Wolemba Dr. Masood Ahmadi Afzadi,
Dr. Razie Moafi
MAU OYAMBA
M’dziko lamakono, mkhalidwe wokhudzana ndi kuwonjezereka kofulumira kwa chiŵerengero cha zikhulupiriro umatengedwa kukhala vuto lalikulu. Mfundo imeneyi, mogwirizana ndi zotsutsana zachilendo zoonekera poyera ponena za chikhalidwe cha chikhulupiriro, zimafooketsa kumvetsa muzu wa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Ziweruzo zimenezi zimachititsanso kuti anthu ena aziganiza kuti mtundu uliwonse, mogwirizana ndi zosowa zake, umapanga chipembedzo, ndipo Mulungu wa chipembedzochi, kaya ndi zinthu zongopeka kapena zenizeni, ndi wongopeka komanso wosaona.
Yankho lavutoli limasungidwa mu monotheism. Lingaliro limeneli likuchitira umboni kuti zipembedzo zonse zimachokera ku magwero amodzi, monga momwe zimasonyezedwera mu umodzi wa chilungamo. Chifukwa cha ichi, onsewo, kuchokera ku lingaliro la chiyanjano, ali amodzi, koma mu maonekedwe awo akunja, amasiyana. Choncho, okhulupirira Mulungu mmodzi ndi oganiza mozama, kuphatikizapo Schuon, adapanga mitu yotsatirayi kuti akambirane: "Kupeza njira zodziwira njira zowonjezera chiwerengero cha zipembedzo", "Umodzi wachipembedzo" ndi "Chilamulo cha Chisilamu".
Ntchito ya nkhaniyi ndikufufuza, kusanthula ndi kufotokoza malingaliro a okhulupirira Mulungu mmodzi ndi oganiza mozama kuchokera pamalingaliro a Schuon ndi maziko achinsinsi a "Monotheism and Theology", komanso kupanga kusanthula koyerekeza pakati pa malingaliro a Schuon ndi atsopano a Huntington. chiphunzitso "Clash of Civilizations".
Malingaliro awiri omwe ali pansi pa nkhaniyi ali ndi chidziwitso chomveka bwino ndipo ali ndi umboni wosatsutsika wa kuya kwa malingaliro awo, omwe amachokera ku mizu ya chinsinsi cha chipembedzo, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe, kulemekeza maganizo a anthu ambiri omwe amatsutsa komanso otsutsa maudindo omwe akulimbikitsidwa.
- SEMANTIKI ZA CHIPEMBEDZO
Mawu akuti "chipembedzo" amachokera ku liwu lachilatini "religo" ndipo amatanthauza kugwirizanitsa pamakhalidwe abwino, kugonjetsa magawano, chikhulupiriro chabwino, miyambo yabwino ndi miyambo.
Mofanana ndi tanthawuzo la lingaliro ili, lomwe limatengedwa ngati kufotokozera chikhalidwe cha chipembedzo, mawu omwe ali ndi mizu yachi Greek "religale", kutanthauza.
"ogwirizana kwambiri." Liwuli lili ndi tanthauzo lotanthauza kumamatira kwa munthu pa kulambira kokhazikika.
Tanthauzo lovomerezedwa mofala la liwu lakuti “chipembedzo” liri “chiyanjano chaumwini cha munthu wokhala ndi lingaliro lopangidwa la zenizeni zenizeni.” (Hosseini Shahroudi 135:2004)
Mu Farsi, tanthauzo ndi tanthauzo la mawu akuti "religo" amatanthauza "kudzichepetsa, kumvera, kutsatira, kutsanzira, kusiya ntchito ndi kubwezera".
Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu oganiza bwino a m’mayiko a Kumadzulo afotokoza kuti “religo” ndi liwu lotanthauza “kulemekeza Mulungu” ndipo masiku ano tanthauzo limeneli likukayikiridwa. M’kutanthauzira kwake koyambirira mu mawonekedwe a “chipembedzo” chakhala ndi chiyambukiro champhamvu kwa iwo amene amamvetsetsa tanthauzo lake. ( Javadi Amoli 93:1994 )
Kwa Javadi Amoli, tanthauzo la mawu akuti "chipembedzo" ndi "mndandanda wamalingaliro, makhalidwe, malamulo ndi malamulo, malamulo olamulira ndi kuphunzitsa anthu." ( Javadi Amoli 93:1994 )
Otsatira miyambo ya makolo akale amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chipembedzo", ponena za tanthauzo lake ndi "umboni weniweni wa maphunziro okhudza khalidwe ndi makhalidwe a munthu kapena gulu la anthu". Iwo samakana, koma samavomerezanso tanthauzo limeneli kukhala lolondola, akumatsutsa kuti: “Ngati tanthauzo limeneli lili lolondola, ndiye kuti chikomyunizimu ndi ufulu wa anthu angatchedwe ‘chipembedzo’. Mawuwa amapangidwa ndi malingaliro oganiza bwino komanso chidziwitso cha munthu, koma kuti amvetsetse bwino kuchokera kumalingaliro amalingaliro, oganiza za makolo akale amawongolera chithunzithunzi chokhudza zomwe zili mu semantic, zomwe ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa tanthauzo lake laumulungu. chiyambi. (Malekian, Mostafa "Rationality and Spirituality", Tehran, Contemporary Publications 52:2006)
Nasr akunena kuti: “Chipembedzo ndi chikhulupiriro chimene dongosolo la moyo wa munthu limayikidwa mwa umodzi ndi Mulungu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo limaonekera mu dongosolo la anthu onse” – “Mu Islam – Omat” kapena anthu okhala ku Paradiso. . (Nsiku 164:2001)
2. MFUNDO ZOYENERA KUKHALA ZOPHUNZITSIRA MULUNGU WA ZIPEMBEDZO
2. 1. KUSONYEZEDWA KWA CHIPHUNZITSO CHA UMODZI WA ZIPEMBEDZO
Otsatira miyambo yakale amavomereza malingaliro a Schuon mu
"Chiphunzitso cha Umodzi wa Zipembedzo" kwa akuluakulu ndi ovomerezeka.
Dr. Nasr ali wotsimikiza kuti ochirikiza pamwambawa sayenera kukambitsirana za chipembedzo chimene chiri “chabwino” chifukwa chakuti zipembedzo zonse zazikulu zokhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu mmodzi zili ndi chiyambi chimodzi. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kachitidwe m'nthawi zakale, mafunso amabuka okhudzana ndi kukhalapo kwa mwayi wotsanzira zenizeni zauzimu. (Nasr 120:2003) Iye akugogomezera kuti chipembedzo chilichonse ndi Chibvumbulutso Chaumulungu, koma nthawi yomweyo - ndi "chapadera", choncho, wolemba akufotokoza, chowonadi chenicheni ndi njira zofikira ku chikhalidwe chake zili m'matumbo. chipembedzo chokha. Mogwirizana ndi zosoŵa zauzimu za anthu, ilo limagogomezera zenizeni za choonadi. (Nas 14:2003)
Kuchokera ku lingaliro la Schuon, kusagwirizana kwa zipembedzo, kuphatikizapo mgwirizano ndi Wam'mwambamwamba, kungavomerezedwe kukhala maziko ofunika kwambiri ndi njira yoganizira. Malinga ndi ochulukitsa ambiri a malamulo achisilamu, zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kupembedza ndi mapemphero, koma kusiyana kumeneku sikukhala ndi gawo lapadera pa chikhalidwe cha umodzi. Zipembedzo ndi otsatira awo ali kufunafuna ndi chidziwitso cha chowonadi chomaliza. Amachitcha njirayo ndi mayina osiyanasiyana, koma kwenikweni cholinga cha chipembedzo chilichonse ndi kutsogolera munthu ku choonadi chosatha, chosawonongeka ndi chamuyaya. Munthu m'mawonekedwe ake apadziko lapansi sakhala wamuyaya, koma wanthawi yochepa.
Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834), Frittjof Schuon - kupitiriza ndi kutsatira chiphunzitso chake, ndipo ophunzira ake ali ogwirizana pa chiphunzitso chakuti pamaziko a zipembedzo zonse pali "Umodzi Waumulungu". (Sadeghi, Hadi, "Introduction to the New Theology", Tehran, Publications "Taha" 2003, 77:1998)
Kuchulukana kwa zipembedzo kumaonekera chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa malingaliro ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake kothandiza.
Malinga ndi kunena kwa Legenhausen, chokumana nacho chachipembedzo “chobisika” chili m’zipembedzo zonse. (Legenhausen 8:2005)
William Chittick ali ndi kutanthauzira kwina kwa malingaliro a Schuon. Amakhulupirira kuti mgwirizano wa zipembedzo umachokera ku kulemekeza lingaliro la kulondola, udindo wamakhalidwe ndi chiyero chosonyezedwa mu Islam, zobwereka ku Sufism. (Chitika 70:2003)
Otsatira miyambo ya makolo akale amanena zoona za Mulungu mmodzi wogwirizanitsa zipembedzo zonse. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti zipembedzo zonse zili ndi chiyambi chaumulungu ndipo ndi amithenga ochokera kumwamba, omwe amawonekera ngati khomo lolowera kwa Mulungu, limene limasanduka njira yopita kwa Mulungu. Chotero, onsewo ali chilamulo Chaumulungu chowonetseredwa, chimene kuwala kwake kumatsogolera ku choonadi chenicheni.
Otsatira miyambo ya makolo akale amasamalira kwambiri zipembedzo zomwe sizichokera mumzera wa Abrahamu. Amafufuza chiyambi cha chiyambi cha Taoism, Confucianism, Hinduism ndi chipembedzo cha redskins. (Avoni 6:2003)
Othirira ndemanga a anthu omwe amatsatira miyambo ya makolo akale omwe ali m'sukulu ya "Chifukwa Chamuyaya" sakunena za chipembedzo china, koma amakoka zonse pacholowa cholemera cha Chisilamu, kupitirira kuzama kwake, komanso Chihindu ndi olemera. cholowa cha metaphysics ya zipembedzo za azungu ndi zikhulupiriro zina. ( Nasr 39:2007 ) Ochirikiza lingaliro la Umodzi Waumulungu amakhulupirira kuti maziko a zipembedzo zonse ndi ofanana. Ali ndi uthenga umodzi koma amaufotokozera mosiyana. Iwo ali okhutiritsidwa ndi umboni wakuti zipembedzo zonse zimachokera ku gwero limodzi - monga ngale, yomwe maziko ake ndi maziko, ndipo kunja kwake kuli ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana. Umu ndi mawonekedwe akunja a zipembedzo, ndi njira yodziwika bwino komanso yapayekha yomwe imatsimikizira kusiyana kwawo. (Nasr, Genesis 559).
Malinga ndi lingaliro la Schuon, pamwamba pa piramidi mwadongosolo imayimira lingaliro la kukhala, ogwirizana pamodzi kudzera mu umodzi wa chiyambi chaumulungu. Pamene wina akuchoka pamtunda, mtunda umawonekera, ukuwonjezeka molingana, kuwulula kusiyana. Zipembedzo, kuchokera kumalingaliro a chikhalidwe chawo chopatulika ndi zomwe zili nazo, zimawonedwa ngati chowonadi choyambirira ndi chokhacho, koma kupyolera mu maonekedwe awo akunja, palibe mmodzi wa iwo amene ali ndi ulamuliro wotheratu.
Kuyang'ana ndi maso a anthu omwe amatsatira miyambo yakale, chipembedzo chilichonse chokhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu mmodzi ndi chapadziko lonse ndipo chiyenera kuwonedwa ngati chimenecho. M'pofunika kuganizira kuti chipembedzo chilichonse chotere chili ndi chosiyana nacho, chomwe sichiyenera kulepheretsa ufulu wa zipembedzo zina.
2. 2. UMODZI WA MULUNGU WA ZIPEMBEDZO KUCHOKERA MMAONERO A SCHWON
Malinga ndi maganizo a anthu amene amatsatira miyambo ya makolo akale, zipembedzo zonse poyamba zimakhala ndi mgwirizano wamkati wobisika. Schuon anatchula koyamba za umodzi Waumulungu wa zipembedzo. Kutanthauzira kwina kwa malingaliro a Schuon kumatsimikizira chikhulupiriro chake chakuti zipembedzo zilibe choonadi chimodzi. Ndi zochitika za mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chipembedzo ndi miyambo ikhale ndi maonekedwe ndi matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana. Kuchuluka kwawo ndi chifukwa cha zochitika zakale, osati zomwe zili. Zipembedzo zonse pamaso pa Mulungu zimaimira kuwonetseredwa kwa choonadi chenicheni. Schuon amatanthauza lingaliro la umodzi Waumulungu wa zipembedzo, kufotokoza chiyambi chawo monga gawo la chipembedzo chimodzi, mwambo umodzi, umene sunatenge nzeru kuchokera ku unyinji wawo. Posonkhezeredwa ndi Sufism ndi zikhulupiriro zachisilamu, lingaliro lake la umodzi waumulungu linagogomezera kukhalapo kwa unansi pakati pa zipembedzo. Lingaliro ili silikukana kuthekera kwa kusanthula ponena za kusiyana pakati pa zipembedzo, ndi bwinonso kuyankhapo pa funso la gwero la Chivumbulutso lomwe lili ndi choonadi chenichenicho. Chowonadi chokhazikitsidwa motsatira malamulo chimagwira ntchito ngati chiyambi cha kuwonekera kwa zitukuko zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zipembedzo. Potengera izi, Schuon anatsutsa kuti: chipembedzo sichikhala ndi chowonadi chimodzi chokha. (Chiphunzitso 22:1976)
Exoterism ndi Esotericism monga njira za zipembedzo, kuphatikizapo malamulo ndi chiphunzitso cha Chisilamu ("exo" - njira yakunja; "eso" - njira yamkati), imayimira malingaliro a umodzi wa zipembedzo zonena za Mulungu mmodzi. Njira ziwirizi, zomwe zimakhala ndi ntchito zowonjezera, ziyeneranso kuwonedwa ngati zosiyana. Malinga ndi Schuon, njira yakunja imapanga mwambo, ndipo njira yamkati imatsimikizira tanthauzo lake ndi tanthauzo lake, kuwonetsa zenizeni zake. Chimene chimagwirizanitsa zipembedzo zonse ndi “umodzi waumulungu”, umene maonekedwe ake akunja alibe umphumphu wa choonadi, koma chowonadi chenicheni mu chikhalidwe chake ndi chionetsero cha umodzi. Zowona za zipembedzo zonse pachimake chake zimakhala ndi mgwirizano ndi umodzi, ndipo ichi ndi chowonadi chosatsutsika… lalikulu. Kusiyanaku kumakhazikika pakutalikirana pakati pawo kutengera malo, ubale wakale, komanso mawonekedwe. (Schoon 61:1987)
Schuon amavomereza monga chipembedzo choona chimene chili ndi chikhalidwe cha maphunziro ndi udindo wofotokozedwa momveka bwino. M'pofunikanso kukhala ndi phindu lauzimu, lomwe uthenga wake ulibe filosofi koma chiyambi chaumulungu, nsembe ndi madalitso. Amadziwa ndikuvomereza kuti chipembedzo chilichonse chimabweretsa Chibvumbulutso ndi chidziwitso chopanda malire cha Chifuniro Chaumulungu. ( Schuon 20:1976 ) Schuon akufotokoza momveka bwino zikhulupiriro zachisilamu mwa kunena za umodzi pakati pa maiko a ‘mantha’, ‘chikondi’ ndi ‘nzeru’ omwe ali mu Chiyuda ndi Chikristu. Amayika pampando wapamwamba kwambiri zipembedzo zazikulu zitatu - Chiyuda, Chikhristu ndi Chisilamu, zomwe zimachokera ku mzere wa Abrahamu. Zoti chipembedzo chilichonse n’chapamwamba n’zogwirizana chifukwa cha kusiyana kumene kulipo. Chowonadi, poyang'ana zamatsenga, chimatsogolera ku kumveka kosiyana ndi zinthu zakunja zomwe zimapanga zipembedzo. Chikhalidwe chawo chamkati chokha chimatsogolera ku chiweruzo chowonekera cha chiyanjano ndi Mulungu. (Chiphunzitso 25:1976)
3. MAZIKO A “CHIPHUNZIRO CHA KUSAFA” KUCHOKERA MMAONERO A SCHWON
"Theology of Immortality" ndi chiphunzitso cha anthropological cholumikizidwa ndi lingaliro lachikhalidwe la anthu oganiza bwino a avant-garde - afilosofi, monga René Genome, Coomaraswamy, Schuon, Burkhart, ndi ena. "Theology of Immortality" kapena "Chifukwa Chamuyaya" monga momwe zipembedzo zimanenera. ku chowonadi choyambirira ndi maziko a miyambo yaumulungu ya zipembedzo zonse kuyambira ku Buddhism mpaka ku Kabbalah, kudzera mu chiphunzitso chachikhalidwe cha Chikhristu kapena Chisilamu. Zolemba izi, zokhala ndi tanthauzo lenileni, zimayimira malo apamwamba kwambiri akukhalapo kwa munthu.
Lingaliro ili likuchitira umboni za umodzi pamaziko a zipembedzo zonse, zomwe miyambo yawo, malo ndi mtunda wanthawi yochepa sizisintha kugwirizana kwa nzeru. Chipembedzo chilichonse chimaona chowonadi chamuyaya mwanjira yakeyake. Mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwawo, zipembedzo zimafika pa kumvetsetsa kogwirizana za mkhalidwe wa Choonadi Chamuyaya mwa kuchifufuza. Otsatira miyambo amati amagwirizana maganizo pa funso la maonekedwe akunja ndi amkati a zipembedzo, ozikidwa pa nzeru za moyo wosafa, atazindikira choonadi cha mbiriyakale.
Nasr, mmodzi wa ofufuza otchuka, anakhulupirira kuti “Theology of Immortality” ingakhale chinsinsi cha kumvetsetsa kotheratu kwa zipembedzo, polingalira kusiyana pakati pawo. Kuchulukana kwa zipembedzo kumatengera kusamvetsetsana ndi kusiyana kwa mawonetseredwe a Sakramenti. (Nasr 106:2003)
Nasr amaona kuti ndikofunikira kuti wofufuza aliyense amene amavomereza ndi kutsatira "lingaliro la kusafa" ayenera kukhala wodzipereka kwathunthu ndikudzipereka kwathunthu ku Sakramenti. Ichi ndi chitsimikizo chathunthu cha kumvetsetsa kwenikweni kulowa. M’zochita zake, izi n’zosavomerezeka kwa ofufuza onse kusiyapo Akristu odzipereka, Abuda, ndi Asilamu. M'dziko longoyerekeza, kukayikira kotheratu sikutheka. (Nasri 122:2003)
M'malingaliro a Schuon ndi otsatira ake, "lingaliro la moyo wosafa" laikidwa ngati chilengedwe chonse, kuwonetsa chiwonetsero chake chachikulu mu Islam. Cholinga cha chilengedwe chonse ndi kugwirizanitsa miyambo ndi miyambo ya zipembedzo zonse. Kuyambira pachiyambi, Schuon ankaona kuti Chisilamu ndi njira yokhayo yopezera mathero, mwachitsanzo, “Theology of Immortality”, “Muyaya Chifukwa” kapena
“Kusafa kwa Chipembedzo.” M’maphunziro ake amaika “Chipembedzo Chosakhoza kufa” pamwamba pa malamulo opatulika, chopanda malire ndi makonzedwe.
M'zaka zomaliza za moyo wake Schuon anasamukira ku America. Mu chiphunzitso chake cha universalism, malingaliro atsopano okhudza miyambo, omwe amatchedwa "Cult" mu Chingerezi, amawonekeranso. Mawuwa amasiyana ndi tanthauzo la mawu akuti “mpatuko”. “Kagulu kampatuko” kamatanthauza kagulu kakang’ono kamene kamadzitcha chipembedzo chosiyana ndi cha anthu ambiri, okhala ndi malingaliro ndi miyambo inayake. Anadzipatula kwa anthu amene amatsatira zipembedzo zambiri. Oimira “mpatuko” ali kagulu kakang’ono ka otsatira zipembedzo zosafalitsidwa ndi malingaliro otengeka maganizo. (Oxford, 2010)
Kutanthauzira maziko a "Theology of Immortality of Religions", tikhoza kusiyanitsa mbali zitatu:
a. Zipembedzo zonse zokhulupirira Mulungu mmodzi zazikidwa pa umodzi wa Mulungu;
b. Kuwonetsera kwakunja ndi chikhalidwe chamkati cha zipembedzo;
c. Kuwonetseredwa kwa mgwirizano ndi nzeru m'zipembedzo zonse. (Legenhausen 242:2003)
4. UMODZI WA UMULUNGU NDIKUONEKA KUCHITIKA KWA ZIPEMBEDZO
Chiphunzitso cha Schuon, ndi mkhalidwe wake wololera kulinga ku kusiyana kwa chikhulupiriro, sichimaika zonena zake ndi mfundo zake pa okhulupirira odzipereka m’ziphunzitso za chipembedzo chawo. ( Schuon, 1981, p. 8 ) Otsatira chiphunzitso chake amaona kusaloŵerera m’ndale monga mtundu wa kulolera ndipo, pokhala achilungamo ndi opanda chidwi, amavomereza kusiyana kwa chikhulupiriro cha madera ena. Chofunika cha
chiphunzitsocho n'chofanana kwenikweni ndi mawonetseredwe a Sufism. Komabe, kusiyana kwa maonekedwe akunja kwa malamulo a Chisilamu ndi Sufism kulipo. Choncho, Schuon ndi omuchirikiza chiphunzitso chake amatsatira mfundo yakuti pali kusiyana pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chikhulupiriro. Chofunika kwambiri pazosiyana chimachokera ku chikhalidwe cha mawonetseredwe, okhudza mawonetseredwe akunja ndi amkati. Onse okhulupirika amalengeza chikhulupiriro chawo, kupyolera mu zinthu zakunja, zomwe siziyenera kutsogolera kutanthauzira kwa maonekedwe, koma ziyenera kugwirizana ndi chiyambi cha zikhulupiriro zachinsinsi mu chipembedzo. Mawonetseredwe akunja a "Lamulo la Chisilamu" ndi mndandanda wa malingaliro, nzeru ndi ntchito zotamanda Mulungu, zomwe zimakhudza maonekedwe a dziko ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo mawonetseredwe achinsinsi amanyamula chenicheni cha chipembedzo. Kapangidwe kameneka kokhudza mawonetseredwe akunja ndi amkati mosakayika amatsogolera ku malingaliro a kutsutsana pakati pa zikhulupiriro ndi zipembedzo, koma kuti tifike pa lingaliro la umodzi pakati pa zipembedzo ndikofunikira kulunjika ku chenicheni cha zikhulupiriro zoyambirira.
Martin Lings analemba kuti: “Okhulupirira m’zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana ali ngati anthu amene ali m’munsi mwa phiri. Pokwera, amafika pamwamba.” (“Khojat”, buku #7 p. 42-43, 2002) Awo amene anafika pamwamba osapitako ndi anzeru—anzeru akuima pa maziko a zipembedzo zimene mgwirizano wafikira kale, chotulukapo cha umodzi ndi Mulungu. .
Kwa Schuon, kuikidwa kwa lingaliro lina lolekezera pa chikhulupiriro kuli kowopsa ( Schoon p. 4, 1984), kumbali ina, chidaliro m’chowonadi cha chipembedzo chirichonse sichiri njira ya chipulumutso. ( Schuon p. 121, 1987 ) Iye amakhulupirira kuti pali njira imodzi yokha yopulumutsira anthu; mawonetseredwe a mavumbulutso ambiri ndi miyambo ndi zoona. Chifuniro cha Mulungu ndicho maziko a kusiyanasiyana komwe kumatsogolera ku umodzi wawo waukulu. Mawonetseredwe akunja a zipembedzo amapanga kusagwirizana, ndipo zikhulupiriro zamkati za chiphunzitso - zimagwirizanitsa. Cholinga cha kulingalira kwa Schuon ndi kukula kwa mawonetseredwe akunja ndi amkati achipembedzo. Magwero a chipembedzo chowona, kumbali imodzi, ndiwo chisonyezero Chaumulungu, ndipo kumbali inayo, chidziŵitso mwa munthu, chimenenso chiri phata la kukhalako konse.
Pomasulira zonena za Schuon, Nasr amagawana za nkhawa yamkati ya Schuon yokhudzana ndi zinthu zomwe zili m'chiphunzitso chake, komanso kusowa kumveka bwino kwauzimu. Iye alinso ndi lingaliro lakuti mawonetseredwe akunja a zipembedzo ali ndi lingaliro la umodzi waumulungu, umene, molingana ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana, makonzedwe, chilengedwe ndi mfundo za otsatira awo, zimapanga zenizeni zenizeni. Zofunikira pa chidziwitso chonse, miyambo, miyambo, zaluso ndi midzi yachipembedzo ndizowonetseratu zomwezo m'magulu onse a moyo wamunthu. Schuon amakhulupirira kuti pali mwala wobisika m'chipembedzo chilichonse. Malinga ndi iye, Chisilamu chikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha mtengo wake wochokera ku gwero lopanda malire. Iye ali wotsimikiza kuti lamulo la Chisilamu, kuchokera pamalingaliro a chikhalidwe chake ndi mtengo wake, likuyimira phindu lalikulu, lomwe, lowonetsedwa mu gawo la munthu wamba mu kukhudzika kwa malingaliro ndi malingaliro ena, amawoneka achibale. ( Schoon 26:1976 ) Mulungu amalenga ndi kusonyeza miyeso yakumwamba ndi Chibvumbulutso kupyolera m’zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. M’miyambo iliyonse amaonetsa mbali Zake kuti awonetsere kufunikira Kwake kopambana. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa zipembedzo ndiko chotulukapo chachindunji cha kulemera kosatha kwa kukhalapo kwa Mulungu.
Doctor Nasr muzolemba zake zasayansi akuti: "Malamulo achisilamu ndi chitsanzo chokwaniritsa mgwirizano ndi umodzi m'moyo wamunthu." (Nasr 131:2003) Kukhala motsatira malamulo a Chisilamu, kutsatira mfundo zakunja ndi zamkati, izi zikutanthawuza kukhalapo komanso kudziwa chikhalidwe chenicheni cha moyo. (Nsiku 155:2004)
5. KUFOTOKOZA KUFUNIKA KWA UMODZI PAKATI PA ZIPEMBEDZO
Otsatira miyambo ya makolo akale amasunga lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa mgwirizano wamkati wobisika pakati pa zipembedzo. Malinga ndi iwo, kuchulukitsitsa m’gulu lowoneka ndi maso ndiko kudzionetsera kwa dziko ndi maonekedwe akunja a chipembedzo. Kutuluka kwa choonadi chonse ndi maziko a umodzi. Ndithudi, zimenezi sizikutanthauza kunyalanyaza ndi kupeputsa mikhalidwe ya munthu ndi kusiyana kwa zipembedzo. Tinganene kuti: “Umodzi Waumulungu umenewo - maziko a zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana - sungakhale china chirichonse koma chenicheni chenicheni - chapadera ndi chosasinthika. Kusiyana kwapadera kwa chipembedzo chilichonse kuyeneranso kuzindikiridwa, zomwe siziyenera kunyalanyazidwa kapena kunyozedwa.” (Nasr 23:2007)
Pa funso la mgwirizano pakati pa zipembedzo, Schuon amagawana kuti nzeru zoyambirira zimabweretsa chiyero, osati kuwonetsera: choyamba - "Palibe ufulu umene uli pamwamba pa choonadi chaumulungu" (Schuon 8: 1991); chachiwiri, kusiyana kwa miyambo kumayambitsa kukaikira kwa okhulupirira ogwedezeka pa zenizeni za nzeru zamuyaya. Choonadi chaumulungu - monga choyambirira komanso chosasinthika - ndichotheka chokha chomwe chimayambitsa mantha ndi chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu.
6. AMAGANIZO AKULUAKULU A OPANGA CHIPEMBEDZO CHA KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO ZINTHU ZACHItukuko.
6. 1. KUSONYEZEDWA KWA Mgwirizano wa Chiphunzitso Chachitukuko Samuel Huntington - woganiza wa ku America ndi katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, mlengi wa lingaliro la "Clash of Civilizations" (pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Harvard ndi mkulu wa Organization for Strategic Studies ku America) mu 1992 anapereka. chiphunzitso cha "Clash of Civilizations". Lingaliro lake lidatchuka m'magazini ya "Foreign Policy". Zochita ndi chidwi pamalingaliro ake zakhala zosakanikirana. Ena amasonyeza chidwi chachikulu, ena amatsutsa kwambiri maganizo ake, ndipo ena amadabwa kwenikweni. Pambuyo pake, chiphunzitsocho chinapangidwa m'buku lodziwika bwino lomwe lili ndi mutu womwewo wakuti "The Clash of Civilizations and the Transformation of World Order." (Abed Al Jabri, Muhammad, History of Islam, Tehran, Institute of Islamic Thought 2018, 71:2006)
Huntington akufotokoza mfundo yokhudzana ndi kuyanjana kwachitukuko cha Chisilamu ndi Confucianism, zomwe zidayambitsa mkangano ndi chitukuko cha azungu. Akuwona zaka za zana la 21 kukhala zaka za mkangano pakati pa chitukuko cha Kumadzulo ndi Chisilamu ndi Confucianism, kuchenjeza atsogoleri a mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi America kuti akhale okonzekera mkangano womwe ungakhalepo. Iye amalangiza pa kufunika kupewa rapprochement Chisilamu chitukuko ndi Confucianism.
Lingaliro la chiphunzitsochi limatsogolera ku malingaliro kwa akuluakulu a chitukuko cha Kumadzulo kuti ateteze ndi kutsimikizira udindo wawo waukulu. Lingaliro la Huntington ngati pulojekiti yatsopano yofotokozera ubale wapadziko lonse pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union mu nthawi ya bipolar West, East, North ndi South ikupereka chiphunzitso cha maiko atatu kuti akambirane. Kufalikira mosayembekezereka, kulandilidwa ndi chidwi chachikulu, chiphunzitsocho chimanena kuti chikuwoneka panthaŵi yake m'mikhalidwe yomwe dziko lapansi likukumana ndi vuto lopanda kanthu chifukwa cha kusowa kwa paradigm yoyenera. (Wopambana 9:2007)
Huntington anati: “Maiko a Kumadzulo m’nthaŵi ya Nkhondo Ya Mawu anazindikira chikomyunizimu kukhala mdani wampatuko, akuchitcha ‘chikominisi champatuko. Masiku ano, Asilamu amaona maiko a Kumadzulo kukhala mdani wawo, akumawatcha “Azungu ampatuko.” M'mawu ake, Chiphunzitso cha Huntington ndi gawo lazokambirana ndi zokambirana zofunika zokhudzana ndi kunyoza chikomyunizimu m'magulu a ndale a Kumadzulo, komanso mitu yofotokozera kubwezeretsedwa kwa chikhulupiriro mu Islam, kulemberatu kusintha. Mwachidule: chiphunzitsochi chimapereka lingaliro la kuthekera kwa nkhondo yatsopano yozizira, chifukwa cha mkangano pakati pa zitukuko ziwirizi. (Afsa 68:2000)
Maziko a chiphunzitso cha Huntington amachokera ku mfundo yakuti ndi mapeto a nkhondo yozizira - nthawi ya mkangano wamalingaliro womwe umatha ndikuyamba nyengo yatsopano, kukambirana kwakukulu komwe kuli mutu wa mkangano pakati pa zitukuko. Kutengera magawo azikhalidwe, amatanthauzira kukhalapo kwa zitukuko zisanu ndi ziwiri: Kumadzulo, Confucian, Japan, Islamic, Indian, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin America ndi Africa. Amakhulupirira lingaliro losintha zizindikiritso za dziko, kuyang'ana pa kuthekera kokonzanso ubale wa boma ndikugogomezera kukulitsa zikhulupiriro ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe. Zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakonzeratu kusinthaku zidzathandizira kugwa kwa malire a ndale, ndipo kumbali ina, madera ovuta kwambiri ogwirizana pakati pa zitukuko adzapangidwa. Chiyambi cha miliriyi chikuwoneka kuti chiri pakati pa chitukuko cha Kumadzulo, kumbali imodzi, ndi Confucianism ndi Islam, kumbali inayo. (Shojoysand, 2001)
6. 2. KUSANGANA PAKATI PA ZITHUNZI MALINGA NDI MAONERO A HUNTINGTON
M'zolemba zake, Huntington amapereka kufunikira kwa zitukuko zingapo zapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo akuwonetsa ndikutanthauzira mkangano womwe ungakhalepo pakati pa zitukuko ziwiri zazikulu - Chisilamu ndi chakumadzulo. Kupatula mkangano womwe watchulidwawu, amasamaliranso wina, akuwutcha "mkangano wapakati". Pofuna kupewa izi, wolembayo amadalira lingaliro la kugwirizana kwa mayiko pamaziko a zikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro zofanana. Wofufuzayo akukhulupirira kuti kugwirizana kwa maziko amenewa ndi kolimba ndipo zitukuko zina zingazindikire kuti ndondomekoyi ndi yofunika kwambiri. (Huntington 249: 1999)
Huntington ankakhulupirira kuti chitukuko cha azungu chikusiya kukongola. M'buku lakuti "Kulimbana kwachitukuko ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo la dziko" akupereka mu mawonekedwe a chithunzi cha kulowa kwa dzuwa kwa chitukuko cha Chikhristu cha Kumadzulo kuchokera pamalingaliro a ndale ndi chikhalidwe chauzimu cha anthu. Amakhulupirira kuti mphamvu zandale, zachuma ndi zankhondo, poyerekeza ndi zitukuko zina, zikuchepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zamtundu wina - chitukuko chochepa chachuma, chiwerengero cha anthu osagwira ntchito, kusowa ntchito, kuchepa kwa bajeti, khalidwe lochepa, kuchepetsa ndalama. Chifukwa cha izi, m'mayiko ambiri a Kumadzulo, pakati pawo ndi America, pali kusiyana pakati pa anthu, omwe upandu ukuwonekera momveka bwino, zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto aakulu. Kukhazikika kwa zitukuko kukusintha pang'onopang'ono, ndipo m'zaka zikubwerazi chikoka cha Kumadzulo chidzachepa. Kwa zaka 400 kutchuka kwa kumadzulo kwakhala kosatsutsika, koma ndi kuchepa kwa chikoka chake, nthawi yake ikhoza kukhala zaka zina zana. (Huntington 184:2003)
Huntington amakhulupirira kuti chitukuko cha Chisilamu m'zaka zana zapitazi zakhala zikuchitika, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu, chitukuko chachuma cha mayiko achisilamu, chikoka cha ndale, kutuluka kwa mfundo zachisilamu, kusintha kwachisilamu, ntchito za mayiko a Middle East ..., kuchititsa ngozi. kwa zitukuko zina, kupereka chithunzithunzi cha chitukuko cha Azungu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chitukuko cha Azungu chinasiya kulamulira pang’onopang’ono, ndipo Chisilamu chinayamba kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Kugawidwanso kwachikoka kuyenera kuzindikiridwa ndi dziko lachitatu monga: kuchoka ku dongosolo la dziko lapansi ndi zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwachuma kapena kutsata njira ya Kumadzulo yachikoka yomwe yakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kuti chikhazikitso chichitike mu chitukuko cha chitukuko cha dziko lapansi, m'pofunika kuti chitukuko cha Kumadzulo chiganizirenso ndikusintha zochita zake, zomwe mwa njira yofunira kusunga udindo wake wotsogolera - zimabweretsa kukhetsa mwazi. (Huntington 251:2003)
Malinga ndi kunena kwa Huntington, chitukuko cha dziko chayenda motsatira chisonkhezero cha ndale za ulamuliro, monga chotulukapo chake, m’zaka zomalizira za zaka za zana latsopano, mikangano yosalekeza ndi mikangano yawonedwa. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa zitukuko kumabweretsa kusintha kwa kuzindikira, komwe kumawonjezera chikoka cha zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo, kukhala njira yodzaza malo omwe alipo. Zifukwa za kudzutsidwa kwachitukuko ndi khalidwe lobwerezabwereza la Kumadzulo, zosiyana za kusiyana kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ubale wolekanitsidwa pakati pa zitukuko lero walowedwa m'malo ndi malire andale ndi malingaliro anthawi ya Nkhondo Yozizira. Maubwenzi awa ndi chofunikira kuti pakhale zovuta komanso kukhetsa magazi.
Huntington, akupereka malingaliro ake okhudzana ndi kulimbana ndi chitukuko cha Chisilamu, amakhulupirira kuti nthawi ino ndi nthawi ya kusintha kwachitukuko. Ponena za kupasuka kwa Kumadzulo ndi Orthodoxy, chitukuko cha chitukuko cha Chisilamu, chakum'mawa kwa Asia, Africa ndi India, akupereka chifukwa chofotokozera za kuchitika kwa mkangano wotheka pakati pa zitukuko. Wolembayo akukhulupirira kuti kusamvana padziko lonse lapansi kukuchitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mtundu wa anthu. Amakhulupirira kuti mgwirizano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu otukuka ndi wopanda ubwenzi komanso ngakhale waudani, ndipo palibe chiyembekezo cha kusintha. Wolembayo ali ndi lingaliro linalake pa funso la ubale pakati pa Islam ndi Western Christianity, zomwe, ndi kuyanjana kwawo kosinthika, chifukwa cha kukana kusiyana, kumabweretsa kukhumudwitsa. Izi zingayambitse mikangano ndi mikangano. Huntington akukhulupirira kuti mkangano m'tsogolomu udzakhala pakati pa akumadzulo ndi Confucianism ogwirizana ndi Chisilamu monga chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu komanso zofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimapanga dziko latsopano. (Mansoor, 45:2001)
7. TUMIZANI
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za chiphunzitso cha umodzi wa zipembedzo, malinga ndi maganizo a Schuon, ndi chiphunzitso cha Huntington cha kusamvana kwa zitukuko. Zotsatirazi zikhoza kupangidwa: Schuon amakhulupirira kuti zipembedzo zonse zimachokera ku gwero limodzi, monga ngale, yomwe pakatikati pake ndi maziko ndi kunja kwa chikhalidwe chosiyana. Umu ndi mawonekedwe akunja a zipembedzo, zomwe zimakhala zofewa komanso zapayekha, zomwe zimawonetsa kusiyana kwawo. Otsatira chiphunzitso cha Schuon amanena kuti kuli Mulungu mmodzi amene amagwirizanitsa zipembedzo zonse. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi wofufuza nzeru zapamwamba Dr. Nasr. Amawona kuti cholowa cha sayansi yachitukuko chachisilamu, chomwe chili ndi chidziwitso kuchokera ku zitukuko zinanso, kufunafuna genesis yawo ngati gwero lalikulu lazinthu. Mfundo za maziko a chitukuko cha Chisilamu ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zamuyaya, osati za nthawi inayake. Amapezeka m'mbiri ya Asilamu, sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, komanso maganizo a akatswiri afilosofi ndi oganiza bwino achisilamu. Ndipo, kutengera mfundo yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe ili mwa iwo, amakhala mwambo. (Alamu 166:2008)
Malinga ndi malingaliro a Schuon ndi okhulupirira miyambo, chitukuko cha Chisilamu chikhoza kufika pachimake pokhapokha chiwonetsere chowonadi cha Chisilamu m'mbali zonse za moyo wa munthu. Kuti chitukuko cha Chisilamu chikule, payenera kuchitika zinthu ziwiri:
1. Pangani kusanthula kofunikira pakukonzanso ndikusintha;
2. Kubweretsa kutsitsimuka kwa Chisilamu mu gawo la kuganiza (kutsitsimutsidwa kwa miyambo). (Nasr 275:2006)
Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti popanda kuchita zinthu zina, kulephera kumatheka; m'pofunika kusintha anthu pamaziko a miyambo yakale ndi kuyembekezera kusunga ntchito yogwirizana ya miyambo. (Legenhausen 263:2003)
Lingaliro la Schuon nthawi zambiri limakhala lochenjeza, likuchenjeza mayiko a Kumadzulo za zovuta zosapeŵeka ndi mikangano yomwe idzatsatira. Malingaliro awa amatsagananso ndi kusatsimikizika kochuluka. Cholinga cha zipembedzo zonse ndi kukangana potchula choonadi cha chilengedwe chonse ngakhale pali kusiyana kochuluka komwe kulipo. Ndicho chifukwa chake chiphunzitso cha Schuon chikuphatikizidwa ndi kusatsimikizika. Kufunika kwa chipembedzo pamalingaliro a otsatira miyambo ndi maziko, maziko a kupembedza ndi kutumikira. Malingaliro ndi mafotokozedwe a zipembedzo zokhulupirira Mulungu mmodzi, limodzinso ndi anthu amene amatsatira miyambo, akhoza kukhala maziko ogonjetsera malingaliro onyanyira. Zowona zimasonyeza kusavomereza kusiyana kwa ziphunzitso zotsutsana, komanso kusayanjanitsa ndi choonadi cha zipembedzo. (Mohammadi 336:1995)
Otsatira miyamboyo amavomereza zongopeka zoyambilira pa maziko ake omwe amapangira chiphunzitso cha umodzi Waumulungu. Lingaliroli limagwirizanitsa chidziwitso cha mawonetseredwe a umodzi waumulungu, kuloza njira yolumikizana kudzera mu choonadi cha chilengedwe chonse.
Malingaliro onse amayenera kusamaliridwa chifukwa cha chowonadi chomwe chili mkati mwake. Kuvomereza lingaliro la kuchuluka kwa zipembedzo ndi zamakono ndipo ndi zosiyana ndi zomwe zili pamwambazi. Lingaliro la kuchulukana ndi losagwirizana, kukhala chopinga ku chiphunzitso cha Chisilamu, chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa chikhalidwe chake chosiyanasiyana kutumikira anthu onse. Malingana ngati izi ndizomwe zimayambitsa kusiyana kwa zipembedzo (Chisilamu ndi miyambo ina), zidzayambitsa chisokonezo cha chikhalidwe. ( Legenhausen 246:2003 ) Kusamveka bwino m’lingaliro limeneli kumachokera ku maonekedwe akunja ndi mkati mwa zipembedzo. Chipembedzo chilichonse muubwino wake chimayimira chonse - "chosawoneka", chomwe zigawo zake sizingasiyanitsidwe, ndipo kuwonetsera kwa anthu omwe ali nawo payekha kungakhale kolakwika. Malingana ndi Schuon, kugawanika kwa mawonetseredwe akunja ndi amkati kunayendetsedwa ndi chitukuko cha Islam. Kutchuka kwake ndi chikoka chake ndi chifukwa cha kufunikira kwakukulu kwa malamulo achisilamu, pomwe malingaliro ake onse amakhala ndi zopinga zazikulu. Kumbali inayi, kufanana kwa zipembedzo ndi Chisilamu, kuchokera pamalingaliro a chikhalidwe chawo, sikukutanthauza kutha kwa Chisilamu. Tiyeni titchule anthu oganiza bwino - akatswiri a maphunziro a sukulu ya miyambo, monga Guénon ndi Schuon, omwe anasiya zipembedzo zawo, kuvomereza Chisilamu komanso - kusintha mayina awo.
Pofotokoza za kusamvana kwa zitukuko, Huntington anandandalika maumboni angapo. Amakhulupirira kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa zitukuko, osati ngati gawo lenileni, komanso ngati maziko, kuphatikizapo mbiri yakale, chinenero, chikhalidwe, miyambo komanso makamaka chipembedzo. Onse amasiyana wina ndi mzake chifukwa cha kuvomereza kosiyana ndi chidziwitso cha kukhala, komanso ubale pakati pa Mulungu ndi munthu, munthu ndi gulu, nzika ndi dziko, makolo ndi ana, mwamuna ndi mkazi… Kusiyana kumeneku kuli ndi mizu yozama. ndipo ndizofunika kwambiri kuposa malingaliro ndi ndale.
Zoonadi, kusiyana pakati pa zitukuko zoyambitsidwa ndi nkhondo ndi mikangano yoopsa yomwe imatenga nthawi yayitali, zomwe zinakhala kusiyana koonekeratu komwe kulipo, kumayambitsa malingaliro akuti pali kusamvana. Kumbali inayi, kusintha kwadziko mopupuluma ndi chitukuko cha ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi ndizomwe zimayambitsa kusamala kwachitukuko komanso kuzindikira kukhalapo kwa kusiyana pakati pa zitukuko. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa ubale pakati pa zitukuko kumayambitsa chitukuko cha zochitika monga kusamuka, ubale wachuma ndi ndalama zakuthupi. Tinganene kuti chiphunzitso cha Huntington chimanena za kugwirizana pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu osati maganizo achinsinsi.
Njira yofufuzira imanena za malingaliro a Schuon, kugogomezera mozama umodzi Waumulungu wa zipembedzo zopangidwa pamaziko a umunthu wawo wamkati. Mpaka pano, chiphunzitsocho sichinavomerezedwe padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha zipolowe zandale ndi zankhondo m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kukwaniritsidwa posachedwa.
M'dziko lamalingaliro, kuzindikira kwachipembedzo ndi malingaliro a Schuon amatsogolera ku lingaliro la Umodzi Waumulungu, pomwe m'dziko la zochita munthu amapeza zovuta komanso kusatheka kuzindikira chiphunzitso chake. M'malo mwake, akupereka chithunzi chowoneka bwino cha malingaliro ofanana pakati pa anthu. Huntington mu chiphunzitso chake, chozikidwa pa zochitika zachuma, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, akuwonetseratu zenizeni zenizeni pazochitika zachitukuko. Maziko a ziweruzo zake amapangidwa ndi zochitika zakale ndi kusanthula kwaumunthu. Malingaliro achipembedzo a Schuon anakhala lingaliro lalikulu la mgwirizano wapadziko lonse.
Lingaliro la Huntington, lozikidwa pa zochitika zachuma, zachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, limawonedwa ngati lofunikira komanso lofunikira, likuwonetsa chimodzi mwazoyambitsa mikangano yeniyeni yachitukuko.
Chitsogozo chamakono, komanso kusintha kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, kumapanga mikhalidwe yolekanitsa zidziwitso zomwe zilipo komanso kusintha kwa malo awo. Mkhalidwe wakugawikana kwawiri ukupezeka kumayiko akumadzulo. Kumbali imodzi, Kumadzulo kuli pachimake cha mphamvu zake, ndipo kwinakwake, pali kuchepa kwa chikoka chifukwa cha kukaniza kwa hegemony, ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana ndi Kumadzulo pang'onopang'ono kubwerera kuzinthu zawo.
Chochitika chochititsa chidwi ichi chikuwonjezera chikoka chake, kukumana ndi kutsutsa kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kumadzulo motsutsana ndi mphamvu zina zomwe si za kumadzulo, zikukula mosalekeza ndi ulamuliro ndi chidaliro chawo.
Zina ndikukulitsa kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe poyerekeza ndi zachuma ndi ndale. Ichi ndi chofunikira pakuthetsa mavuto ovuta komanso kuyanjanitsa pakati pa chitukuko.
Pamsonkhano wa zitukuko, nkhani yayikulu yokhudzana ndi chikhumbo chofuna kulamulira ikuwonekera. Izi sizochitika zomwe zingathe kutsatiridwa mosavuta chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa zochitika zadziko. Nkovuta kwambiri kukhala Mkristu watheka kapena Msilamu watheka, chifukwa chakuti chipembedzo ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kuposa kudziwika kwa dziko, kusiyanitsa munthu aliyense ndi mzake.
MALANGIZO
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KUPANGANA NDI KUKONZA KWA DZIKO LAPANSI / trans. Raffia. Tehran: Inst. za chipembedzo. Kafukufuku, 1999.
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M'Chingerezi:
20.OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER'S DICTIONARY. 8 ed. 2010.
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Chitsanzo: Mkuyu Chithunzi chopingasa-wongoka choimira mapangidwe a zipembedzo, malinga ndi mfundo ziwiri (cf. Zulkarnaen. The Substance of Fritjohf Schuon's Thinking about the Point of Religions. – Mu: IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR- JHSS) Voliyumu 22, Nkhani 6, Vesi 6 (June. 2017), e-ISSN: 2279-0837, DOI: 10.9790/0837-2206068792, p. 90 (pp. 87-92).
Ndemanga:
Olemba: Dr. Masood Ahmadi Afzadi, Ass.Prof. Zipembedzo Zofananiza ndi Zinsinsi, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]; &Dr. Razie Moafi, wothandizira Sayansi. Islamic Azad University, Tehran East Branch. Tehran. Iran
Kufalitsidwa koyamba m’Chibugariya: Ahmadi Afzadi, Masood; Moafi, Razie. Zipembedzo Padziko Lamakono - Kumvetsetsana Kapena Kusagwirizana (Kutsatira maganizo a Fritjof Schuon ndi Samuel Huntington, pa kumvetsetsana kapena kusamvana pakati pa zipembedzo). – Mu: Vezni, magazini 9, Sofia, 2023, pp. 99-113 {lotembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Perisiya kupita ku Chibugariya ndi Dr. Hajar Fiuzi; mkonzi wa sayansi wa ku Bulgarian edition: Prof. Dr. Alexandra Kumanova}.
