Ku France, Nyumba ya Senate ikugwira ntchito palamulo loti "limbitse nkhondo yolimbana ndi mipatuko", Koma zomwe zili mkati mwake zikuwoneka kuti zimabweretsa mavuto akulu kwa akatswiri a ufulu wachipembedzo kapena chikhulupiriro komanso akatswiri achipembedzo.
Pa November 15, Council of Minister of the French Republic inatumiza a kulemba malamulo ku Senate cholinga chake ndi "kulimbikitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi zopatuka zachipembedzo". Lamuloli lidzakambidwa ndikuvotera ku Nyumba ya Seneti yaku France pa Disembala 19 ndikutumizidwa ku Nyumba Yamalamulo kuti iwunikenso voti yomaliza.
Zoonadi, "kulimbana ndi zolakwika zachipembedzo" kungawoneke ngati kovomerezeka, ngati wina angabwere ndi tanthawuzo lalamulo ndi lolondola la "cultic deviance" kapena "cult". Komabe, kuwonjezera pa mutu wa biluyo, ndizolemba zake zomwe zikuwoneka kuti ndizovuta kwambiri pamaso pa akatswiri a ForRB (ufulu wachipembedzo kapena zikhulupiriro) komanso akatswiri achipembedzo.
Nkhani yake 1 ikufuna kupanga upandu watsopano womwe umatanthauzidwa kuti "kuyika kapena kusunga munthu mumkhalidwe wogonjera m'malingaliro kapena mwakuthupi chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu kapena mobwerezabwereza kukakamiza kapena njira zomwe zingasokoneze kuweruza kwawo komanso kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyambitsa zovuta. kuwonongeka kwa thanzi lawo lakuthupi kapena m'maganizo kapena kutsogolera munthuyu kuchita zinthu kapena kudziletsa zomwe zimawakomera kwambiri ”. Kachiŵirinso, ndi kuŵerenga kofulumira, ndani amene angakane kulanga khalidwe loipa chotero? Koma satana ali mwatsatanetsatane.
Kubwereranso kwa malingaliro a "kulamulira maganizo".
"Kugonjera m'maganizo" ndilofanana ndi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "kusokoneza maganizo", "kulamulira maganizo", kapena "kusokoneza ubongo". Izi zikuwonekera bwino pamene mukuwerenga "phunziro la zotsatira" la boma la France, lomwe limayesa kufotokozera kufunikira kwa lamulo latsopanoli movutikira kwambiri. Mfundo zosamvetsetsekazi, zikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malamulo aupandu ndi magulu achipembedzo, potsirizira pake zatsutsidwa ngati zasayansi yabodza m'mayiko ambiri kumene zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, kupatulapo mayiko ena opondereza monga Russia ndi China. Ku US, Lingaliro la 1950 la "kuwongolera malingaliro" lomwe lidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi CIA kuyesa kufotokoza chifukwa chomwe asitikali awo ena adamvera chisoni adani awo achikomyunizimu, adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri amisala kumagulu atsopano achipembedzo muzaka za 80s. Gulu la akatswiri amisala linapangidwa kuti ligwire ntchito pa "Njira Zonyenga ndi Zosalunjika za Kukopa ndi Kulamulira" ndi zipembedzo zochepa ndipo adapereka "lipoti" ku American Psychological Association mu 1987. Yankho lovomerezeka kuchokera ku Ethical board ya American Psychological Association. zinali zomvetsa chisoni. Pa Meyi 1987, adakana lingaliro la olemba "kukakamiza mokakamiza", kulengeza kuti "zambiri, lipotili lilibe kukhwima kwa sayansi komanso njira yofunikira ya APA imprimatur", ndikuwonjezera kuti olemba lipoti sayenera kulengeza lipoti lawo. popanda kusonyeza kuti "zinali zosavomerezeka ku bungwe".
Zitangochitika izi, American Psychological Association ndi American Sociological Association adapereka chidule cha amicus curiae ku Khothi Lalikulu la US momwe adatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso chachipembedzo chosokoneza ubongo sichimavomerezedwa kuti chili ndi tanthauzo lasayansi. Chidulechi chikutsutsa kuti chiphunzitso chachipembedzo chosokoneza ubongo sichimapereka njira yovomerezeka mwasayansi yodziwira pamene chisonkhezero cha anthu chikuchulukira ufulu wakudzisankhira ndi pamene sichitero. Chifukwa chake, makhothi aku US apeza mobwerezabwereza kuti kulemera kwaumboni wasayansi kwatsimikizira kuti chiphunzitso chotsutsana ndi chipembedzo chosokoneza bongo sichivomerezedwa ndi gulu la asayansi.
Koma France (kapena antchito aboma aku France omwe adalemba lamuloli, komanso boma lomwe lidavomereza) silisamala kwenikweni za sayansi.
Italy ndi lamulo la "Plagio".
Lamulo lofanana ndi lomwe linaperekedwa mu bili ya ku France linalipodi ku Italy kuyambira 1930 mpaka 1981. Linali lamulo lachifasisti lotchedwa "plagio" (lomwe limatanthauza "kulamulira maganizo"), lomwe linalowa mu lamulo lotsatira la Criminal Code: "Aliyense amagonjera munthu ku mphamvu zake, kuti amuchepetse kukhala womvera, amalangidwa kukhala m'ndende zaka zisanu mpaka khumi ndi zisanu". Zowonadi, ndilo lingaliro lomwelo kuposa lomwe lili munkhani 1 ya bili yaku France.
Lamulo la Plagio linatchuka pamene linagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi wafilosofi wodziwika bwino wa gay wa Marxist, Aldo Braibanti yemwe adatengera kunyumba kwake anyamata awiri kuti azigwira ntchito monga alembi ake. Malinga ndi wotsutsa, adawabweretsa ku chikhalidwe chamaganizo ndi cholinga chowapanga kukhala okondedwa ake. Mu 1968, Braibanti anapezeka ndi mlandu wa "plagio" ndi Khoti la Assizes la Rome, ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 9. Pa apilo yomaliza, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri (kupitirira zigamulo za makhoti ang’onoang’ono) linafotokoza kuti “plagio” ya Braibanti inali “m’mene psyche ya munthu woumirizidwayo inasokonekera. Izi zinali zotheka ngakhale popanda kugwiritsira ntchito chiwawa chakuthupi kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala oyambitsa matenda, kupyolera mu zotulukapo zophatikizana za njira zosiyanasiyana, iliyonse mwa izo zokha sizikanathandiza, pamene zinakhala zogwira mtima zitagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi.” Kutsatira kukhudzika kumeneku, aluntha ngati Alberto Moravia ndi Umberto Eco, komanso maloya otsogola komanso akatswiri azamisala, adapempha kuti lamuloli lichotsedwe pa "plagio".
Ngakhale kuti chigamulochi sichinasinthidwe, chinayambitsa mikangano ku Italy kwa zaka zambiri. Kutsutsa kwa lamulo kunali kwa mitundu iwiri. Chimodzi chinali kuchokera kumalingaliro asayansi: ambiri mwa akatswiri amisala a ku Italy amakhulupirira kuti "plagio" m'lingaliro la "kugonjera m'maganizo", kulibe, ndipo ena amatsutsa kuti mulimonsemo, zinali zosadziwika bwino komanso zosadziwika kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. m'malamulo ophwanya malamulo. Kutsutsidwa kwachiwiri kunali ndale, monga otsutsa adanena kuti "plagio" inali kulola tsankho lamalingaliro, monga momwe zinalili ndi Braibanti yemwe adatsutsidwa chifukwa cha malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chifukwa anali kulimbikitsa "moyo wachiwerewere".
Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, mu 1978, lamulolo linagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsata wansembe Wachikatolika, Bambo Emilio Grasso, woimbidwa mlandu wa “kulamulira maganizo” pa otsatira ake. Emilio Grasso, mtsogoleri wa gulu lachikatolika la Charismatic ku Italy, anaimbidwa mlandu wochititsa otsatira ake kugonjera m’maganizo kuti agwire ntchito monga amishonale anthaŵi zonse kapena odzipereka pantchito zachifundo ku Italy ndi kunja. Ku Roma, khoti lomwe limayang'anira kuwunika mlanduwu lidafunsa kuti mlandu wa "plagio" ndi wovomerezeka, ndipo adatumiza mlanduwu ku Khoti Loona za Malamulo ku Italy.
Pa 8 June 1981, Khoti Loona za Malamulo linanena kuti mlandu wa plagio ndi wosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Malinga ndi chigamulo cha Khothi, Kutengera zolemba zasayansi pankhaniyi, kaya kuchokera ku "psychiatry, psychology kapena psychoanalysis," chikoka kapena "kugonjera m'maganizo" ndi gawo "labwinobwino" la ubale pakati pa anthu: "mikhalidwe yodziwika bwino yodalira malingaliro imatha kufikira. madigiri amphamvu ngakhale kwa nthawi yayitali, monga ubale wachikondi, ndi ubale pakati pa wansembe ndi wokhulupirira, mphunzitsi ndi wophunzira, dokotala ndi wodwala (…). Koma kunena kwenikweni kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, kapena kosatheka, kusiyanitsa, muzochitika ngati izi, kukopa kwamalingaliro kuchokera ku kugonjera kwamaganizo, ndi kusiyanitsa pakati pazifukwa zalamulo. Palibe njira zokhazikika zolekanitsira ndi kufotokozera ntchito iliyonse, kutsata malire enieni pakati pa ziwirizi. ” Khotilo linawonjezera kuti mlandu wa plagio unali “bomba lomwe latsala pang’ono kuphulika m’malamulo athu, chifukwa ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zilizonse zimene zikusonyeza kuti maganizo a munthu amadalira munthu wina.”
Uku kunali kutha kwa kugonjera kwamalingaliro ku Italy, koma zikuwoneka kuti sizokwanira kuletsa boma la France kubweranso ndi lingaliro lomwelo lachifasisti masiku ano.
Ndani akanakhudzidwa?
Malinga ndi Khothi Loona za Malamulo ku Italy, lingaliro lotere "litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zilizonse zomwe zikutanthawuza kudalira m'maganizo kwa munthu pa wina". Ndipo ndi mmenenso zilili kwa gulu lililonse lachipembedzo kapena lauzimu la chipembedzo chilichonse, komanso ngati pali udani wapagulu kapena wa boma motsutsana nawo. Kuwunika kwa kuwonongeka kwa "kugonjera kwamaganizo" koteroko kudzayenera kuperekedwa kwa akatswiri odziwa zamaganizo, omwe adzafunsidwa kuti apereke maganizo pa maonekedwe a lingaliro lomwe silinakhazikitsidwe maziko a sayansi.
Wansembe aliyense akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu wosunga okhulupirika mumkhalidwe wa "kumvera m'maganizo", monga momwe angakhalire mphunzitsi wa yoga kapena rabi. Monga momwe anatiuzira loya wina wa ku France ponena za biluyo: “Nkosavuta kusonyeza chitsenderezo chachikulu kapena chobwerezabwereza: malamulo obwerezabwereza operekedwa ndi owalemba ntchito, mphunzitsi wa zamaseŵera, kapena ngakhale mkulu wa asilikali; lamulo la kupemphera kapena kuulula, likhoza kuyeneretsedwa mosavuta kukhala choncho. Njira zosinthira chiweruzo ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku m'magulu a anthu: kunyengerera, kulankhula ndi kutsatsa ndi njira zonse zosinthira kuweruza. Kodi Schopenhauer akanasindikiza Art of Always Being Right motsogozedwa ndi Pulojekitiyi, osaimbidwa mlandu wochita nawo mlanduwo? Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa thanzi la thupi kapena maganizo n'kosavuta kudziwika kusiyana ndi momwe zimawonekera poyamba. Pokonzekera Masewera a Olimpiki, mwachitsanzo, wothamanga wapamwamba pansi pa kupanikizika mobwerezabwereza akhoza kufooka m'thupi lake, mwachitsanzo ngati atavulala. Mchitidwe watsankho kwambiri kapena kudziletsa kumakhudza makhalidwe osiyanasiyana. Msilikali wankhondo, akamakakamizidwa mobwerezabwereza, adzakakamizidwa kuchita zinthu zomwe zingakhale zatsankho, ngakhale pamaphunziro a usilikali. "
Zoonadi, kugamula mlandu wozikidwa pa lingaliro losamveka bwino lalamulo limeneli kungachititse kuti dziko la France ligamulidwe komaliza ndi Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya. Monga momwedi, m’chigamulo chake cha Mboni za Yehova ku Moscow ndi Ena v. Russia n° 302, Khotilo linakambitsirana kale nkhani ya “kuwongolera maganizo”: “Palibe tanthauzo la sayansi limene limatanthauza ‘kulamulira maganizo’”. Koma ngakhale zitakhala choncho, kodi ndi anthu angati amene angaimbidwe mlandu womangidwa molakwa chigamulo choyamba chochokera ku ECHR chisanaperekedwe?
Kupangitsa kuti asiye chithandizo chamankhwala
Lamulo lokonzekera lili ndi mfundo zina zotsutsana. Chimodzi mwa izo chili m'nkhani yake 4, yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuletsa "Kulimbikitsa kusiya kapena kusiya kutsatira chithandizo chamankhwala kapena prophylactic, pamene kusiyidwa kapena kudziletsa kumawoneka ngati kopindulitsa ku thanzi la anthu omwe akukhudzidwa, pamene, malinga ndi momwe akumvera. chidziŵitso chamankhwala, mwachiwonekere chiri chothekera kukhala ndi zotulukapo zowopsa kaamba ka thanzi lawo lakuthupi kapena lamaganizo, polingalira za matenda amene amasautsidwa nawo.”
Pankhani ya mliri wapambuyo pa mliri, aliyense akuganiza za anthu omwe amalimbikitsa kusamwa katemera komanso zovuta zomwe maboma akukakamira katemera. Koma monga lamulo lingagwire ntchito kwa aliyense "wodzutsa" nthawi zambiri pama social media kapena m'manyuzipepala, kuwopsa kwa dongosololi kumakhudza kwambiri. Ndipotu, bungwe la French Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) linapereka maganizo ake pa November 9:
"The Conseil d'Etat ikunena kuti zowona zotsutsidwa zikabwera chifukwa cha nkhani wamba komanso zopanda umunthu, mwachitsanzo pabulogu kapena malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, pomwe cholinga choteteza thanzi, chochokera ku ndime yakhumi ndi chimodzi ya Preamble to the 1946 Constitution, ikhoza kulungamitsa malire paufulu wolankhula, kulinganiza kuyenera kutsatiridwa pakati pa maufulu alamulowa, kuti asawononge ufulu wa mkangano wa sayansi ndi udindo wa oyimbira milandu poyambitsa zovuta zachirengedwe zamasiku ano."
Pomaliza, a French Council of State adalangiza kuti achotse zomwe zaperekedwa pabiluyo. Koma boma la France silinasamale.
Mayanjano odana ndi zipembedzo apatsidwa chala chachikulu
Lamulo lokonzekera, lomwe kwenikweni likuwoneka kuti ndi zotsatira za kukopa kofunikira kwa mabungwe odana ndi zipembedzo za ku France a FECRIS (European Federation of the Centers of Research and Information on Sects and Cults), sanawasiye popanda chipukuta misozi. Ndi nkhani 3 ya lamulo, mabungwe odana ndi zipembedzo adzaloledwa kukhala odandaula ovomerezeka (zipani za boma) ndikubweretsa zochitika zapachiweniweni pamilandu yokhudzana ndi "zosokoneza zachipembedzo", ngakhale kuti iwowo sanawonongeke. Adzangofunika "mgwirizano" wochokera ku Unduna wa Zachilungamo.
Kwenikweni, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi biluyo, amatchula mabungwe omwe akuyenera kulandira mgwirizanowu. Onse amadziwika kuti amathandizidwa ndi boma la France (zomwe zimawapanga kukhala "Gongos", mawu omwe adapangidwa kuti azinyoza mabungwe omwe si aboma omwe ali "mabungwe omwe si aboma), komanso kutsata zipembedzo zing'onozing'ono. . Ndi nkhaniyi, mosakaikira kuti adzadzaza mabwalo amilandu ndi madandaulo osayembekezereka okhudza magulu omwe sakuwavomereza, pankhaniyi zipembedzo zing'onozing'ono. Izi, ndithudi, zidzasokoneza ufulu woweruza mwachilungamo kwa magulu ang’onoang’ono achipembedzo ku France.
Ndizosangalatsanso kudziwa kuti angapo mwa mabungwewa ndi a FECRIS, Federation yomwe The European Times waulula kuti ndiwo akuyambitsa mabodza aku Russia motsutsana ndi Ukraine, akumaneneza “mipatuko” kukhala kumbuyo kwa ulamuliro wa “Nazi wodya anthu” wa Purezidenti Zelensky. Mutha kuwona Kufotokozera kwa FECRIS apa.
Kodi lamulo lokhudza kupatuka kwa miyambo yachipembedzo lidzaperekedwa?
Tsoka ilo, dziko la France lakhala likusokoneza ufulu wachipembedzo kapena chikhulupiriro. Ngakhale kuti Malamulo ake amafuna kulemekeza zipembedzo zonse ndi kulemekeza ufulu wa chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo, ndilo dziko limene zizindikiro zachipembedzo zimaletsedwa kusukulu, kumene maloya amaletsedwanso kuvala zizindikiro zachipembedzo polowa m’makhoti, kumene zipembedzo zing’onozing’ono zambiri zasalidwa. monga “mipatuko” kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ndi zina zotero.
Choncho n’zokayikitsa kuti aphungu a ku France, omwe nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi chidwi ndi nkhani zokhudza ufulu wachipembedzo kapena chikhulupiriro, n’zokayikitsa kuti amvetsetse kuopsa kwa lamulo lotereli kwa okhulupirira, ngakhale kwa anthu osakhulupirira. Koma ndani akudziwa? Zozizwitsa zimachitika, ngakhale m'dziko la Voltaire. Mwachiyembekezo.
