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Zoletsa Mwamwambo Kupha
Malinga ndi lipotilo, omenyera ufulu wa zinyama ndi andale m'maiko angapo a EU amalimbikitsa zoletsa miyambo kapena kupha chipembedzo, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji Ayuda ndi Asilamu. Ziletso zimenezi zimalepheretsa miyambo yachipembedzo ya kadyedwe ndipo zimachititsa anthu kusiya zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zimene anthu ambiri amakhulupirira. Mwachitsanzo, madera a ku Belgium ku Flanders ndi Wallonia aletsa kupha mwamwambo popanda kudabwitsa, pomwe khoti lalikulu kwambiri ku Greece lidagamula zoletsa kupha mwamwambo popanda opaleshoni. Dziko la Finland linaona chitukuko chabwino chokomera miyambo yopha anthu, pozindikira kufunika koteteza ufulu wachipembedzo.
Zoletsa za "Anti-Sect".
Bloom akuwonetsa mu lipoti lake la USCIRF momwe maboma ena a EU afalitsa zidziwitso zovulaza zamagulu ena achipembedzo, kuwatcha "mipatuko" kapena "mipatuko." Boma la France likuchita nawo kale mabungwe osavomerezeka ngati FECRIS, kudzera ku bungwe la boma MIVIDES (amene ena anganene kuti ndi “Sugar Daddy” a FECRIS) adzutsa zonena za ofalitsa nkhani zomwe zimakhudza anthu ogwirizana ndi zipembedzo. Nthaŵi zambiri, ufulu wa zipembedzo zimenezi umavomerezedwa mokwanira ndi United States, ngakhalenso mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, ngakhalenso Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya.
Ku France, malamulo aposachedwapa apatsa akuluakulu a boma mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera kufufuza zimene amazitcha “mipatuko” ndi kulanga anthu amene akuwaona kuti ndi olakwa mlandu usanawazengereze. Momwemonso, zigawo zina ku Germany (ndiye Bavaria) amafuna anthu kuti asaine zikalata zokana kugwirizana ndi mpingo wa Scientology (mapangano aboma opitilira 250 adaperekedwa mu 2023 ndi ndime yatsankho), zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu ayambe kutsutsa. Scientologists, omwe akupitirizabe kuteteza ufulu wawo. Ndizosangalatsa kuti m'maiko onse ku Europe kapena padziko lonse lapansi, Germany imapempha anthu kuti anene ngati ali achipembedzo china kapena ayi (pankhaniyi ndi chifukwa cha Scientology).
Malamulo a Mwano
Kusunga Ufulu Wolankhula Malamulo onyoza Mulungu m'mayiko angapo a ku Ulaya adakali nkhani yodetsa nkhawa. Ngakhale kuti mayiko ena achotsa malamulowa, amasindikiza Lipoti la USCIRF, ena alimbitsa makonzedwe oletsa mwano. Kuyesa kwaposachedwa kwa Poland kukulitsa malamulo ake onyoza Mulungu komanso kukakamiza milandu yamwano ku Italy ndi zitsanzo za izi. Malamulo oterowo amasemphana ndi mfundo yaufulu wolankhula ndipo amachititsa mantha anthu amene amanena zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo, makamaka pamene akuona kuti ndi otsutsana kapena okhumudwitsa.
Malamulo a Kulankhula kwa Chidani
Kuchita Zinthu Moyenera Ngakhale kuti kulimbana ndi mawu odana n'kofunika kwambiri, malamulo oletsa kulankhula zaudani angakhale ochulukira ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa chipembedzo kapena chikhulupiriro ndi ufulu wolankhula. Mayiko ambiri amene ali m’bungwe la EU ali ndi malamulo oletsa kulankhula mawu achidani, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaletsa kulankhula kosalimbikitsa chiwawa.
Nkhawa zimadza pamene anthu akufuna kugawana nawo mwamtendere zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo, monga umboni wa phungu wa ku Finland komanso Bishopu wa Evangelical Lutheran omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wolankhula zaudani chifukwa chofotokoza zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo pa nkhani za LGBTQ+.
Malamulo Ena ndi Ndondomeko
Asilamu okhudzidwa ndi Ayuda Mayiko a EU akhazikitsa mfundo zosiyanasiyana zothana ndi uchigawenga komanso kuchita zinthu monyanyira, zomwe zikubweretsa zotsatira zosayembekezereka kwa zipembedzo zazing'ono. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la kupatukana la ku France likufuna kukakamiza “zikhalidwe zaku France,” koma mfundo zake zikuphatikiza zochitika zosakhudzana ndi uchigawenga. Lamulo la "Parallel Society" la Denmark limakhudza madera achisilamu, pomwe kuyesetsa kuwongolera mdulidwe ndi mfundo zopotoza za Nazi zimakhudza madera achiyuda kumayiko aku Scandinavia ndi Poland, motsatana.
Zoyesayesa Zolimbana ndi Tsankho la Zipembedzo: EU yatenga njira zolimbana kudana ndi Ayuda ndi kudana ndi Muslim, kusankha otsogolera ndi kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa tanthauzo la IHRA la antisemitism. Komabe, chidani chamtunduwu chikukulirakulirabe, ndipo EU iyenera kukulitsa njira zothetsera tsankho lachipembedzo lomwe likupezeka ku Europe konse.
Kutsiliza
Ngakhale kuti mayiko omwe ali m'bungwe la EU nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malamulo oteteza ufulu wachipembedzo kapena zikhulupiriro, mfundo zina zoletsa zikupitirizabe kukhudza magulu a zipembedzo zing'onozing'ono komanso kulimbikitsa tsankho. Kulimbikitsa ufulu wachipembedzo pomwe tikukamba za zovuta zina ndikofunikira kuti pakhale gulu lophatikizana. Zoyesayesa za EU polimbana ndi kudana ndi Ayuda komanso chidani chodana ndi Asilamu nzoyamikirika koma ziyenera kuonjezedwa kuti zithetse mitundu ina ya tsankho lachipembedzo lomwe lafala m'chigawo chonsecho. Pochirikiza ufulu wachipembedzo, EU ikhoza kulimbikitsa anthu onse ogwirizana komanso osiyanasiyana kumene anthu onse angathe kuchita zomwe amakhulupirira popanda kuopa tsankho kapena kuzunzidwa.
