Monga Hezbollah-backed anthu ochita zionetsero anaukira ofesi ya kazembe wa US ku Beirut pothandizira Hamas, Achimerika sangazindikire mabungwe awiri achigawenga (osavomerezedwa ndi bungwe la United Nations, omwe amachulukitsa mamiliyoni ambiri) adalandira thandizo lazachuma la US m'zaka zitatu zapitazi.
Machimo a Hezbollah ndi magulu ake a mabanki aku Lebanon - kuphatikiza bwanamkubwa wa Bank of Lebanon Riad Salameh ndi Antoun Sehnaoui, wamkulu wa Société Générale Bank of Lebanon (SGBL) - awululidwa posachedwa m'makhothi ku Lebanon ndi United States.
Tsopano aku America akuphunziranso kuti kuwolowa manja kwawo kuli ndi mphotho yake.
Koma pali mbiri yayitali yapadziko lonse lapansi yothandizidwa ndi boma komanso zachinsinsi za 'ndalama zachigawenga'. Ndipo chotulukapo chake ndi chiyani?
Zaka 1945 zapitazo mwezi uno, gulu la Hezbollah lomwe linali longopangidwa kumene panthawiyo lidawononga kwambiri asilikali a US kuyambira nkhondo ya Iwo Jima mu 220. atumizidwa ku ntchito yoteteza mtendere yapadziko lonse lapansi. Bomba lachiwiri lagalimoto linapha asitikali 21 aku France.
Atsogoleri achisilamu achi Shia ku Lebanon omwe adakhazikitsa Hezbollah poyambirira adatengera chitsanzo cha Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini waku Iran mothandizidwa ndi alangizi okwana 1,500 a Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps; Khomeini mwiniwake adasankha dzina lakuti Hezbollah.
Hamas pambuyo pake idakhazikitsidwa ndi mamembala a Muslim Brotherhood pakati pa ena mu 1987 ndipo posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, idatsimikiza cholinga chake chomenya nkhondo yosatha yolimbana ndi Israeli.
Nthawi zambiri amakhalapo, Hamas ndi Iran akhala ogwirizana kwambiri. Israeli akuti Iran imapereka pafupifupi $100 miliyoni pachaka pothandizira ndalama ku Hamas; US State Department inanena kuti Iran imaperekanso Hamas ndi zida ndi maphunziro a usilikali. Zambiri zimabwera kudzera mu madola aku US omwe amayendetsedwa ndi UN Relief and Works Agency.
Boma la Israeli litathamangitsa ogwira ntchito 418 a Hamas kupita ku Lebanon mu 1992, Hezbollah ndi amene adawaphunzitsa kumeneko momwe angapangire ndikugwiritsa ntchito mabomba odzipha.
Ndi ndalama zowonjezera $ 50 miliyoni pachaka kuchokera ku Iran, Hamas inayamba kuphulitsa mabomba odzipha motsutsana ndi zolinga za Israeli.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, Iran idapanga njira zozembera kuti zipatse Hamas zida zapamwamba kwambiri.
Ndipo mwezi uno, Hamas idayambitsa kuwukira kwawo kwakukulu ku Israeli kuyambira nkhondo ya 1967.
Pamene Israeli akuyankha, mafunso akutsalira - Monga chifukwa chiyani Iran ikuyang'ana kwambiri zigawenga ku US ndi Israel?
Ndipo mwina chofunika kwambiri, ndimotani mmene mabungwe monga Hamas ndi Hezbollah, mosanyinyirika, anapitirizabe kupindula ndi pafupifupi mwadongosolo funneling ndalama zimene zawabweretsera iwo zipatso kwa onse othandizira boma monga Iran, ndipo ngakhale mabungwe payekha, mabungwe achifundo ndi anthu pawokha, monga Riad Salameh ndi Antoun Sehnaoui?
Otsutsa mfundo za US nthawi zambiri amadzudzula zomwe Eisenhower Administration anachita mu 1953 kuchotsa Prime Minister waku Iran. Mohammad Khalid, wotsutsana ndi ndale kwa nthawi yaitali wa Reza Khan (kenako Reza Shah Pahlavi) monga chothandizira mchitidwe wopereka ndalama zauchigawenga. Shah adalamulira dziko la Iran kwa zaka 26 mpaka Khomeini, yemwe adakhala ku ukapolo, adatenga mphamvu pambuyo pa zionetsero zotsogozedwa ndi ophunzira zidamuchotsa pampando ndikuyika Khomeini kukhala Ayatollah.
Khomeini ndi wolowa m'malo mwake Ayatollah Ali Khamenei akhala akutsutsa kwa nthawi yayitali US monga "satana wamkulu" ndipo adalumbira kubweretsa "imfa ku America" ndi "imfa kwa Israeli." Kudana kwa Khomeini ndi US kudapangitsa othandizira ake kulanda ofesi ya kazembe wa US ku Tehran mu 1979 ndikusunga anthu 52 aku America kwa masiku 444.
Mmodzi mawu onyansa mu 2015, Khamenei adanena kuti Iran sidzasiya kuthandiza "anthu oponderezedwa a Palestine, Yemen, maboma a Syria ndi Iraq, anthu oponderezedwa a Bahrain ndi omenyera nkhondo ku Lebanon."
A lipoti 2005 ndi Washington Institute ikuwonetsa momwe Iran idathandizira ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zauchigawenga za Hezbollah ndi zigawenga zomwe Hezbollah yafalikira. Ngakhale zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, Iran inali kupereka ndalama zokwana $200 miliyoni pachaka ndi ndalama ndi zida.
Iran imaperekanso ndalama ku Hezbollah kudzera m'mabungwe omwe amati ndi achinsinsi komanso mabungwe akutsogolo. Makamaka, bungwe loletsedwa la al-Aqsa International Foundation lapereka mamiliyoni a madola ndi zida ku Hamas, al Qaeda, ndi Hezbollah.
Monga Secretary Secretary of State Anthony Wayne adauza Congress mu 2003,
"Ngati mukuthandizira bungwe, ngakhale pali ntchito zambiri zachifundo zomwe zikuchitika, pali fungibility pakati pa ndalama. Mukulimbitsa bungwe”.
N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti ngakhale masiku ano, anthu ambiri sanaphunzirepo phunziro limeneli.
Al-Qaeda ndi Hezbollah akuti akugwirizana pakubera ndalama komanso chinyengo chakubanki - Mlandu umodzi wodziwika bwino, womwe wavumbulutsidwa posachedwa ndi ozenga milandu aku Lebanon, womwe umayang'ana a Salameh, Sehnaoui, komanso anthu anayi omwe amasinthanitsa ku Lebanon chifukwa cha "milandu yobera ndalama chifukwa chogulitsa ndalama ndi cholinga cha kukhudzana ndi ndalama ya dziko. "
Kampani ya taxi ya Michel Mecattaf idayimbidwa mlandu wowononga mabiliyoni a madola ngati gawo la chiwembu cha Salameh-Sehnaoui chomwe chimathandizira moyo wotukuka wamabanki komanso kutumiza mamiliyoni ku Hezbollah.
Sehnaoui ndi SGBL lero ndi omwe akuimbidwa mlandu pazochitika zomwe zikuchitika Mlandu waku US yoperekedwa ndi mabanja a omwe adazunzidwa ndi uchigawenga wa Hezbollah pomwe odandaulawo akuti adagwirizana ndi Hezbollah ndi mabanki khumi ndi awiri aku Lebanon.
Oimira otsutsa atha kupambana pamlanduwu, koma mabanja a ozunzidwa adikire ... ndikudikirira ...
Mwachitsanzo, mabanja a omwe adazunzidwa ku Beirut Barracks mu 1983 adasuma mlandu mu 2010 - zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo poti woweruza wa federal adagamula kuti. HezbollahIzi zidalamulidwa ndi Iran - ndipo patatha zaka zitatu Woweruza Chigawo cha US Royce Lamberth adalamula Iran kuti iwalipire $2.65 biliyoni.
Mu 2013, Woweruza wa Khothi Lachigawo la US, Katherine Forrest, adagamula kuti atulutse $ 1.75 biliyoni ya ndalama za Iran, zomwe zinali mu akaunti ya New York Citibank, kwa ozunzidwa. Patatha chaka chimodzi, khoti la apilo linagwirizana ndi chigamulo cha Judge Forrest, ndipo mu 2016 choncho anatero Khothi Lalikulu la US.
Mu Marichi 2023, woweruza wina waboma adalamula Bank Markazi, banki yayikulu ya Iran, ndi Clearstream Banking SA kuti alipire $ 1.68 biliyoni kwa achibale oleza mtima.
Pamene akudikirira ndalama zawo, boma la US lasokoneza chuma cha Iran, m'malo molipira anthuwa ndi ena omwe akhudzidwa ndi uchigawenga wothandizidwa ndi Iran.
Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, kutumiza kunja kwauchigawenga Matthew Levitt anachenjeza zimenezo
"A US ikalephera kusintha chikhalidwe cha anthu ochita zamalamulo ndi anzeru, kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi njira zoyenera, ndikuchita zofunikira ndikutsimikiza, tipeza nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kumenyana nazo, zomwe zimatenga nthawi yayitali. m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ndi kunena kuti mtengo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri ndi womvetsa chisoni m’moyo wa munthu.”
Kumenyedwa kwa mwezi uno ndi Hamas pa anthu osalakwa omwe amapita ku konsati ndi makanda akutsimikizira kuti machenjezo a Levitt sanatsatire.
Andale ndi mfundo wonks apitiriza kunamizira kuti amene analumbira magazi kuwononga US ndi Israel sanali kwenikweni kutanthauza izo ndipo iwo okha mabiliyoni madola pa magulu zigawenga ndi chiyembekezo pachabe kuti ndalama kugula mtendere.
Koma chomvetsa chisoni n’chakuti ndalama zoperekedwa kwa zigawenga zochokera kumadera osawerengeka zimangogula zida zambiri, nkhani zabodza, kukhetsa magazi, ndiponso nkhondo zambiri.
