Koma, kodi kwenikweni malamulo ankhondo ndi chiyani ndipo chimachitika ndi chiyani akasweka?
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za malamulo okhudza anthu padziko lonse lapansi, omwe amadziwika ndi mawu akuti IHL, UN News analankhula ndi Eric Mongeard ku ofesi ya UN ya ufulu wachibadwidwe, OHCHR.
Nazi zomwe muyenera kudziwa:
Malamulo ankhondo
Lamulo lothandiza anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndi lakale ngati nkhondo. Kuyambira ndime za m'Baibulo ndi Korani mpaka malamulo akale a ku Ulaya okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, malamulo omwe akuchulukirachulukirawa amatsata kuchepetsa kusamvana kwa anthu wamba kapena osamenya nkhondo.
Malamulowa akuimira "malamulo ocheperako kwambiri oteteza umunthu m'mikhalidwe yoyipa kwambiri yomwe imadziwika kwa anthu," adatero Mongelard, pozindikira kuti malamulo ankhondo amagwira ntchito pomwe nkhondo yayamba.
Womasulira wa UN akugwira ntchito pamkangano wokhudza malamulo okhudza anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Malamulo omwe alipo masiku ano amachokera ku Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva, yoyamba yomwe UN isanachitike zaka pafupifupi 200.
Kodi Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva ndi chiyani?
Pambuyo pa chilengezo cha Switzerland cha "kusalowerera ndale" kwapadziko lonse mu 1815, nkhondo yoyandikana nayo ya Austrian-French mu 1859 inachititsa a Henri Dunant, dziko la Switzerland lomwe limayang'anira anthu ophedwa kunkhondo, kuti afotokoze zomwe zinakhala International Committee for Aid to the Wounded.
Gululo posakhalitsa linasintha n’kukhala Komiti Yadziko Lonse ya Red Cross (ICRC) ndipo kenako Msonkhano Woyamba wa ku Geneva, womwe unasainidwa mu 1864 ndi mayiko 16 a ku Ulaya. Kuyambira pamenepo, mayiko ambiri ayamba kutsatira Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva.
Mayiko opitilira 180 adakhala maphwando kumisonkhano ya 1949. Amaphatikizapo zigawo 150 zomwe zikuchita nawo Protocol I, zomwe zinawonjezera chitetezo pansi pa misonkhano ya Geneva ndi Hague kwa anthu omwe akugwira nawo nkhondo za "kudziyimira pawokha" zomwe zinafotokozedwanso ngati mikangano yapadziko lonse komanso zinapangitsa kuti pakhale makomiti ofufuza zowona pazochitika za kuphwanya mgwirizano.
Mayiko opitilira 145 ali nawo Protocol II, yomwe idakulitsa chitetezo chaufulu wachibadwidwe kwa anthu omwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhondo zapachiweniweni zomwe sizinagwirizane ndi mapangano a 1949.
Mnyamata wina wogwira ntchito ku Britain Red Cross akuthandiza anthu omwe anakhudzidwa ndi chilala pa msasa wa Bati, Ethiopia mu 1984.
Malamulo atsopano ankhondo ndi ma protocol ku Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva apanga pomwe zida zankhondo ndi nkhondo zakhala zotsogola komanso zoyipa.
Pakhalanso mgwirizano wapadziko lonse woletsa zida zingapo zomwe zidayambitsidwa ndi mikangano yazaka za zana la 20, kuyambira kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa mpiru mu ngalande za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse mpaka kuponya napalm kudutsa Viet Nam. Migwirizano yomangiriza imeneyi imakakamizanso omwe adasaina kuti azilemekeza malamulo opereka chithandizo padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndani amatetezedwa?
Zipatala, masukulu, anthu wamba, ogwira ntchito zothandiza anthu, komanso njira zotetezeka zoperekera chithandizo chadzidzidzi ndi ena mwa anthu ndi malo otetezedwa ndi malamulo opereka chithandizo padziko lonse lapansi.
Protocol ku Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1977 ili ndi "malamulo ambiri" okhudza chitetezo cha anthu wamba, adatero Bambo Mongelard. Nthawi zambiri, mfundo zazikuluzikulu zimagawidwa m'magawo awiri a malamulo, ndipo yoyamba imakhudza kulemekeza ulemu ndi moyo wa munthu komanso chisamaliro chaumunthu. Izi zikuphatikiza zoletsa pakuphedwa mwachidule komanso kuzunza.
Mnyamata waima m’kati mwa mabwinja a sukulu yake ku Novohryhorivka, Ukraine.
Chachiwiri chikukhudza kusankhana, kulinganiza, ndi kusamala, iye anati, kumanga gulu lirilonse lomenyana.
Sangayang'ane anthu wamba, ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito ndi zida zomwe asankha kugwiritsa ntchito zitha kuchepetsa kapena kupewa kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba, ndipo ayenera kupereka chenjezo lokwanira kwa anthu wamba za chiwembu chomwe chikubwera.
"Kuwunika momwe malamulo amagwirira ntchito nthawi zonse ndizovuta," adatero. "Umboni wosadziwika umasonyeza kuti IHL nthawi zambiri imalemekezedwa kuposa ayi."
Ngakhale malamulowa adakhazikitsidwa, ogwira ntchito 116 adamwalira akugwira ntchito m'malo owopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi mu 2022.
Chiyambireni chakachi, ogwira ntchito othandizira 62 aphedwa kale, 84 avulala, ndipo 34 adabedwa, malinga ndi UN. adatchulapo nthawi mu Ogasiti kuchokera ku bungwe lochita kafukufuku lodziyimira pawokha Humanitarian Outcomes. Kuyambira 7 October, ogwira ntchito 15 a UN aphedwa ku Gaza.
Komabe, popanda malamulo apadziko lonse othandiza anthu ndi malamulo ena okhudzana nawo, zomwe zikuchitika m'mabwalo ankhondo padziko lonse lapansi "zingakhale zoipitsitsa kwambiri", adatero Mongelard.
"Omwe ali nawo pankhondoyi, akakumana ndi milandu, mwachitsanzo, kumenyedwa kwa anthu wamba kapena malo omenyera ufulu wa anthu wamba, nthawi zonse amangofuna kukana kapena kufotokoza, potero kulimbikitsa kuti akuzindikira kuti malamulowa ndi ofunika," adatero. adatero.
Kuthetsa kusalangidwa
"Kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa malamulo okhudza anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndi milandu yankhondo", adapitilizabe. Chifukwa chake, Mayiko onse ali ndi udindo woletsa makhalidwewo, kufufuza, ndi kuimba mlandu olakwa.
Lamulo lothandiza anthu padziko lonse lapansi lingathenso kuphwanyidwa kunja kwa nkhondo yeniyeni. Pakalipano, milandu yotsutsana ndi anthu sinagwirizanepo mu mgwirizano wodzipereka wa malamulo a mayiko. Pa nthawi yomweyo, a Chilamulo cha Roma imapereka mgwirizano waposachedwa wa anthu apadziko lonse lapansi pazomwe zili mkati mwazomwe zikuchitika. Ndilonso mgwirizano womwe umapereka mndandanda wambiri za zochitika zinazake zomwe zingapangitse mlanduwo.
Gawo loyamba la Khothi Lapadziko Lonse Lokhudza Milandu Yankhondo ku Yugoslavia Yemwe Idali Litsegulidwa ku Hague mu 1993.
Zophwanya zikachitika, njira zakhazikitsidwa, kuchokera ku makhoti a UN ku Cambodia, Rwanda, ndi Yugoslavia wakale kupita kumayiko ena monga momwe zidawonekera mu 2020 ku DR Congo pomwe khothi lankhondo lidabweretsa chigawenga chankhondo kuti chilungamo.
Khothi la International Criminal Court lokhazikitsidwa ku Hague (ICC), lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 2002 ndi lamulo la Rome Statute, lakhalanso ndi mphamvu pa milandu yophwanya malamulo okhudza anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Khothi lapadziko lonse lapansi
Khothi loyamba lachigawenga lapadziko lonse lapansi lokhazikika lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa kuti lithandizire kuthetsa kusalangidwa kwa olakwira milandu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ICC ndi bungwe lodziyimira pawokha lapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo silili gawo la UN.
Koma, UN ili ndi ulalo wachindunji. Woyimira mlandu wa ICC atha kutsegulira milandu kapena kufufuza kotumizidwa ndi UN Security Council kutumizidwa, ndi zigawo za States ku Rome Statute, kapena kutengera chidziwitso chochokera kodalirika.
Ngakhale si mayiko onse 193 omwe ali membala wa UN omwe amazindikira ICC, khotilo likhoza kuyambitsa kufufuza ndikutsegula milandu yokhudzana ndi milandu kuchokera kulikonse padziko lapansi. Milandu yamvedwa ndipo zigamulo zimaperekedwa pazophwanya malamulo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kugwiritsa ntchito kugwiririra ngati chida chankhondo mpaka kulemba ana usilikali.
Panopa khoti likufufuza Milandu ya 17. Zina mwa ntchito zake ndi kupereka zikalata zomanga anthu oganiziridwa kuti ndi olakwa. Izi zikuphatikiza chikalata chodziwikiratu chotsutsa Purezidenti wa Russia Vladimir Putin chokhudzana ndi kuwukira kwathunthu dziko la Ukraine.
Aliyense akhoza kuthandizira
Ngakhale kuti malamulo apadziko lonse othandiza anthu amatsogolera magulu omenyana, anthu onse ali ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri, adatero Mongeard.
Anachenjeza kuti kunyoza gulu la anthu kumatha kutumiza uthenga kwa gulu lankhondo lomwe lili pafupi kuti "kuphwanya kwina kuli bwino".
“Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira ndicho kupewa kunyozetsa mnzake kapena kunyozetsa mdani, kupeŵa mawu achidani, ndi kupewa kuyambitsa ziwawa,” iye anatero. "Apa ndipamene anthu wamba angathandizire."
Mnyamata wazaka zisanu akunyamula mphaka wake mkati mwa nyumba yake yomwe inawonongeka ku Gaza.
Ponena za mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, nkhondo ya Israel-Gaza itangoyamba pa 7 October, ICC inatsegula chigamulo. kufufuza kosalekeza, ntchito a kugwirizana kuti apereke zonena za milandu yankhondo, milandu yolimbana ndi anthu, kupha anthu, ndi nkhanza - zomwe zikuphwanya malamulo adziko lonse okhudza zachifundo.
Chikumbutso cha udindo wa magulu omenyanawo ponena za vuto la Israel-Gaza chinaperekedwa ndi wogwirizanitsa chithandizo chadzidzidzi cha UN a Martin Griffiths amene anauza bungwe la UN Security Council kuti: “Pali malamulo osavuta ankhondo,” akuwonjezera kuti “maphwando ankhondo ayenera kuteteza anthu wamba. ”
Momwemonso, World Health Organisation (WHO) Mtsogoleri Wachigawo cha Kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean Ahmed Al Mandhari adalankhula ndi UN News kutsatira kugunda chipatala cha Gazan.
"Palibe chandamale, ndipo sichiyenera kukhala chandamale," "WHO ikuyitanitsa magulu onse osagwirizana kuti atsatire malamulo apadziko lonse opereka chithandizo" komanso "kuteteza anthu wamba" limodzi ndi "akatswiri azachipatala omwe ali m'munda ndi ma ambulansi. ”.
