by ERIC GOZLAN
Fenelon analemba m’buku lake lakuti “Dialogue of the dead” kuti “nkhondo ndi zoipa zimene zimanyozetsa anthu”.
ERIC GOZLAN
N’zosakayikitsa kuti nkhondo, mliri umenewu umene umawononga anthu, umadzetsa chiwonongeko. Mkangano ukapitirizabe, m'pamenenso umawonjezera udani pakati pa mayiko okhudzidwawo, zomwe zikuchititsa kubwezeretsa kukhulupirirana pakati pa omenyanawo kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Pamene mkangano wapakati pa Azerbaijan ndi Armenia wafika kale zaka zana zomvetsa chisoni za kukhalapo kwake, nkovuta kulingalira mazunzo amene anthu aŵiriwa anapirira, aliyense ali ndi gawo lake la kuzunzika.
Ndikumva ndikuwerenga zonena kuti dziko la Azerbaijan likuchita nkhanza kwa anthu a ku Armenia. Monga momwe Albert Camus ananenera, “kulongosola zinthu molakwika kumawonjezera kusasangalala kwa dziko.” Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti mawu oti "kupha anthu" adayambitsidwa koyamba ndi loya waku Poland Raphael Lemkin mu 1944, m'buku lake lotchedwa "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe." Limapangidwa ndi liwu Lachigiriki lakuti “genos,” kutanthauza “mtundu” kapena “fuko” limodzi ndi liwu Lachilatini lakuti “cide,” kutanthauza “kupha.” Raphael Lemkin adayambitsa mawuwa osati kufotokoza ndondomeko zowononga anthu a chipani cha Nazi polimbana ndi Ayuda pa nthawi ya chipani cha Nazi komanso zochita zina zomwe cholinga chake chinali kuwononga magulu a anthu m'mbiri yonse. Choncho, n’zosakayikitsa kuti anthu a ku Armenia anaphedwa m’chaka cha 1915, ndipo anthu onse ayenera kuvomereza zimenezi. Komabe, n’kofunikanso kuzindikira masoka ena, kuphatikizapo amene akukhudza anthu a ku Azerbaijani, kudzera m’lingaliro lomwelo la kumvetsetsa ndi chilungamo.
N’zosakayikitsa kuti anthu a ku Azerbaijan akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuphedwa ndi kuphedwa kwa anthu, zonsezi chifukwa chakuti anali a ku Azerbaijan. Tiyeni tifufuze za nthawi yosadziwika bwino ya mbiriyakale yomwe itithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zinthu zilili panopa.
March 31, 1918, kupha anthu ku Azerbaijan
Mu 1925, Lenin anasankha Stepan Chaoumian kukhala commissar wodabwitsa wa Caucasus. Pa March 31 chaka chimenecho, anthu a ku Azerbaijan anaphedwa kwa masiku atatu.
M’bale wina wa ku Germany dzina lake Kulne anafotokoza zimene zinachitika ku Baku mu 1925 kuti: “Anthu a ku Armenia analanda malo okhala Asilamu (a ku Azerbaijan) n’kupha anthu onse a m’dzikoli, n’kuwabaya ndi zipolopolo zawo. Patangopita masiku ochepa, mitembo ya anthu 87 a ku Azerbaijan inali itakumbidwa m’dzenje. Matupi atuluka, kudulidwa mphuno, kumaliseche. Anthu a ku Armenia sanachitire chifundo ana kapena akulu.”
M’kati mwa chiwembu cha March, mitembo ya akazi 57 a ku Azerbaijani inapezedwa m’chigawo chimodzi cha Baku, makutu ndi mphuno zawo zitadulidwa ndipo mimba yawo inang’ambika. Atsikana ndi amayiwo adakhomeredwa kukhoma, ndipo chipatala cha mumzindawu, momwe anthu 2,000 ankafuna kuthawa zigawenga, chinatenthedwa.
Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Azerbaijanis ku Armenia 1948-1953
Mu December 1947, atsogoleri achikomyunizimu ku Armenia analembera kalata Stalin. M’kalatayo, anavomera kusamutsa anthu a ku Azerbaijan okwana 130,000 kuchokera ku Armenia kupita ku Azerbaijan, n’kupanga mipata ya anthu a ku Armenia amene anabwera ku Armenia kuchokera kunja. Tsatanetsatane wa kuthamangitsidwa kwawo zinalembedwanso mu Chigamulo cha 754 cha Council of Ministers cha USSR. Ndondomekoyi inali yothamangitsira anthu pafupifupi 100,000 ku chigwa cha Kura-Aras (Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic) m’magawo atatu: 10,000 mu 1948, 40,000 mu 1949 ndi 50,000 mu 1950.
Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Azerbaijanis ku Armenia mu 1988-1989
Mu Januwale 1988, motsogozedwa ndi utsogoleri wa USSR, anthu opitilira 250,000 aku Azerbaijan ndi 18,000 aku Kurds adathamangitsidwa kumayiko a makolo awo. Pa December 7 chaka chimenecho, m’derali munachitika chivomezi choopsa. Anthu a m’midzi ya ku Azeri anasamutsidwira ku Azerbaijan ndipo m’chaka cha 1989 anafuna kuti akhale ndi ufulu wobwerera ndi kulipidwa zinthu zimene zinatayika pa ngoziyo. Komabe, akuluakulu a boma ku Spitak ndi Yerevan anakana kuti Azeri anazunzidwa kawiri, akumatsutsa kuti anasiya Spitak mwakufuna kwawo.
Kuphedwa kwa 1992
Kuphedwa kwa Khodjaly: Pa February 25 ndi 26, 1992, pankhondo ya Nagorno-Karabakh, asilikali a dziko la Armenia anaukira tauni ya Khodjaly, yomwe munali anthu ambiri a ku Azerbaijan. Kuzingidwa kwa tawuniyi kunaphetsa mazana a anthu wamba a ku Azerbaijan, kuphatikiza azimayi, ana ndi okalamba. Kuphana kumeneku kunatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi mayiko.
Kuphedwa kwa Garadaghly: Mu February 1992, asilikali a dziko la Armenia anaukira mudzi wa Garadaghly, kunja kwa Nagorno-Karabakh, n’kupha anthu wamba ambiri a ku Azerbaijan.
Kuphedwa kwa Maragha: Mu April 1992, asilikali a dziko la Armenia anaukira mudzi wa Maragha, womwe uli ku Nagorno-Karabakh, ndipo anapha anthu wamba angapo.
Tsopano, podziwa bwino mbiri yakale, n’zosavuta kuti timvetse mmene zinthu zilili panopa.
Pambuyo pa kuukiridwa kwa iwo ndi anthu wamba, asilikali a Azerbaijan anaukira asilikali a Armenia ku Karabakh pa September 19. Tsiku lotsatira, dziko la Armenia linakana kutumiza asilikali m’derali kuti akamenyane ndi zigawenga, ndipo zinavumbula mikangano ina m’dziko la Armenia. Armenia ili ndi maboma awiri osiyana: lapakati ku Yerevan, losankhidwa ndi anthu, ndi lomwe lili ku Karabakh, mothandizidwa ndi oligarchs aku Russia.
Nduna Yaikulu ya boma, Nikol Pachinian, wakhala akufotokoza kuti akufuna kuyandikira United States kwa nthawi ndithu, ndipo wakhala akukambirana ndi boma la Baku kwa chaka chimodzi. Masabata angapo apitawo, Nikol Pachinian adalengeza cholinga chake chozindikira ulamuliro wa Azerbaijan pa Karabagh.
Pa Seputembara 6, dziko lapansi linapeza chithunzi cha Anna Hakobyan, mkazi wa Prime Minister waku Armenia, akusangalala pamene akugwirana chanza ndi Volodymyr Zelensky. Akazi a Hakobyan anali ku Kiev ataitanidwa ndi mkazi wa Purezidenti wa ku Ukraine, Olena Zelenska, kuti atenge nawo mbali pa msonkhano wapachaka wa amayi oyamba ndi okwatirana, odzipereka ku thanzi la maganizo. Pamwambo wake woyamba ku likulu la Ukraine, Anna Hakobyan adakonza zoperekera, kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira pomwe Russia idawukira mu February 2022, yothandiza anthu kuchokera ku Armenia kupita ku Ukraine. Ngakhale zocheperako - pafupifupi zida za digito chikwi za ana asukulu - thandizoli lili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu.
Boma la Karabakh, lothandizidwa ndi Putin ndi oligarchs aku Russia, silikufuna kuyandikira United States kapena Ukraine. Chifukwa chake, pa Seputembara 19, idayesa kulanda boma kuti ichotse Pachinian pampando.
Mtendere ku Caucasus ndi wofunikira pazifukwa zingapo:
Kukhazikika kwachigawo: Caucasus ndi dera lovuta kwambiri lazandale, lomwe lili ndi mayiko angapo moyandikana, kuphatikiza Russia, Turkey, Iran, Armenia ndi Azerbaijan. Mikangano mderali ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zosokoneza zomwe zimapitilira malire ake.
Mphamvu: Dera la Caucasus ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakunyamula mphamvu, makamaka mafuta ndi gasi. Mapaipi amadutsa m'derali, kunyamula zinthuzi kupita ku Europe ndi misika ina yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mikangano iliyonse kapena kusakhazikika m'derali kumatha kusokoneza mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu zachuma komanso zandale.
Kukhazikika kwa ku Europe: Kusakhazikika ku Caucasus kungakhale ndi zotsatira pa chitetezo cha ku Ulaya. Mikangano yankhondo kapena zovuta zaumphawi m'derali zingayambitse kusamuka kwa anthu othawa kwawo, mikangano pakati pa mayiko oyandikana ndi Europe komanso kusokoneza njira zoperekera mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zingakhudze chitetezo ndi bata la kontinenti.
Wolemba: Katswiri wa geopolitics ndi diplomacy zofanana, Eric GOZLAN ndi mlangizi wa boma ndipo amatsogolera International Council for Diplomacy an Dialogue (www.icdd.info)
Eric Gozlan amatchedwa katswiri ku National Assembly ndi Senate pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi zokambirana ndi zachipembedzo.
Mu June 2019, adathandizira lipoti la United Nations Special Rapporteur pa anti-Semitism.
Mu Seputembala 2018, adalandira Mphotho Yamtendere kuchokera kwa Prince Laurent waku Belgium chifukwa chomenyera nkhondo ku Europe.
Adatenga nawo gawo pamisonkhano iwiri yokhudzana ndi mtendere ku Korea, Russia, United States, Bahrain, Belgium, England, Italy, Romania…
Buku lake laposachedwa: Extremism and radicalism: mizere yamalingaliro kuti atulukemo
