Ubale pakati pa a Fulani, katangale ndi ubusa watsopano, mwachitsanzo kugula ng'ombe zazikulu ndi anthu olemera okhala mumzinda kuti abise ndalama zomwe adapeza molakwika.
Wolemba Teodor Detchev
Magawo awiri apitawa a kusanthula uku, otchedwa "The Sahel - Conflicts, Coups and Migration Bombs" ndi "The Fulani and Jihadism in West Africa", adakambirana za kukwera kwa zigawenga ku West Africa. Africa komanso kulephera kuthetsa nkhondo ya zigawenga zomwe zidachitika ndi Asilamu olimbana ndi asitikali a boma ku Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad ndi Nigeria. Nkhani ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe ikuchitika ku Central African Republic inakambidwanso.
Chimodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti kuwonjezereka kwa mkangano kumakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha "bomba losamuka" lomwe lingapangitse kuti anthu asamuke kwambiri m'malire onse akumwera kwa European Union. Chofunikira ndikuthekera kwa mfundo zakunja zaku Russia kuwongolera kukula kwa mikangano m'maiko monga Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad ndi Central African Republic. Ndi dzanja lake pa "counter" ya kuphulika komwe kungachitike anthu osamukira kumayiko ena, mzinda wa Moscow ukhoza kuyesedwa mosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza kusamuka motsutsana ndi mayiko a EU omwe nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa kale kuti ndi ankhanza.
Paziwopsezo izi, gawo lapadera limaseweredwa ndi anthu a Fulani - gulu la anthu osamukira kumayiko ena, obereketsa ziweto omwe amakhala pamtunda kuchokera ku Gulf of Guinea kupita ku Nyanja Yofiira ndipo amawerengera anthu 30 mpaka 35 miliyoni malinga ndi deta zosiyanasiyana. . Pokhala anthu omwe m'mbiri yakale adachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakulowa kwa Chisilamu ku Africa, makamaka West Africa, a Fulani ndi yeseso lalikulu kwa otsutsa achisilamu, ngakhale amadzinenera sukulu ya Sufi ya Chisilamu, yomwe mosakayikira ndiyomwe imakhala yopambana kwambiri. wololera, monga komanso wachinsinsi kwambiri.
Tsoka ilo, monga momwe zidzawonedwera m’kusanthula m’munsimu, nkhaniyo si ya kutsutsa kwa chipembedzo kokha. Mkanganowu si wachipembedzo chokha. Ndi chikhalidwe-ethno-chipembedzo, ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwa, zotsatira za chuma chomwe chinasonkhanitsidwa kupyolera mu ziphuphu, zosinthidwa kukhala umwini wa ziweto - zomwe zimatchedwa "neopastorism" - zayamba kukhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezera yowonjezera. Chodabwitsa ichi ndi chodziwika kwambiri ku Nigeria ndipo ndi mutu wa gawo lachitatu la kusanthula.
The Fulani in Nigeria
Pokhala dziko lokhala ndi anthu ambiri ku West Africa lomwe lili ndi anthu 190 miliyoni, Nigeria, monganso mayiko ambiri mderali, imadziwika ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa Kumwera, komwe kumakhala Akhristu a Chiyoruba, ndi Kumpoto, komwe anthu ambiri ndi Asilamu, mbali yaikulu ya izo ndi Fulani amene, monga kulikonse, ndi osamukasamuka obereketsa nyama. Ponseponse, dzikolo ndi 53% Asilamu ndi 47% achikhristu.
"Lamba wapakati" waku Nigeria, kudutsa dzikolo kuchokera kum'mawa kupita kumadzulo, kuphatikiza makamaka zigawo za Kaduna (kumpoto kwa Abuja), Bunue-Plateau (kum'mawa kwa Abuja) ndi Taraba (kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Abuja), ndi malo ochitira misonkhano pakati pawo. maiko awiriwa , malo omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri mkombero wosatha wa vendettas pakati pa alimi, nthawi zambiri achikhristu (omwe amatsutsa abusa a Fulani kuti amalola ng'ombe zawo kuti ziwononge mbewu zawo) ndi abusa oyendayenda a Fulani (omwe akudandaula za kuba ng'ombe ndi kukhazikitsidwa kowonjezereka. minda yomwe ili m'malo omwe anthu amatha kupitako ndi ziweto zawo).
Mikangano imeneyi yakula posachedwapa, monga Fulani akufunanso kukulitsa njira zosamukira ndi kudyetsera ziweto za ng'ombe zawo kum'mwera, ndipo madera a kumpoto akuvutika ndi chilala chowonjezereka, pamene alimi akumwera, m'mikhalidwe yapamwamba kwambiri. Kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, yesetsani kukhazikitsa minda kumpoto.
Pambuyo pa chaka cha 2019, mkanganowu udasintha mowopsa pakudziwikiratu komanso ubale wachipembedzo pakati pa magulu awiriwa, zomwe zidakhala zosalumikizana komanso kulamulidwa ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana, makamaka popeza malamulo achisilamu (Sharia) adakhazikitsidwanso mu 2000 m'maiko khumi ndi awiri kumpoto. (Lamulo lachisilamu linagwira ntchito mpaka 1960, pambuyo pake linathetsedwa ndi ufulu wa Nigeria). M'malingaliro a akhristu, a Fulani akufuna "kuwapanga Chisilamu" - ngati kuli kofunikira mokakamiza.
Maganizo amenewa alimbikitsidwa ndi mfundo yakuti Boko Haram, yomwe ikulimbana ndi akhristu ambiri, ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito magulu ankhondo omwe a Fulani amagwiritsa ntchito polimbana ndi adani awo, ndikuti ndithudi angapo mwa omenyanawa alowa m'gulu lachisilamu. Akhristu amakhulupirira kuti Fulani (pamodzi ndi Hausa, omwe ndi achibale awo) amapereka maziko a magulu ankhondo a Boko Haram. Awa ndi malingaliro okokomeza chifukwa chakuti magulu angapo ankhondo a Fulani amakhalabe odzilamulira. Koma zoona zake n’zakuti pofika 2019 mkanganowo unali utakula. [38]
Choncho, pa June 23, 2018, m'mudzi womwe umakhala ndi Akhristu ambiri (amtundu wa Lugere), kuukira kwa Fulani kunachititsa kuti anthu ambiri awonongeke - 200 anaphedwa.
Kusankhidwa kwa Muhammadu Buhari, yemwe ndi Fulani komanso mtsogoleri wakale wa bungwe lalikulu la chikhalidwe cha Fulani, Tabital Pulaakou International, monga Purezidenti wa Republic sizinathandize kuchepetsa mikangano. Purezidenti nthawi zambiri amawaimba mlandu wothandiza makolo ake a Fulani mobisa m'malo mouza achitetezo kuti athetse zigawenga zawo.
Mkhalidwe wa a Fulani ku Nigeria ukuwonetsanso zatsopano za ubale pakati pa abusa osamukasamuka ndi alimi okhazikika. Nthawi ina m'chaka cha 2020, ofufuza apeza kale kuchuluka kwa mikangano ndi mikangano pakati pa abusa ndi alimi mosakayika. [5]
Neaopastoralims and Fulani
Nkhani ndi mfundo monga kusintha kwa nyengo, zipululu zikuchulukirachulukira, mikangano ya m'madera, kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, kuzembetsa anthu ndi uchigawenga pofuna kufotokoza chodabwitsa ichi. Vuto ndiloti palibe funso lililonse lomwe limafotokoza momveka bwino kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa zida zazing'ono ndi zida zopepuka zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu angapo a abusa ndi alimi osakhazikika. [5]
Olayinka Ajala akukhala pa funsoli makamaka, yemwe amayang'ana kusintha kwa umwini wa ziweto kwa zaka zambiri, zomwe amazitcha "neopastoralism", monga momwe zingathere chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mikangano yankhondo pakati pa magulu awa.
Mawu akuti neopastoralism adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi a Matthew Luizza a American Association for the Advancement of Science kufotokoza kugwetsedwa kwa chikhalidwe chauweta (osamuka) ndi anthu olemera a m'tauni omwe amayesa kugulitsa ndi kuchita nawo zoweta zoterezi kuti abise zabedwa. kapena katundu wopezeka molakwika. (Luizza, Matthew, abusa aku Africa adakankhidwira muumphawi ndi umbanda, Novembara 9th, 2017, The Economist). [8]
Kumbali yake, Olayinka Ajala akufotokoza za neo-ubusa ngati njira yatsopano ya umwini wa ziweto zomwe zimadziwika ndi umwini wa ziweto zazikulu ndi anthu omwe sali oweta okha. Nkhosa zimenezi zinali kutumikiridwa ndi abusa aganyu. Kugwira ntchito mozungulira ng'ombezi nthawi zambiri kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimachokera ku kufunika kobisa chuma chomwe chabedwa, ndalama zogulitsa malonda, kapena ndalama zomwe zimapezeka chifukwa cha zigawenga, ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza phindu kwa osunga ndalama. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti tanthauzo la Ajala Olayinka la kusachita ubusa sikuphatikiza ndalama zogulira ng'ombe zoperekedwa ndi malamulo. Izi zilipo, koma ndizochepa mu chiwerengero choncho sizigwera mkati mwa chidwi cha kafukufuku wa wolemba.[5]
Ulimi wa ziweto zosamukasamuka nthawi zambiri umakhala waung'ono, ng'ombe ndi za mabanja ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi mitundu ina. Ntchito yaulimiyi imakhudzana ndi zoopsa zosiyanasiyana, komanso khama lalikulu lomwe likufunika kusamutsa ziweto pamtunda wamakilomita mazana ambiri kufunafuna msipu. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yodziwika kwambiri ndipo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafuko angapo, omwe a Fulani amaonekera, omwe wakhala ntchito yaikulu kwa zaka zambiri. Kuwonjezera pa kukhala mmodzi wa mafuko aakulu kwambiri ku Sahel ndi kum’mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, magwero ena amati Fulani ku Nigeria ndi anthu pafupifupi 17 miliyoni. Kuonjezera apo, ng’ombe nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati gwero la chitetezo ndi chizindikiro cha chuma, ndipo pachifukwa ichi abusa achikhalidwe amagulitsa ng'ombe pamlingo wochepa kwambiri.
Ubusa Wachikhalidwe
Neopastoralism imasiyana ndi ubusa wachikhalidwe ponena za umwini wa ziweto, kukula kwa ng'ombe, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida. Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha ng'ombe chodziwika bwino chimasiyana pakati pa ng'ombe 16 ndi 69, kukula kwa ng'ombe zosaweta nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa ng'ombe 50 ndi 1,000, ndipo zochitika zozungulira nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti ndi abusa aganyu. [8], [5]
Ngakhale kuti poyamba zinali zofala ku Sahel kuti ng’ombe zazikulu ngati zimenezi zizitsagana ndi asilikali okhala ndi zida, masiku ano kukhala ndi ziweto kukuoneka kwambiri ngati njira yobisira chuma chopezedwa molakwa kwa andale achinyengo. Komanso, pamene abusa achikhalidwe amayesetsa kukhala ndi ubale wabwino ndi alimi kuti apitirize kuyanjana ndi alimi, abusa a mercenary alibe chifukwa chokhalira ndi ubale wawo ndi alimi chifukwa ali ndi zida zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuopseza alimi. [5], [8]
Ku Nigeria makamaka, pali zifukwa zitatu zazikuluzikulu za kuyambika kwa neo-abusa. Choyamba ndi chakuti kukhala ndi ziweto kumawoneka ngati ndalama zokopa chifukwa cha mitengo yomwe ikukwera nthawi zonse. Ng'ombe yokhwima pakugonana ku Nigeria ikhoza kuwononga US $ 1,000 ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuŵeta ng'ombe kukhala gawo lokongola kwa osunga ndalama. [5]
Kachiwiri, pali kulumikizana kwachindunji pakati pa neo-abusa ndi machitidwe achinyengo ku Nigeria. Ofufuza angapo anena kuti katangale ndi gwero la zigawenga ndi zigawenga zambiri m’dzikoli. M’chaka cha 2014, imodzi mwa njira zomwe boma lidachita pofuna kuthana ndi katangale, makamaka kuzembetsa ndalama, idakhazikitsidwa. Izi ndiye Nambala Yotsimikizika ya Banki (BVN). Cholinga cha BVN ndikuwunika momwe mabanki amagwirira ntchito ndikuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa kuba ndalama. [5]
Bank Verification Number (BVN) imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa biometric kulembetsa kasitomala aliyense ndi mabanki onse aku Nigeria. Makasitomala aliyense amapatsidwa chizindikiritso chapadera chomwe chimalumikiza maakaunti awo onse kuti athe kuyang'anira zochitika zamabanki angapo. Cholinga chake ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zochitika zokayikitsa zimadziwika mosavuta pamene dongosololi lijambula zithunzi ndi zala za makasitomala onse a banki, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti ndalama zoletsedwa zisungidwe mu akaunti zosiyanasiyana ndi munthu yemweyo. Deta kuchokera m'mafunso ozama adawonetsa kuti BVN idapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa ogwira ntchito zandale kubisa chuma chosavomerezeka, ndipo ma akaunti angapo okhudzana ndi ndale ndi abwenzi awo, omwe amadyetsedwa ndi ndalama zomwe amaba, adayimitsidwa pambuyo poyambitsa.
Banki Yaikuru ya ku Nigeria inanena kuti “madola mabiliyoni angapo a naira (ndalama za ku Nigeria) ndi mamiliyoni ambiri a ndalama zakunja zakunja anatsekeredwa m’akaunti ya m’mabanki angapo, ndipo eni ake a maakaunti ameneŵa mwadzidzidzi analeka kuchita nawo malonda. Pamapeto pake, maakaunti opitilira 30 miliyoni "ongokhala" komanso osagwiritsidwa ntchito adadziwika kuyambira pomwe BVN idakhazikitsidwa ku Nigeria ndi 2020. [5]
Mafunso ozama omwe wolembayo adachita adawonetsa kuti anthu ambiri omwe adayika ndalama zambiri m'mabanki aku Nigeria nthawi yomweyo asanakhazikitsidwe Bank Verification Number (BVN) adathamangira kuzichotsa. Kutatsala milungu ingapo kuti tsiku lomaliza la aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito mabanki apeze BVN lisanafike, akuluakulu a mabanki ku Nigeria akuwona mtsinje wandalama womwe ukutengedwa kuchokera kunthambi zosiyanasiyana m'dzikolo. Inde, sizinganenedwe kuti ndalama zonsezi zinabedwa kapena chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika, koma ndizotsimikizika kuti andale ambiri ku Nigeria akusintha ndalama zolipiridwa chifukwa sakufuna kuyang'aniridwa ndi banki. [5]
Panthawi yomweyi, ndalama zomwe sizinapezeke molakwika zalowetsedwa m'gawo laulimi, ndipo chiwerengero cha ziweto chikugulidwa. Akatswiri azachuma akuvomereza kuti kuyambira pomwe BVN idakhazikitsidwa, pakhala kukwera kwambiri kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chuma chomwe adapeza molakwika pogula ziweto. Poganizira kuti mu 2019 ng'ombe yachikulire imawononga 200,000 - 400,000 Naira (600 mpaka 110 USD) komanso kuti palibe njira yokhazikitsira umwini wa ng'ombe, ndizosavuta kuti achinyengo agule ng'ombe mazana mamiliyoni a Naira. Izi zikupangitsa kuti mitengo yaziweto ikwere, pomwe ng'ombe zingapo zazikuluzikulu tsopano zili ndi anthu omwe alibe chochita ndi kuweta ng'ombe ngati ntchito komanso moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, pomwe ena mwa eni ake amakhala ochokera kumadera omwe ali kutali ndi msipu. madera. [5]
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, izi zimabweretsa chiwopsezo china chachikulu chachitetezo m'dera la nkhalango, chifukwa abusa ankhanza nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zida zankhondo.
Chachitatu, akatswiri a neopastoralists akufotokoza njira yatsopano ya maubwenzi a neopatrimonial pakati pa eni ndi abusa ndi kuchuluka kwa umphawi pakati pa omwe akuchita nawo malonda. Ngakhale kukwera kwa mitengo ya ziweto m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi ndipo ngakhale kuti ulimi wa ziweto wakula pamsika wa kunja, umphaŵi pakati pa alimi oŵeta ziweto osamukira m’mayiko ena sunachepe. M'malo mwake, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa ofufuza a ku Nigeria, m'zaka zapitazi za 30-40, chiwerengero cha abusa osauka chawonjezeka kwambiri. (Catley, Andy and Alula Iyasu, Moving up or moving out? A Rapid Livelihoods and Conflict Analysis in Mieso-Mulu Woreda, Shinile Zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia, April 2010, Feinstein International Center).
Kwa iwo omwe ali pansi pa chikhalidwe cha anthu m'dera la abusa, kugwira ntchito kwa eni ng'ombe zazikulu kumakhala njira yokhayo yopulumukira. M'nthawi ya ubusa watsopano, umphawi womwe ukuwonjezeka pakati pa abusa, zomwe zimapangitsa abusa osamukira kumayiko ena kusiya bizinesi, zimawapangitsa kukhala osavuta kwa "eni ake omwe sali" ngati ntchito yotsika mtengo. M’madera ena kumene mamembala a nduna zandale ali ndi ng’ombe, anthu a m’madera a abusa kapena abusa a mafuko enaake amene akhala akuchita ntchitoyi kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri amalandira malipiro awo m’njira ya ndalama zoperekedwa monga “chithandizo cha m’deralo. midzi”. Mwanjira imeneyi, chuma chopezedwa mosaloledwa chimaloledwa. Ubale wosamalira makasitomala ndi wofala kwambiri kumpoto kwa Nigeria (kumene kuli abusa ambiri osamukira kumayiko ena, kuphatikizapo Fulani), omwe amawoneka kuti akuthandizidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma motere. [5]
Pachifukwa ichi, Ajala Olayinka amagwiritsa ntchito nkhani ya ku Nigeria ngati kafukufuku wofufuza mozama machitidwe atsopano a mikangano chifukwa chakuti ali ndi ziweto zazikulu kwambiri ku West Africa ndi Sub - Saharan Africa - pafupi ndi mutu wa 20 miliyoni. ng'ombe. Chifukwa chake, chiwerengero cha abusa nachonso ndi chochuluka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi madera ena, ndipo kukula kwa mikangano m'dzikoli ndi kwakukulu kwambiri. [5]
Izi ziyenera kutsindika apa kuti zikukhudzanso kusintha kwa malo apakati pa mphamvu yokoka ndi ulimi wakusamuka kwa abusa ndi mikangano yokhudzana ndi izo kuchokera ku mayiko a Horn of Africa, kumene m'mbuyomu adalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ku West Africa ndi makamaka - ku Nigeria. Kuchuluka kwa ziweto zomwe zimakwezedwa komanso kukula kwa mikangano zikusamutsidwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku mayiko a Horn of Africa kupita kumadzulo, ndipo pakali pano mavutowa ali ku Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Mauritania, Côte d. 'Ivoire ndi Senegal. Kulondola kwa mawu awa kumatsimikiziridwa kwathunthu ndi deta ya Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). Kachiwirinso malinga ndi gwero lomwelo, mikangano ya ku Nigeria ndi imfa zotsatira zili patsogolo pa mayiko ena omwe ali ndi mavuto ofanana.
Zomwe Olayinka adapeza zimachokera ku kafukufuku wam'munda komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino monga zoyankhulana zakuya zomwe zimachitika ku Nigeria pakati pa 2013 ndi 2019. [5]
Mwachidule, kafukufukuyu akufotokoza kuti ubusa wachikhalidwe ndi ubusa wosamukira kumayiko ena ukupita pang'onopang'ono ku neopastoralism, mtundu wa ubusa womwe umadziwika ndi magulu akuluakulu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri ndi zida kuti zitetezedwe. [5]
Chimodzi mwazotsatira zazikulu za kusachita ubusa ku Nigeria ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zochitika zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kuba ziweto ndi kubedwa m'madera akumidzi. Izi mwazokha sizinthu zatsopano ndipo zakhala zikuwonedwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Malinga ndi kunena kwa ofufuza monga Aziz Olanian ndi Yahaya Aliyu, kwa zaka zambiri, kuba ng’ombe “kwakhala kukuchitika m’madera awo, m’nyengo yanyengo, ndiponso kuchitidwa ndi zida zamwambo zambiri popanda chiwawa chochepa.” (Olaniyan, Azeez ndi Yahaya Aliyu, Ng'ombe, Achifwamba ndi Mikangano Yachiwawa: Kumvetsetsa Ng'ombe Zowononga Kumpoto kwa Nigeria, Mu: Africa Spectrum, Vol. 51, Issue 3, 2016, pp. 93 - 105).
Malinga nkunena kwa iwo, m’nthaŵi yaitali imeneyi (koma yooneka ngati yapita kale), kubera ng’ombe ndi ubwino wa abusa osamukira kudziko lina zinayendera limodzi, ndipo kuba ng’ombe kunawonedwanso monga “chida chogaŵiranso zinthu ndi kufutukula madera ndi magulu a abusa. ”. .
Pofuna kuti chipwirikiti chisachitike, atsogoleri a abusa anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kubera ng’ombe (!) Osalola nkhanza kwa amayi ndi ana. Kupha anthu panthawi yakuba ng'ombe kunalinso koletsedwa.
Malamulowa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito osati ku West Africa kokha, monga momwe adanenera Olanian ndi Aliyu, komanso ku East Africa, kum'mwera kwa Horn of Africa, mwachitsanzo ku Kenya, kumene Ryan Trichet akulongosola njira yofanana. (Triche, Ryan, Mkangano wa Abusa ku Kenya: kusintha chiwawa cha mimetic kukhala madalitso otsanzira pakati pa anthu a Turkana ndi Pokot, African Journal on Conflict Resolution, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 81-101).
Pa nthawiyo, kuweta nyama ndi kuŵeta anthu osamukira kwawo kunkachitidwa ndi mafuko enaake (a Fulani otchuka pakati pawo) omwe ankakhala m'madera ogwirizana kwambiri komanso osakanikirana, kugawana chikhalidwe, makhalidwe ndi chipembedzo, zomwe zinathandiza kuthetsa mikangano ndi mikangano yomwe inabuka. . thetsani popanda kukulitsa chiwawa chambiri. [5]
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuba ng'ombe zakale, zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, ndipo lerolino ndilo lingaliro la kuba. Kale, cholinga cha kuba ng’ombe chinali kubwezeretsa zotayika zina m’gulu la ng’ombe, kapena kupereka malowolo paukwati, kapena kulinganiza kusiyana kwa chuma pakati pa mabanja pawokha, koma mophiphiritsira “sikunali kugulika. ndipo cholinga chachikulu cha kuba si kufunafuna chuma chilichonse”. Ndipo kuno mkhalidwe umenewu wakhala ukuchitikira ku West ndi East Africa konse. ( Fleisher, Michael L., “War is good for Thieving!”: Symbiosis of Crime and Warfare among the Kuria of Tanzania, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 72, No. 1, 2002, pp. 131 -149).
Zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'zaka khumi zapitazi, pamene takhala tikuwona zakuba ziweto zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa makamaka ndi kulingalira za chitukuko cha zachuma, zomwe mophiphiritsira zimanena za "msika". Nthawi zambiri amabedwa kuti apeze phindu, osati chifukwa cha nsanje kapena chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri. Kumbali ina, kufalikira kwa njira ndi machitidwewa kungabwerenso chifukwa cha zinthu monga kukwera mtengo kwa ziweto, kukwera kwa kufunikira kwa nyama chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, komanso mosavuta kupeza zida. [5]
Kafukufuku wa Aziz Olanian ndi Yahaya Aliyu akukhazikitsa ndikutsimikizira mosakayikira kukhalapo kwa kulumikizana kwachindunji pakati pa neo-ubusa ndi kuchuluka kwa umbava wa ziweto ku Nigeria. Zochitika m'mayiko angapo a ku Africa zawonjezera kufalikira kwa zida (kuchulukana) m'derali, ndi a mercenary neo-o-ng'ombe akupatsidwa zida za "chitetezo cha ng'ombe", zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito poba ng'ombe.
Kuchulukana kwa zida
Chodabwitsa ichi chidayambanso chatsopano pambuyo pa 2011, pomwe zida zazing'ono zikwi makumi ambiri zidafalikira kuchokera ku Libya kupita kumayiko angapo ku Sahel Sahara, komanso ku Sub-Saharan Africa konse. Izi zatsimikiziridwa kwathunthu ndi "gulu la akatswiri" lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi UN Security Council, lomwe, mwa zina, likuyang'ananso mkangano ku Libya. Akatswiri akuwona kuti zipolowe zomwe zikuchitika ku Libya ndi kumenyana komwe kunatsatira zachititsa kuti zida zankhondo zichuluke kwambiri osati m'mayiko oyandikana nawo a Libya, komanso kudera lonselo.
Malinga ndi akatswiri a UN Security Council omwe asonkhanitsa zambiri kuchokera kumayiko 14 aku Africa, Nigeria ndi imodzi mwazomwe zakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zida zomwe zimachokera ku Libya. Zida zimatumizidwa ku Nigeria ndi maiko ena kudzera ku Central African Republic (CAR), ndipo zotumizazi zikuyambitsa mikangano, kusatetezeka komanso uchigawenga m'maiko angapo aku Africa. (Strazzari, Francesco, Libyan Arms and Regional Instability, The International Spectator. Italian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 49, Issue 3, 2014, pp. 54-68).
Ngakhale kuti mkangano wa ku Libya wakhalapo ndipo ukupitirizabe kukhala gwero lalikulu la kufalikira kwa zida ku Africa, pali mikangano ina yogwira ntchito yomwe ikulimbikitsanso kuyenda kwa zida kumagulu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo neo-abusa ku Nigeria ndi Sahel. Mndandanda wa mikanganoyi ndi South Sudan, Somalia, Mali, Central African Republic, Burundi ndi Democratic Republic of Congo. Akuti m’mwezi wa Marichi 2017 panali zida zazing’ono ndi zopepuka (SALW) zoposa 100 miliyoni m’madera ovuta kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zambiri mwa zida zimenezi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Africa.
Makampani ogulitsa zida zankhondo akuyenda bwino ku Africa, komwe malire "opanda pake" ali ofala kuzungulira mayiko ambiri, zida zikuyenda momasuka kudutsa m'maikowo. Ngakhale kuti zida zambiri zozembetseredwa zimathera m’manja mwa magulu a zigawenga ndi zigawenga, abusa osamukasamuka nawonso akugwiritsa ntchito zida zazing’ono ndi zazing’ono (SALW). Mwachitsanzo, abusa ku Sudan ndi South Sudan akhala akuwonetsa poyera zida zawo zazing'ono (SALW) kwa zaka zoposa 10. Ngakhale abusa ambiri aku Nigeria akuweta ng’ombe ndi ndodo m’manja, abusa ambiri othawa kwawo awonedwa ndi zida zazing’ono ndi zopepuka (SALW) ndipo ena akuimbidwa mlandu wobera ng’ombe. M’zaka khumi zapitazi, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa chiŵerengero cha kuba ng’ombe, zomwe zachititsa kuti osati abusa achikhalidwe okha, komanso alimi, achitetezo ndi nzika zina. (Adeniyi, Adesoji, The Human Cost of Uncontrolled Arms in Africa, kafukufuku wapadziko lonse pa mayiko asanu ndi awiri a ku Africa, March 2017, Oxfam Research Reports).
Kupatulapo abusa aganyu amene amagwiritsa ntchito zida zimene ali nazo kuti azibera ng’ombe, palinso achifwamba amene makamaka amachita kuba ng’ombe m’madera ena a ku Nigeria. Abusa a Neo-anthu nthawi zambiri amati amafunikira chitetezo kwa achifwamba akamafotokoza za momwe abusa amagwirira ntchito. Ena mwa oweta ziweto omwe adawafunsa adati amanyamula zida kuti adziteteze kwa achifwamba omwe amawaukira ndi cholinga chowabera ng’ombe zawo. (Kuna, Mohammad J. ndi Jibrin Ibrahim (eds.), Zigawenga zakumidzi ndi mikangano kumpoto kwa Nigeria, Center for Democracy and Development, Abuja, 2015, ISBN: 9789789521685, 9789521685).
Mlembi wa National wa Miyetti Allah Livestock Breeders Association of Nigeria (limodzi la mabungwe akuluakulu oŵeta ziweto m’dzikolo) anati: “Ukaona mwamuna wa Fulani atanyamula AK-47, n’chifukwa chakuti kuba ng’ombe kwafika ponseponse. wina amadabwa ngati m'dziko muno muli chitetezo chilichonse". (Mtsogoleri wa dziko la Fulani: Chifukwa chiyani abusa athu amanyamula ma AK47., May 2, 2016, 1; 58 pm, The News).
Vutoli limabwera chifukwa chakuti zida zopezedwa pofuna kupewa kuba ng’ombe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mwaufulu pakabuka mkangano pakati pa abusa ndi alimi. Kusemphana maganizo kumeneku kwa zofuna za ziweto zosamukira kumayiko ena kwachititsa kuti pakhale mpikisano wa zida zankhondo ndipo zachititsa kuti pakhale malo ngati bwalo lankhondo pamene abusa ambiri ayambanso kunyamula zida zodzitetezera pamodzi ndi ziweto zawo. Kusintha kosinthika kumabweretsa mafunde atsopano achiwawa ndipo nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa kuti "mikangano ya abusa". [5]
Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa mikangano yoopsa ndi chiwawa pakati pa alimi ndi abusa akukhulupiliranso kuti ndi zotsatira za kukula kwa neo-abusa. Kupatulapo imfa zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha zigawenga, mikangano pakati pa alimi ndi abusa amawerengera chiwerengero chachikulu cha imfa zokhudzana ndi mikangano mu 2017. (Kazeem, Yomi, Nigeria tsopano ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha chitetezo cha mkati kuposa Boko Haram, January 19, 2017, Quarz).
Ngakhale kuti mikangano ndi mikangano pakati pa alimi ndi abusa othawa kwawo ndi zaka mazana ambiri, ndiko kuti, kuyambira nthawi yautsamunda isanayambe, mphamvu za mikanganoyi zasintha kwambiri. (Ajala, Olayinka, Chifukwa chiyani mikangano ikukulirakulira pakati pa alimi ndi abusa ku Sahel, May 2nd, 2018, 2.56 pm CEST, The Conversation).
Munthawi ya utsamunda, abusa ndi alimi nthawi zambiri ankakhala limodzi mwachiyanjano chifukwa cha ulimi ndi kukula kwa ng'ombe. Ziweto zinkadya mapesi amene alimi anasiya atakolola, nthaŵi zambiri m’nyengo yachilimwe pamene abusa osamukasamuka ankasamutsa ziweto zawo kum’mwera kuti zidyetseko msipu. Posinthana ndi msipu wotsimikizika komanso ufulu wopezeka ndi alimi, ndowe za ng'ombe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alimi ngati feteleza wachilengedwe kuminda yawo. Izi zinali nthawi za minda yaing'ono ndi umwini wa mabanja a ng'ombe, ndipo alimi ndi oweta ziweto anapindula ndi kumvetsa kwawo. Nthawi ndi nthawi, pamene ziweto zinawononga zokolola za m'mafamu ndipo mikangano inayamba, njira zothetsera mikangano ya m'deralo zinkakhazikitsidwa ndipo kusiyana pakati pa alimi ndi abusa kumathetsedwa, nthawi zambiri popanda kuchita zachiwawa. [5] Kuonjezera apo, alimi ndi abusa oyendayenda nthawi zambiri amapanga njira zosinthira tirigu ndi mkaka zomwe zimalimbitsa ubale wawo.
Komabe, chitsanzo ichi chaulimi chasintha kangapo. Nkhani monga kusintha kwa kachitidwe ka ulimi, kuchuluka kwa anthu, kutukuka kwa msika ndi mgwirizano wa capitalist, kusintha kwa nyengo, kuchepa kwa dera la nyanja ya Chad, mpikisano wa nthaka ndi madzi, ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito njira zoweta anthu osamukasamuka, chilala. ndi kukula kwa chipululu ( chipululu), kusiyana kwa mafuko ndi kusintha kwa ndale kwatchulidwa ngati zifukwa za kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ubale wa oweta ziweto osamukira kumayiko ena. Davidheiser ndi Luna amazindikira kuphatikizika kwa chitsamunda ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa maubwenzi a msika-capitalist ku Africa monga chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa mikangano pakati pa abusa ndi alimi ku kontinenti. (Davidheiser, Mark ndi Aniuska Luna, Kuchokera ku Complementarity to Conflict: A Historical Analysis of Farmet - Fulbe Relations in West Africa, African Journal on Conflict Resolution, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008, pp. 77 - 104).
Iwo ati kusintha kwa malamulo a umwini wa nthaka komwe kunachitika mu nthawi ya atsamunda, kuphatikizira ndi kusintha kwa ulimi potsatira kutsata njira za ulimi wamakono monga ulimi wothirira komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa “ndondomeko zophunzitsa abusa osamukira kudziko lina kukhala moyo wokhazikika”, zikuphwanya malamulo a ulimi wothirira. Ubale wakale wa symbiotic pakati pa alimi ndi abusa, zomwe zikuwonjezera mwayi wa kusamvana pakati pa magulu awiriwa.
Kusanthula komwe Davidheiser ndi Luna amapereka akuti kuphatikizana pakati pa maubwenzi amsika ndi njira zamakono zopangira zapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa "ubwenzi wosinthana" pakati pa alimi ndi abusa osamukira kumayiko ena kupita ku "malonda ndi kugulitsa" ndi kugulitsa malonda), zomwe zimachulukitsa. kufunikira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe pakati pa mayiko awiriwa ndikusokoneza ubale womwe udalipo kale.
Kusintha kwa nyengo kwatchulidwanso kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zoyambitsa mikangano pakati pa alimi ndi abusa ku West Africa. Mu kafukufuku wochulukirachulukira womwe unachitika ku Kano State, Nigeria mu 2010, Haliru adazindikira kuti chipululu cha chipululu ndi malo olimapo ngati gwero lalikulu lazovuta zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano pakati pa abusa ndi alimi kumpoto kwa Nigeria. (Halliru, Salisu Lawal, Security Implication of Climate Change Pakati pa Alimi ndi Oweta Ng'ombe Kumpoto kwa Nigeria: Phunziro la Madera Atatu mu Kura Local Government of Kano State. Mu: Leal Filho, W. (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015).
Kusintha kwa mvula kwasintha momwe abusa amasamuka, ndipo abusa amasamukira kumwera kupita kumadera kumene ng'ombe zawo sizikanadyetsedwako zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi zotsatira za chilala cha nthawi yayitali m'dera lachipululu la Sudan-Sahel, lomwe lakhala lalikulu kuyambira 1970. (Fasona, Mayowa J. ndi AS Omojola, Kusintha kwa Climate, Human Security and Communal Clashes ku Nigeria, 22 - 23 June. 2005, Proceedings of International Workshop on Human Security and Climate Change, Holmen Fjord Hotel, Asker pafupi ndi Oslo, Global Environmental Change ndi Human Security (GECHS), Oslo).
Mchitidwe watsopanowu wakusamuka umawonjezera kupsyinjika kwa nthaka ndi nthaka, zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano pakati pa alimi ndi abusa. Nthawi zina, kuchuluka kwa anthu alimi ndi oweta ziweto kwathandiziranso kupsinjika kwa chilengedwe.
Ngakhale kuti nkhani zimene zalembedwa apa zathandiza kuti mkanganowo ukule, pakhala kusiyana koonekeratu m’zaka zingapo zapitazi pankhani ya mphamvu, mitundu ya zida zogwiritsiridwa ntchito, njira zowukira ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu amene anafa pa nkhondoyo. Chiwerengero cha ziwawa chawonjezekanso kwambiri pazaka khumi zapitazi, makamaka ku Nigeria.
Deta yochokera ku nkhokwe ya ACLED ikuwonetsa kuti mkanganowu wakula kwambiri kuyambira 2011, kuwonetsa kulumikizana komwe kungachitike kunkhondo yapachiweniweni yaku Libya komanso kuchuluka kwa zida zomwe zidachitika. Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha zigawenga ndi chiwerengero cha ovulala chawonjezeka m'mayiko ambiri omwe akukhudzidwa ndi nkhondo ya Libyan, ziwerengero za Nigeria zimatsimikizira kukula kwa chiwonjezeko ndi kufunikira kwa vutoli, ndikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa kumvetsetsa mozama kwambiri. mfundo zazikulu za mkangano.
Malingana ndi Olayinka Ajala, maubwenzi awiri akuluakulu amaonekera pakati pa machitidwe ndi kuopsa kwa zigawenga ndi kusachita ubusa. Choyamba, mtundu wa zida ndi zida zomwe abusa amagwiritsira ntchito ndipo kachiwiri, anthu omwe akukhudzidwa nawo. [5] Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chimene anapeza m’kafukufuku wake n’chakuti zida zogulidwa ndi abusa pofuna kuteteza ziweto zawo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito polimbana ndi alimi pakakhala kusamvana pa nkhani yodyetsera ziweto kapena kuwonongedwa kwa minda ndi abusa oyendayenda. [5]
Malingana ndi Olayinka Ajala, nthawi zambiri mitundu ya zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oukirawo zimapereka chithunzi chakuti abusa othawa kwawo ali ndi chithandizo chakunja. Chigawo cha Taraba kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Nigeria chikutchulidwa ngati chitsanzo. Pambuyo pa kuukira kwa nthawi yayitali kwa abusa a m’bomalo, boma la federal latumiza asilikali pafupi ndi madera omwe akhudzidwa kuti apewe kuukiranso. Ngakhale kutumizidwa kwa asitikali m'madera omwe adakhudzidwa, ziwopsezo zingapo zidachitikabe ndi zida zakupha, kuphatikiza mfuti zamakina.
Wapampando wa Boma la Takum Area, Taraba State, Bambo Shiban Tikari poyankhulana ndi "Daily Post Nigeria" adati, "Abusa omwe tsopano akubwera m'dera lathu ndi mfuti si abusa omwe timawadziwa komanso kuthana nawo. zaka zotsatizana; Ndikuganiza kuti mwina adamasulidwa mamembala a Boko Haram. [5]
Pali umboni wamphamvu kwambiri wosonyeza kuti mbali zina za anthu oweta ziweto zili ndi zida zonse ndipo tsopano zikugwira ntchito ngati zigawenga. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa atsogoleri a gulu loŵeta ziweto anadzitama pofunsa kuti gulu lake lachita bwino kuukira madera angapo a alimi kumpoto kwa Nigeria. Iye ananena kuti gulu lake silimaopanso asilikali ndipo anati: “Tili ndi mfuti [zodziwikiratu] zoposa 800; a Fulani tsopano ali ndi mabomba ndi yunifolomu ya asilikali.” (Salkida, Ahmad, Exclusive pa abusa a Fulani: "Tili ndi mfuti zamakina, mabomba ndi yunifolomu yankhondo", Jauro Buba; 07/09/2018). Mawuwa adatsimikiziridwanso ndi ena ambiri omwe adafunsidwa ndi Olayinka Ajala.
Mitundu ya zida ndi zipolopolo zomwe abusa amaukira alimi sizipezeka kwa abusa achikhalidwe ndipo izi zimadzutsa kukayikira kwa abusa atsopano. Pokambirana ndi mkulu wa asilikali, iye ananena kuti abusa osauka okhala ndi ng’ombe zazing’ono sangakwanitse kugula mfuti zodziwikiratu komanso mitundu ya zida zimene oukirawo amagwiritsa ntchito. Iye anati: “Ndikaganizira, ndimadabwa kuti kodi m’busa wosaukayo angakwanitse bwanji kugula mfuti ya makina kapena mabomba ophulitsa pamanja ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi achiwembuwa?
Bizinesi iliyonse ili ndi kusanthula kwa mtengo wake, ndipo abusa akumaloko sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotere pofuna kuteteza nkhosa zawo zazing'ono. Kuti munthu awononge ndalama zambiri pogula zida zimenezi, ayenera kuti anaikapo ndalama zambiri m’ziŵetozi kapena akufuna kuba ng’ombe zambiri kuti abweze ndalamazo. Izi zikuwonetsanso kuti magulu augawenga kapena magulu ochita zaupandu tsopano akukhudzidwa ndi ziweto zomwe zimasamuka. ” [5]
Winanso adayankha kuti abusa achikhalidwe sangakwanitse kugula AK47, yomwe imagulitsidwa $1,200 - US$1,500 pamsika wakuda ku Nigeria. Komanso, mu 2017, phungu woimira Delta State (South-South Region) mu Nyumba Yamalamulo, Evans Ivuri, adanena kuti helikoputala yosadziwika imatumiza nthawi zonse kwa abusa ena ku Owre-Abraka Wilderness m'boma. kukhala ndi ng'ombe zawo. Malinga ndi aphungu a m’nkhalangoyi, ng’ombe zoposera 5,000 2,000 komanso abusa pafupifupi XNUMX. Izi zikusonyezanso kuti umwini wa ng'ombezi ndi wokayikitsa kwambiri.
Malingana ndi Olayinka Ajala, kugwirizana kwachiwiri pakati pa machitidwe ndi kuopsa kwa kuukira ndi kusakhala abusa ndi chidziwitso cha anthu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ziwawazo. Pali mikangano ingapo yokhudza abusa omwe akukhudzidwa ndi zigawenga za alimi, ambiri mwa omwe amawaukirawo ndi abusa.
M’madera ambiri kumene alimi ndi oŵeta ziweto akhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, alimi amadziŵa alimi amene ng’ombe zawo zimadyetsera m’mafamu awo, nyengo imene amabweretsera ziweto zawo, ndiponso kukula kwa ng’ombe zawo. Masiku ano, pali madandaulo akuti ng'ombe ndi zazikulu, abusa ndi alendo kwa alimi ndipo ali ndi zida zoopsa. Kusintha kumeneku kumapangitsa kasamalidwe kakale ka mikangano pakati pa alimi ndi abusa kukhala kovuta komanso kosatheka nthawi zina. [5]
Wapampando wa khonsolo ya maboma ang’ono a Ussa – m’boma la Taraba, Bambo Rimamsikwe Karma, wanena kuti abusa omwe achita nkhanza kwa alimi si abusa wamba omwe anthu am’deralo amawadziwa ponena kuti ndi “alendo”. Mkulu wa Bungweli ananena kuti “abusa amene anabwera pambuyo pa gulu lankhondo m’gawo loyang’aniridwa ndi khonsolo yathu si ochezeka ndi anthu athu, kwa ife ndi anthu osadziwika ndipo amapha anthu”. [5]
Izi zatsimikiziridwa ndi asilikali a ku Nigeria, omwe adanena kuti abusa othawa kwawo omwe adachita zachiwawa ndi kuukira alimi "adathandizidwa" osati abusa achikhalidwe. (Fabiyi, Olusola, Olaleye Aluko and John Charles, Benue: Killer herdsmen are sponsored, says soldiers, April 27-th, 2018, Punch).
Apolisi a ku Kano State Commissioner adalongosola poyankhulana kuti ambiri mwa abusa omwe adagwidwa ndi zida amachokera ku mayiko monga Senegal, Mali ndi Chad. [5] Uwu ndi umboni winanso wakuti abusa omwe akuchulukirachulukira akulowa m'malo mwa abusa achikhalidwe.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti si mikangano yonse pakati pa abusa ndi alimi m'maderawa chifukwa cha ubusa watsopano. Zochitika zaposachedwapa zimasonyeza kuti abusa ambiri osamukira kudziko lina akunyamula kale zida. Komanso, zina mwa ziwawa zomwe zimachitikira alimi ndi kubwezera ndi kubwezera alimi akupha ziweto. Ngakhale kuti atolankhani ambiri ku Nigeria amanena kuti abusa ndi amene amaukira mikangano yambiri, kufunsa mozama kumavumbula kuti zina mwa zigawenga zomwe zimachitikira alimi okhazikika ndi kubwezera chilango cha kuphedwa kwa ziweto za abusa ndi alimi.
Mwachitsanzo, fuko la Berom m’chigawo cha Plateau (limodzi mwa mafuko aakulu kwambiri m’derali) silinabisikepo kuti limadana ndi abusa ndipo nthaŵi zina layamba kupha ziweto zawo pofuna kupewa msipu m’malo awo. Izi zinapangitsa kuti abusa abwezere ndi chiwawa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuphedwa kwa mazana a anthu a fuko la Berom. (Idowu, Aluko Opeyemi, Urban Violance Dimension in Nigeria: Farmers and Herders Onslaught, AGATHOS, Vol. 8, Issue 1 (14), 2017, p. 187-206); (Akov, Emmanuel Terkimbi, The Resource-conflict kutsutsana revisited: Untangling nkhani ya alimi-aweta mikangano ku North Central dera Nigeria, Vol. 26, 2017, Issue 3, African Security Review, pp. 288 - 307).
Pofuna kuthana ndi ziwawa zomwe alimi akuchulukira, madera angapo a alimi apanga zoyendera kuti apewe kuukira madera awo kapena kuyambitsa ziwonetsero zolimbana ndi madera oweta ziweto, zomwe zikukulitsa chidani pakati pamagulu.
Pamapeto pake, ngakhale kuti akuluakulu olamulira amamvetsetsa momwe nkhondoyi ikuyendera, andale nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu powonetsa kapena kubisa mkanganowu, njira zothetsera mavuto, komanso kuyankha kwa dziko la Nigeria. Ngakhale zothetsera zomwe zingatheke monga kukula kwa msipu zakhala zikukambidwa motalika; kuchotsera zida abusa okhala ndi zida; phindu kwa alimi; kutetezedwa kwa madera aulimi; kuthana ndi vuto la kusintha kwa nyengo; ndi kumenyana ndi kuba ng'ombe, mkanganowo unadzazidwa ndi ziwerengero zandale, zomwe mwachibadwa zinapangitsa kuthetsa kwake kukhala kovuta kwambiri.
Pankhani ya ndale, pali mafunso angapo. Choyamba, kugwirizanitsa mkangano umenewu ndi mafuko ndi zipembedzo nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti anthu asamangoganizira za zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu omwe kale anali ophatikizidwa. Ngakhale kuti pafupifupi abusa onse ndi ochokera ku Fulani, ziwawa zambiri zimalimbana ndi mitundu ina. M'malo mothetsa nkhani zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizomwe zimayambitsa mkanganowo, andale nthawi zambiri amagogomezera zifukwa zamitundu kuti awonjezere kutchuka kwawo ndikupanga "chitetezo" monga m'mikangano ina ku Nigeria. (Berman, Bruce J., Ethnicity, Patronage and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism, Vol. 97, Issue 388, African Affairs, July 1998, p. 305 - 341); (Arriola, Leonardo R., Patronage and Political Stability in Africa, Vol. 42, Issue 10, Comparative Political Studies, October 2009).
Kuonjezera apo, atsogoleri amphamvu achipembedzo, mafuko ndi ndale nthawi zambiri amalowerera ndale ndi mafuko pamene akulimbana ndi vutoli, nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa mikangano m'malo mothetsa mikangano. (Princewill, Tabia, Ndale za ululu wa munthu wosauka: Abusa, alimi ndi chinyengo cha anthu osankhika, January 17, 2018, Vanguard).
Chachiwiri, mkangano wodyetserako ziweto ndi woweta ziweto nthawi zambiri umakhala wandale komanso wojambula m'njira yomwe imatengera kunyozetsa kwa Fulani kapena kusamalidwa bwino kwa Fulani, kutengera omwe akukhudzidwa. Mu June 2018, mayiko angapo omwe akhudzidwa ndi mkanganowo adaganiza payekha kuti akhazikitse malamulo oletsa kudyetsera msipu m'madera awo, Boma la Federal la Nigeria, pofuna kuthetsa mkanganowo ndikupereka yankho lokwanira, adalengeza kuti akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito 179 biliyoni naira. pafupifupi 600 miliyoni US dollars) pomanga mafamu a ziweto zamtundu wa "ranch" m'maboma khumi a dzikolo. (Obogo, Chinelo, Chipolowe chokhudza malo oweta ng'ombe m'maboma 10. Igbo, Middle Belt, magulu a Chiyoruba amakana dongosolo la FG, June 21st, 2018, The Sun).
Ngakhale kuti magulu angapo kunja kwa midzi ya abusa ankanena kuti ubusa ndi bizinesi yaumwini ndipo sikuyenera kuwononga ndalama za boma, gulu la abusa osamukira kumayiko ena linakananso lingaliroli chifukwa chakuti linapangidwa kuti lipondereze anthu a Fulani, zomwe zimakhudza ufulu woyendayenda wa Fulani. Anthu angapo amgulu la ziweto adati malamulo omwe aperekedwa pa ziweto "akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ena ngati kampeni yopezera mavoti pachisankho cha 2019". [5]
Kukhazikitsa ndale pa nkhaniyi, pamodzi ndi njira ya boma yachisawawa, kumapangitsa njira iliyonse yothetsera kusamvana kukhala yosasangalatsa kwa magulu okhudzidwa.
Chachitatu, kusafuna kwa boma la Nigeria kuletsa magulu ophwanya malamulo omwe anena kuti ndi omwe adaukira madera a alimi pofuna kubwezera kupha ziweto kukugwirizana ndi kuopa kutha kwa ubale wa kasitomala ndi kasitomala. Ngakhale bungwe la Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (MACBAN) linavomereza kuphedwa kwa anthu ambiri m’boma la Plateau mu 2018 pofuna kubwezera kupha ng’ombe 300 ndi madera a alimi, boma linakana kuchitapo kanthu ndi gululi ponena kuti likuchitapo kanthu. gulu la chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe choyimira zofuna za Fulani. (Umoru, Henry, Marie-Therese Nanlong, Johnbosco Agbakwuru, Joseph Erunke ndi Dirisu Yakubu, kuphedwa kwa Plateau, kubwezera ng'ombe zotayika za 300 - Miyetti Allah, June 26, 2018, Vanguard) . adatengedwa mwadala pansi pa chitetezo cha boma chifukwa pulezidenti yemwe analipo panthawiyo (Pulezidenti Buhari) akuchokera ku fuko la Fulani.
Kuonjezera apo, kulephera kwa akuluakulu olamulira ku Nigeria kulimbana ndi zotsatira za neo-abusa pa mkangano kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu. M’malo mothetsa zifukwa zimene abusa akuchulukirachulukira kukhala ankhondo, boma likuyang’ana kwambiri za mikangano ya mafuko ndi zipembedzo. Kuphatikiza apo, eni ake ambiri a ng'ombe amakhala a anthu otchuka omwe ali ndi chikoka chachikulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuweruza milandu. Ngati gawo la neo-abusa la mkanganowo silinawunikidwe bwino ndipo njira yokwanira yochitira izo siinatengedwe, mwina sipadzakhala kusintha kwa zinthu m'dzikoli ndipo tidzawonanso kuwonongeka kwa zinthu.
Kochokera:
Mndandanda wathunthu wa zolemba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo loyamba ndi lachiwiri la kusanthula zimaperekedwa kumapeto kwa gawo loyamba la kusanthula, lofalitsidwa pansi pa mutu wakuti "Sahel - mikangano, kuwombera ndi mabomba osamukira". Magwero okhawo omwe atchulidwa mu gawo lachitatu la kusanthula - "The Fulani, Neopastoralism and Jihadism in Nigeria" aperekedwa pansipa.
Magwero owonjezera amaperekedwa m'mawuwo.
[5] Ajala, Olayinka, Madalaivala atsopano a nkhondo ku Nigeria: kuwunika kwa mikangano pakati pa alimi ndi abusa, Third World Quarterly, Volume 41, 2020, Issue 12, (yofalitsidwa pa intaneti 09 September 2020), pp. 2048-2066,
[8] Brottem, Leif ndi Andrew McDonnell, Ubusa ndi Mikangano ku Sudano-Sahel: Ndemanga ya Literature, 2020, Search for Common Ground,
[38] Sangare, Boukary, Fulani people and Jihadism in Sahel and West Africa countries, February 8, 2019, Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World ndi Sahel, The Fondation pour la recherche stratégique (FRS).
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Tope A. Asokere: https://www.pexels.com/photo/low-angle-view-of-protesters-with-a-banner-5632785/
Dziwani za wolemba:
Teodor Detchev wakhala pulofesa wothandizira wanthawi zonse ku Higher School of Security and Economics (VUSI) - Plovdiv (Bulgaria) kuyambira 2016.
Anaphunzitsa ku New Bulgarian University - Sofia ndi VTU "St. Cyril ndi Methodius”. Panopa amaphunzitsa ku VUSI, komanso ku UNSS. Maphunziro ake akuluakulu a maphunziro ndi awa: Ubale wa mafakitale ndi chitetezo, mgwirizano wa mafakitale ku Ulaya, Economic sociology (mu Chingerezi ndi Chibugariya), Ethnosociology, mikangano ya Ethno-ndale ndi dziko, Uchigawenga ndi kupha ndale - mavuto a ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, Kukula bwino kwa mabungwe.
Iye ndi mlembi wa ntchito zoposa 35 zasayansi pa kukana moto kwa nyumba zomanga ndi kukana kwa zipolopolo zachitsulo zacylindrical. Iye ndi mlembi wa ntchito zoposa 40 pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, sayansi ya ndale ndi maubwenzi a mafakitale, kuphatikizapo monographs: Ubale wa mafakitale ndi chitetezo - gawo 1. Kugwirizana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu mu mgwirizano wamagulu (2015); Institutional Interaction and Industrial Relations (2012); Social Dialogue mu Private Security Sector (2006); "Flexible Forms of Work" ndi (Post) Industrial Relations ku Central ndi Eastern Europe (2006).
Iye adalemba nawo mabuku: Zosintha mu zokambirana zamagulu. Maonekedwe a ku Ulaya ndi ku Bulgaria; Olemba ntchito ku Bulgaria ndi akazi kuntchito; Kukambitsirana Kwachiyanjano ndi Kulemba Ntchito Kwa Akazi Pagawo la Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zamoyo Zachilengedwe ku Bulgaria. Posachedwapa wakhala akugwira ntchito pa nkhani za ubale pakati pa ubale wa mafakitale ndi chitetezo; kukhazikitsidwa kwa kusagwirizana kwa zigawenga padziko lonse lapansi; mavuto a chikhalidwe cha anthu, mikangano yamitundu ndi mafuko ndi zipembedzo.
Membala wa International Labor and Employment Relations Association (ILERA), American Sociological Association (ASA) ndi Bulgarian Association for Political Science (BAPN).
Social demokalase ndi zikhulupiliro za ndale. Munthawi ya 1998 - 2001, anali Wachiwiri kwa Minister of Labor and Social Policy. Mkonzi-Mkulu wa nyuzipepala "Svoboden Narod" kuyambira 1993 mpaka 1997. Mtsogoleri wa nyuzipepala "Svoboden Narod" mu 2012 - 2013. Wachiwiri Wapampando ndi Wapampando wa SSI mu nthawi ya 2003 - 2011. Mtsogoleri wa "Industrial Policy" pa AIKB kuyambira 2014 .mpaka lero. Membala wa NSTS kuyambira 2003 mpaka 2012.
