Paula Hammond atafika koyamba pasukulu ya MIT ngati wophunzira wachaka choyamba koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, sanali wotsimikiza ngati anali. M'malo mwake, monga adauza omvera a MIT, adamva ngati "wonyenga."
MIT Institute Pulofesa Paula Hammond, katswiri wodziwika bwino wamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake yambiri yophunzira ku MIT, adapereka phunziro la 2023-24 James R. Killian Jr. Faculty Achievement Award. Chithunzi chojambula: Jake Belcher
Komabe, kumverera kumeneku sikunatenge nthawi, pamene Hammond anayamba kupeza chithandizo pakati pa ophunzira anzake ndi aphunzitsi a MIT. “Chigawo chinali chofunika kwambiri kwa ine, kudzimva kuti ndine munthu, kudzimva kuti ndili ndi malo kuno, ndipo ndinapeza anthu ofunitsitsa kundikumbatira ndi kundichirikiza,” iye anatero.
Hammond, katswiri wodziwika bwino wamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake yambiri yophunzira ku MIT, adalankhula mawu ake pamaphunziro a 2023-24 James R. Killian Jr. Faculty Achievement Award.
Kukhazikitsidwa mu 1971 kulemekeza Purezidenti 10 wa MIT, James Killian, Mphotho ya Killian imazindikira zomwe wachita bwino kwambiri ndi membala wagulu la MIT. Hammond adasankhidwa kuti alandire mphotho ya chaka chino "osati kokha chifukwa cha ntchito zake zazikulu komanso zopereka zake, komanso chifukwa cha chikondi chenicheni ndi umunthu wake, kulingalira kwake ndi utsogoleri wabwino, komanso chifundo chake ndi makhalidwe ake," malinga ndi zomwe adalandira.
“Pulofesa Hammond ndi mpainiya wa nanotechnology. Ndi pulogalamu yomwe imachokera ku sayansi yoyambira kupita ku kafukufuku womasulira mu zamankhwala ndi mphamvu, adayambitsa njira zatsopano zopangira ndi kukonza njira zovuta zoperekera mankhwala ochizira khansa komanso kuyerekezera kosasokoneza, "atero a Mary Fuller, wapampando wa MIT komanso pulofesa. wa mabuku, amene anapereka mphotoyo. "Monga anzake, ndife okondwa kukondwerera ntchito yake lero."
Mu Januware, Hammond adayamba kugwira ntchito ngati vice provost wa MIT. Izi zisanachitike, adakhala wapampando wa dipatimenti ya Chemical Engineering kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, ndipo adatchedwa Pulofesa wa Institute mu 2021.
Njira yosunthika
Hammond, yemwe anakulira ku Detroit, amayamikira makolo ake chifukwa cholimbikitsa kukonda sayansi. Bambo ake anali m'modzi mwa ma PhD ochepa a Black PhD mu biochemistry panthawiyo, pomwe amayi ake adapeza digiri ya unamwino kuchokera ku Howard University ndipo adayambitsa sukulu ya unamwino ku Wayne County Community College. "Izi zidapereka mwayi waukulu kwa amayi mdera la Detroit, kuphatikiza azimayi amitundu," adatero Hammond.
Atalandira digiri ya bachelor kuchokera ku MIT mu 1984, Hammond adagwira ntchito ngati injiniya asanabwerere ku Institute monga wophunzira womaliza maphunziro, ndipo adalandira PhD yake mu 1993. Pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri za postdoc ku yunivesite ya Harvard, adabwerera kukalowa nawo MIT faculty mu 1995. .
Pakatikati pa kafukufuku wa Hammond ndi njira yomwe adapanga kuti apange makanema owonda omwe amatha "kupukutira" ma nanoparticles. Pokonza kapangidwe ka mafilimuwa, tinthu tating'onoting'ono titha kusinthidwa kuti tipereke mankhwala kapena ma nucleic acid ndikuyang'ana ma cell enaake m'thupi, kuphatikiza ma cell a khansa.
Kuti apange mafilimuwa, Hammond akuyamba ndikuyika ma polima okhala ndi ma polima okhala ndi ma polima owoneka bwino. Kenako, zigawo zambiri zitha kuwonjezeredwa, kusinthanitsa ma polima abwino komanso oyipa. Chilichonse mwa zigawozi chikhoza kukhala ndi mankhwala kapena mamolekyu ena othandiza, monga DNA kapena RNA. Ena mwa mafilimuwa ali ndi zigawo mazana ambiri, ena amodzi okha, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala othandiza pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana.
"Chomwe chili chabwino pakusanjikiza-ndi-wosanjikiza ndikuti nditha kusankha gulu la ma polima owonongeka omwe amagwirizana bwino, ndipo ndimatha kuwasintha ndi zida zathu zamankhwala. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nditha kupanga filimu yopyapyala yomwe imakhala ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana mkati mwa filimuyo, "adatero Hammond. “Kenako, filimuyo ikatsika, imatha kutulutsa mankhwalawo mosinthana. Izi zikutithandiza kupanga mafilimu ovuta, ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta yopangira madzi.
Hammond adalongosola momwe mafilimu osanjikiza ndi osanjikiza angagwiritsire ntchito kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mafupa, muzogwiritsira ntchito zomwe zingathandize anthu obadwa ndi zilema zobadwa nazo kapena anthu omwe amavulala kwambiri.
Kuti agwiritse ntchito, labu yake yapanga mafilimu okhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zamapuloteni. Chimodzi mwa izi, BMP-2, ndi puloteni yomwe imagwirizana ndi maselo akuluakulu a tsinde ndikuwapangitsa kuti azisiyana m'maselo a mafupa, kupanga fupa latsopano. Chachiwiri ndi chinthu chokulirapo chotchedwa VEGF, chomwe chimalimbikitsa kukula kwa mitsempha yatsopano yamagazi yomwe imathandiza fupa kuti likhalenso. Zigawozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku scaffold ya minofu yopyapyala yomwe imatha kuikidwa pamalo ovulala.
Hammond ndi ophunzira ake adapanga zokutirazo kuti zikadzabzalidwa, zimamasula VEGF molawirira, kupitilira sabata imodzi, ndikupitilizabe kutulutsa BMP-2 mpaka masiku 40. Pakufufuza kwa mbewa, adapeza kuti scaffold iyi imathandizira kukula kwa mbewa fupa latsopano amene anali pafupifupi osasiyanitsidwa ndi mafupa achilengedwe.
Kulimbana ndi khansa
Monga membala wa MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Hammond wapanganso zokutira-ndi-wosanjikiza zomwe zitha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a nanoparticles omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka mankhwala a khansa, monga ma liposomes kapena nanoparticles opangidwa kuchokera ku polima yotchedwa PLGA.
"Tili ndi mitundu yambiri yonyamula mankhwala yomwe titha kukulunga motere. Ndimawaona ngati gobstopper, pomwe pali masiwiti osiyanasiyana ndipo amasungunuka imodzi, "adatero Hammond.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, Hammond adapanga tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe titha kupereka nkhonya imodzi ndi ziwiri kuma cell a khansa. Choyamba, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timatulutsa mulingo wa nucleic acid monga short interfering RNA (siRNA), yomwe imatha kuzimitsa jini ya khansa, kapena microRNA, yomwe imatha kuyambitsa majini opondereza chotupa. Kenako, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timatulutsa mankhwala a chemotherapy monga cisplatin, omwe maselo tsopano ali pachiwopsezo.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhalanso ndi "stealth layer" yakunja yoyipa yomwe imawateteza kuti asagwere m'magazi asanafike pazifukwa zawo. Chosanjikiza chakunjachi chitha kusinthidwanso kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono titengeke ndi maselo a khansa, kuphatikiza mamolekyu omwe amamangiriza ku mapuloteni omwe amakhala ochulukirapo pama cell chotupa.
M'ntchito zaposachedwa, Hammond wayamba kupanga ma nanoparticles omwe amatha kulimbana ndi khansa ya m'mawere ndikuthandizira kupewa kuyambiranso kwa matendawa pambuyo pa chemotherapy. Pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya odwala khansa ya m'chiberekero, gawo loyamba la chithandizo limakhala lothandiza kwambiri, koma zotupa zimabwereranso pafupifupi 85 peresenti ya zochitikazo, ndipo zotupa zatsopanozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosamva mankhwala.
Posintha mtundu wa zokutira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pama nanoparticles opereka mankhwala, Hammond wapeza kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono titha kupangidwa kuti tilowe m'maselo a chotupa kapena kumamatira pamalo awo. Pogwiritsa ntchito tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timamatira m'maselo, adapanga chithandizo chomwe chingathandize kulumphira kuyankha kwa chitetezo chamthupi cha wodwala kuma cell aliwonse obweranso.
"Ndi khansa ya m'mawere, maselo oteteza chitetezo cha mthupi ndi ochepa kwambiri m'malo mwake, ndipo chifukwa alibe maselo ambiri a chitetezo cha mthupi omwe alipo, ndizovuta kwambiri kubwezeretsanso chitetezo," adatero. "Komabe, ngati titha kupereka molekyu ku maselo oyandikana nawo, ochepa omwe alipo, ndikuwatsitsimutsa, ndiye kuti titha kuchitapo kanthu."
Kuti izi zitheke, adapanga ma nanoparticles omwe amapereka IL-12, cytokine yomwe imathandizira ma T cell omwe ali pafupi kuti ayambe kuchitapo kanthu ndikuyamba kuukira maselo otupa. Pofufuza mbewa, adapeza kuti chithandizochi chidapangitsa kukumbukira kwa T-cell kwanthawi yayitali komwe kumalepheretsa kuyambiranso kwa khansa ya ovarian.
Hammond adatseka nkhani yake pofotokoza momwe Institute idamukhudzira pantchito yake yonse.
Iye anati: “Zasintha kwambiri. “Ndimaona kuti malowa ndi apadera kwambiri chifukwa amagwirizanitsa anthu komanso amatithandiza kuchitira limodzi zinthu zimene sitikanatha kuchita tokha. Ndipo thandizo lomwe timalandira kuchokera kwa anzathu, anzathu, ndi ophunzira athu ndi lomwe limapangitsa kuti zinthu zitheke. ”
Yolembedwa ndi Anne Trafton
